Forsythia europaea

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Forsythia europaea
Forsythia europaea - Botanischer Garten, Frankfurt am Main - DSC02621.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Forsythia
Species:
F. europaea
Binomial name
Forsythia europaea

Forsythia europaea, commonly known as Albanian forsythia or European forsythia, [2] [3] is a species of flowering plant in the olive family, with a native range from Montenegro to northern Albania. [4] It is the only species of Forsythia native to Europe; [2] prior to its discovery in Albania in 1897, it was thought that all Forsythia were native to East Asia. [5]

Contents

Description

F. europaea is a shrub, [6] and can grow up to 10 ft (3 m) tall. [7] Its leaves are 5–8 cm (2.0–3.1 in) in length, and are generally entire (smooth edged). [8] It produces numerous yellow flowers, [5] which are 1.25 in (3.2 cm) in diameter. [7]

The shrub produces prolonged elliptical fruit capsules that grow to 5.4−6.0 mm by 1.8−2.2 mm. The fruit capsules have a fine granulate, slightly lustrous, glabrous, gold-yellow to brown appearance. [9]

Phylogeny

The closest relative of F. europaea is F. giraldiana, a species of Forsythia native to China. [10]

Cultivation

F. europaea was first cultivated in 1899, at Kew Gardens in London, United Kingdom. [7] It is not as widely cultivated as other species of Forsythia as it is not as ornamental, [6] although it is still occasionally grown in parks and gardens. [6] [11]

Cultivars produced by hybridisation of F. europaea with F. ovata, a more ornamental species of Forsythia native to Korea, [12] include:

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References

  1. ↑ Shuka, L.; Rivers, M.C. (2017). "Forsythia europaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  2. 1 2 "Forsythia europaea (FOSEU)". gd.eppo.int. 2002-02-14. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  3. ↑ "Forsythia europaea | Albanian forsythia". rhs.org.uk. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  4. ↑ "Forsythia europaea Degen & Bald". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  5. 1 2 Wilson, Ernest Henry (1930). "For many years". Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 4 (3): 12. doi: 10.5962/p.322127 . ISSN   0196-6057. JSTOR   42961929. S2CID   239435277.
  6. 1 2 3 DeWolf, Gordon P.; Hebb, Robert S. (1971). "The Story of Forsythia". Arnoldia. 31 (2): 41–63. ISSN   0004-2633. JSTOR   42953867.
  7. 1 2 3 Wilson, Ernest Henry (1928). "Forsythia europaea". Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 2 (1): 4. doi: 10.5962/p.321901 . ISSN   0196-6057. JSTOR   42962296. S2CID   253930976.
  8. ↑ "The Forsythias" (PDF). Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 4. 4 (1): 1–8. 2 April 1937.
  9. ↑ Bojnanský, Vít; Fargašová, Agáta (2007-09-17). Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   978-1-4020-5362-7.
  10. ↑ Kim, Ki-Joong (1999-03-01). "Molecular phylogeny of Forsythia (Oleaceae) based on chloroplast DNA variation". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 218 (1): 113–123. doi:10.1007/BF01087039. ISSN   1615-6110. S2CID   25856546.
  11. ↑ OLEKSIICHENKO, Nadiia; GATALSKA, Nadiia; MAVKO, Mariana (2018). "The Colour-Forming Components of Park Landscape and the Factors That Influence the Human Perception of the Landscape Colouring". Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management. 13 (2): 38–52. ISSN   2065-3913. JSTOR   26422068.
  12. ↑ Anderson, Edgar (1934). "HARDY FORSYTHIAS: With a Short Account of the History of Garden Forsythias and Remarks Regarding Their Possible Future Development". Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 2 (3): 9–14. doi: 10.5962/p.322249 . ISSN   0196-6057. JSTOR   42962071.
  13. 1 2 Mahr, Susan (18 April 2016). "Forsythia, Forsythia spp" (PDF). Wisconsin Master Gardener. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  14. 1 2 Herman, Dale E.; Evers, Norman P. (1984). "More on Forsythia 'Meadowlark'". Arnoldia. 44 (2): 30–31. ISSN   0004-2633. JSTOR   42954190.
  15. 1 2 "Forsythia x intermedia". hvp.osu.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  16. 1 2 "Forsythia 'Northern Sun'". www.chicagobotanic.org. Chicago Botanic Garden. Retrieved 2021-04-02.


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