Freedom of religion by country

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A Theravada Buddhist monk chatting with a Catholic priest, Thailand

The status of religious freedom around the world varies from country to country. States can differ based on whether or not they guarantee equal treatment under law for followers of different religions, whether they establish a state religion (and the legal implications that this has for both practitioners and non-practitioners), the extent to which religious organizations operating within the country are policed, and the extent to which religious law is used as a basis for the country's legal code.

Contents

There are further discrepancies between some countries' self-proclaimed stances of religious freedom in law and the actual practice of authority bodies within those countries: a country's establishment of religious equality in their constitution or laws does not necessarily translate into freedom of practice for residents of the country. Additionally, similar practices (such as having citizens identify their religious preference to the government or on identification cards) can have different consequences depending on other sociopolitical circumstances specific to the countries in question.

Over 120 national constitutions mention equality regardless of religion. [1]

Africa

This section is an excerpt from Freedom of religion in Africa by country.[ edit ]

Most countries in Africa legally establish that freedom of religion is a right conferred to all individuals. The extent to which this is enforced in practice varies greatly from country to country. Several countries have anti-discrimination laws which prohibit religious discrimination. Several countries, particularly in West Africa and Southern Africa, have a high degree of religious tolerance, both as enforced by the government, and as reflected by societal attitudes. [2] [3] [4] [5] Others, however, have significant levels of religious discrimination, either practiced by government apparatuses or by the general public. [6] [7] Groups facing significant levels of legal discrimination in Africa include Muslims (in majority Christian countries), Christians (in majority Muslim countries), [8] Baháʼí Faith practitioners, [9] Ahmadiyya Muslims (in Muslim countries), [10] and Rastafarians. [11] Additionally, some countries have significant levels of societal animosity against atheists. [12] Some countries ban witchcraft. [13] [14] Several countries establish Islam as a state religion, [15] [16] [17] and some countries with significant Muslim populations also have significant government oversight of Islamic practice in the country, up to and including the establishment of religious Islamic courts, which are most commonly used for family law. [16] [18] These courts are usually present in addition to secular courts, [19] [20] and typically have a subordinate role, although this is not always the case. [21]

Several countries require that religious organizations register with the government, [22] [23] and some ban the establishment of religious political parties. [24] Several countries provide funding for religious institutions and/or pilgrimages. [25] [4]

Religiously motivated violence is present in some countries, particularly ones that have a high level of political instability or active insurgencies. [26] [27]

Asia

This section is an excerpt from Freedom of religion in Asia by country.[ edit ]

Most countries in Asia officially establish the freedom of religion by law, but the extent to which this is enforced varies. Some countries have anti-discrimination laws, and others have anti-blasphemy laws. Legal religious discrimination is present in many countries in Asia. [28] [29] [30] Some countries also have significantly restricted the activities of Islamic groups that they have identified as fundamentalist. [31] [32] Several countries ban proselytization, either in general or for specific religious groups. [30] [33] Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan have significant restrictions against the practice of religion in general, and other countries like China discourage it on a wide basis. [34] [35] [36] Several countries in Asia establish a state religion, with Islam (usually Sunni Islam) being the most common, followed by Buddhism. Lebanon and Iran, as well as the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria have established confessionalist political systems which guarantee set levels of representation in government to specific religious groups in the country. [37] [38] Some majority Muslim countries have Islamic religious courts, with varying degrees of jurisdiction. [29] [30] The governments of some Muslim countries play an active role in overseeing and directing form of Muslim religious practice within their country. [39] [40]

Societal levels of religious tolerance vary greatly across Asia. Groups negatively affected include Muslims, [41] Christians, [42] Jews, [43] Buddhists, [44] atheists [44] and Hindus. [45]

Religious violence is present in several countries, with varying degrees of support or intervention from local governments. Groups including Muslims, [41] Christians, [46] Buddhists, [44] Hindus, [47] and atheists [44] face religiously motivated violence.

Europe

This section is an excerpt from Freedom of religion in Europe by country.[ edit ]

Virtually every country in Europe legally establishes the freedom of religion for people living in the country, and most also have anti-discrimination laws that specifically highlight religious freedom. However, enforcement of these laws is not always consistent, and several countries routinely fail to implement these laws at a local level. A few countries in Europe continue to have state religions. [48] [49] Most countries in the former Eastern bloc have government programs for the restitution of religious property confiscated by previous socialist governments. [50] [51] [52] Many countries in Europe also provide government funding or other privileges for registered religious groups. [53] [48] [54] Several countries have animal slaughter laws that effectively ban butchers from making kosher and halal meat, and a smaller proportion ban non-medical circumcision, generally on the grounds of animal rights and human rights respectively. In most cases, religious individuals that need to observe these practices are able to import meat and go to other countries to have circumcisions performed without interference from their government. [55] [56] [57]

