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Fennell Bay Greater Newcastle, New South Wales | |||||||||||||||
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Coordinates | 32°59′38″S151°35′53″E / 32.994°S 151.598°E Coordinates: 32°59′38″S151°35′53″E / 32.994°S 151.598°E | ||||||||||||||
Population | 1,474 (2011 census) [1] | ||||||||||||||
• Density | 388/km2 (1,005/sq mi) | ||||||||||||||
Established | 1882 | ||||||||||||||
Postcode(s) | 2283 | ||||||||||||||
Area | 3.8 km2 (1.5 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||
Location | 3 km (2 mi) N of Toronto | ||||||||||||||
LGA(s) | City of Lake Macquarie | ||||||||||||||
Parish | Awaba | ||||||||||||||
State electorate(s) | Lake Macquarie | ||||||||||||||
Federal division(s) | Hunter | ||||||||||||||
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Fennell Bay is a lakeside suburb of the City of Lake Macquarie, Greater Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia north of the town of Toronto on a bay of the same name, on the north western shore of Lake Macquarie.
The Aboriginal people, in this area, the Awabakal, were the first people of this land. [2] Fennell Bay is the first place of Reservation to preserve fossil forests in Australia, and via the missionary-recorded early stories of native inhabitants, this fossil forest also holds significance to geological and Aboriginal history alike. The forest is of Permian age, composed of the same trees as formed the nearby coal seams (coal being subsequently mined on the western side of the Bay, in the Southern Pacific Colliery). The trees, now silicified and still upstanding, are believed to have been buried in volcanic ash erupted from a volcano somewhere east of the present day coastline.
The Fennell Bay fossil forest was first recorded in 1834, in the writings of a famous missionary, the Reverend L.E. Threlkeld. The record is in his "An Australian Grammar: comprehending the principles and natural rules of the language, as spoken by the Aborigines in the vicinity of Hunter’s River, Lake Macquarie, &c., New South Wales" (Stephens & Stokes, Sydney, 1834, 131pp.). The following note on the fossil forest is contained therein on page 51: "Kurra-kurran, the name of a place in which there is almost a forest of petrifications of wood, of various sizes, extremely well defined. It is in a bay at the north-western extremity of Lake Macquarie. The tradition of the aborigines is, that formerly it was one large rock which fell from the heavens and killed a number of blacks who were assembled there; they had gathered themselves together in that spot by command of an immense iguana, which came down from heaven for that purpose; the iguana was angry at their having killed lice by roasting them in the fire; those who had killed the vermin by cracking them, had been previously speared to death by him with a long reed from Heaven! At that remote period, the moon was a man named Pontobug; and hence the moon is called he to the present day; but the sun, being formerly a woman, retains the feminine pronoun she. When the iguana saw all the men were killed by the fall of the stone, he ascended up into Heaven, where he is supposed to be now."
In 1842 the fossil forest was visited by the pastor of Parramatta, the Reverend W.B. Clarke (a.k.a. to some as "The Father of Australian Geology") who was highly impressed by it and wrote a paper on it. This paper, "On a Fossil Pine Forest at Kurrur-Kurran, in the inlet of Awaaba [Lake Macquarie], East Coast of Australia" was communicated to London, the then centre of the English-speaking geological world. It represents one of the very earliest serious geological deliberations to have come out of Australia. He communicated the matter to British colleagues via his patron at Cambridge University, Adam Sedgwick. Clarke sent two large sections of the silicified trees to England with his paper, and wrote in his covering note "I think you will not be displeased with this my first contribution from Australia".
At a time when evolution was not a terribly old or accepted theory, particularly within the religious fraternity, the Fennel Bay forest had a large impact on Reverend Clarke's mind, as he wrote the words "The train of thought which is excited by this scene is highly curious, and in few places in the world can the quiet and daily processes of natural growth and decay, the forms of living and dead things, and the successive changes and reproductions of matter, owing to the operations of most powerful though secretly evolving causes, be so prominently displayed, as in this singular picture of the past and the present".
The area was subdivided in 1882. Early industry included a sawmill and a mine. The first school opened in 1959, and the school today maintains an Aboriginal interpretative and cultural centre.
Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology is the sacred spirituality represented in the stories performed by Aboriginal Australians within each of the language groups across Australia in their ceremonies. Aboriginal spirituality includes the Dreamtime, songlines, and Aboriginal oral literature.
Toronto is a lakeside suburb within the city of Lake Macquarie, Greater Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia, approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) from Newcastle's central business district and is a commercial hub for the sprawling suburbs on the western shore of the lake. It is one of the major centres in the City of Lake Macquarie LGA.
Pialligo is a rural suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The name Pialligo has been used for the area since at least 1820, and is probably of Aboriginal origin. It was also the name for the parish in the area. Streets in Pialligo are named with Aboriginal words.
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Awabakallanguage is an Australian Aboriginal language that was spoken around Lake Macquarie and Newcastle in New South Wales. The name is derived from Awaba, which was the native name of the lake. It was spoken by Awabakal and Wonnarua peoples.
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An Australian grammar : comprehending the principles and natural rules of the language, as spoken by the Aborigines in the vicinity of Hunter's River, Lake Macquarie, &c. New South Wales is a book written by Lancelot Edward Threlkeld and published in Sydney in 1834. It is a grammar of the Awabakal language.
Kuringgai is an ethnonym referring to (a) an hypothesis regarding an aggregation of Indigenous Australian peoples occupying the territory between the southern borders of the Gamilaraay and the area around Sydney (b) perhaps an historical people with its own distinctive language, located in part of that territory, or (c) people of Aboriginal origin who identify themselves as descending from the original peoples denoted by (a) or (b) and who call themselves Guringai.
Lancelot Edward Threlkeld was an English missionary, primarily based in Australia. He was married twice and survived by sons and daughters from both marriages. His work in Australia did much to increase knowledge of Aboriginal languages, but he had little success with converting Aborigines to Christianity.
Biraban was a leader of the Awabakal people, an Aboriginal Australian people who lived in the area around what is today Lake Macquarie. His native name prior to Awabakal initiation was We-pohng; his naming as Biraban is reference to his totemic relationship with the eaglehawk.
The Gunditjmara or Gunditjamara, also known as Dhauwurd Wurrung, are an Aboriginal Australian people of southwestern Victoria. They are the traditional owners of the areas now encompassing Warrnambool, Port Fairy, Woolsthorpe and Portland. Their land includes much of the Budj Bim heritage areas. The Kerrup Jmara are a clan of the Gunditjmara, whose traditional lands are around Lake Condah. The Koroitgundidj are another clan group, whose lands are around Tower Hill.
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Reverend Dr John Fraser was an Australian ethnologist, linguist, school headmaster and author of many scholarly works. He is known for his revised and expanded version of Lancelot Threlkeld's 1834 work, An Australian Grammar, with the new title An Australian language as spoken by the Awabakal, the people of Awaba or Lake Macquarie being an account of their language, traditions and customs / by L.E. Threlkeld; re-arranged, condensed and edited with an appendix by John Fraser (1892). In this, Fraser created new divisions and terminology for some Aboriginal groups in New South Wales.