Religious tolerance in general society varies across Europe. While some countries have a high degree of religious tolerance, [54] others have significant levels of Anti-Muslim and anti-Jewish sentiments in the general populace, [58] [53] as well as discrimination against Jehovah's Witnesses, at times resulting in religiously-motivated physical violence or vandalism. In a few cases, such attitudes are reflected by government officials as well. [59] In a few countries, particularly in former Yugoslavian states, but also Ukraine, there are hostilities between Christian denominations connected to disputes between Orthodox churches over religious jurisdictions and the control of holy sites. [60] [61]

North America

This section is an excerpt from Freedom of religion in North America by country.[ edit ]
Every country in North America includes provisions for the freedom of religion or freedom of conscience in its constitution. Several countries also have formally outlawed discrimination on religious grounds, [62] [63] [64] and according to US State Department reports many countries in the region have no outstanding issues regarding breaches of religious freedom due to government intervention or societal pressure. [64] [65] [66] Seven countries have blasphemy laws which have been part of their legal codes since the British colonial era, but which are not currently enforced. Rastafarians face discrimination and obstacles to religious practice in many countries in the region, often due in part to countries outlawing cannabis, which is used in Rastafarian religious rituals. [66] [67] Roman Catholicism is the state religion of a few countries in North America, [68] [69] and a couple more provide preferential treatment to the Catholic Church despite not officially establishing it as a state religion. [70] [71]

Oceania

This section is an excerpt from Freedom of religion in Oceania by country.[ edit ]
All of the countries in Oceania officially guarantee the right to freedom of religion in a constitution or bill of rights, although over half qualify this freedom as being subordinate to other concerns such as public safety or "morality". Additionally, a few countries have communal local leadership structures which are sometimes hostile to foreign religions, despite official legal requirements for tolerance. [72] [73] Only two countries in Oceania, Samoa and Tuvalu, have state religions (Christianity for Samoa and a specific Christian church for Tuvalu), and a few additional countries specifically reference Christianity as a core or founding principle in their constitutions. [74] [75] [76] According to US government reports, about one quarter of the countries in Oceania have had no significant breaches of the freedom of religion; [77] [78] a similar proportion have recorded incidents of violence against religious minorities in the 21st century, against Hindus (Fiji [79] ), Jews (Australia [80] ) and Muslims (New Zealand [81] and Papua New Guinea, [72] with other countries having significant quantities of anti-Muslim political discourse [79] [82] ).

South America

This section is an excerpt from Freedom of religion in South America by country.[ edit ]
Every country in South America includes a provision for the freedom of religion in its constitution. A few countries have explicitly outlawed discrimination along religious lines. [83] [84] While no country in South America has an official state religion, some confer preferential treatment to the Catholic Church. [85] [86] Antisemitic vandalism has been reported in three countries in South America. [87] [88] [84]

See also

Related Research Articles

The Article 20 of the Japanese Constitution provides for freedom of religion in Japan, and the government generally respects this right in practice.

The Constitution of Andorra provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice. There is no state religion; however, the Constitution acknowledges a special relationship with the Roman Catholic Church, which receives some privileges, although no direct subsidies, not available to other religious groups. There are no reports of societal abuses and discrimination based on religious belief or practice.

Religion in Yemen

Yemen is an Islamic society. Nearly all Yemenis are Muslims, with approximately 75% belonging to the Sunni Islam and approximately 25% belonging to the Zaydi Shia school of thought. Amongst the native population, there are approximately 1,000 Christians, and 6 remaining Jews. However, Pew-Templeton estimates the number of Christians to be as high as 40,000, though most do not publicly identify as such, due to fears of religious persecution. According to WIN/Gallup International polls, Yemen has the most religious population among Arab countries and it is one of the most religious population world-wide.

Religion in Tanzania

Christianity is the largest religion in Tanzania representing 60% of the total population. There are also substantial Muslim and Animist minorities.

Religion in Cape Verde

Christianity is the largest religion in Cape Verde, with Roman Catholics having the most adherents. Different sources give varying estimates on the relative sizes of various Christian denominations. More than 93% of the population of Cape Verde is Christian, with almost 80% being Roman Catholic, according to an informal poll taken by local churches. About 5% of the population is Protestant. The largest Protestant denomination is the Church of the Nazarene. Other groups include the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Church of Jesus Christ of-day Saints, the Assemblies of God, the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, the New Apostolic Church and various other Pentecostal and evangelical groups.

Religion in East Timor

The majority of the population of East Timor is Christian, and the Catholic Church is the dominant religious institution, although it is not formally the state religion. There are also small Protestant and Sunni Muslim communities.

Christianity is the predominant religion in Solomon Islands. The vast majority of Christians in the country belong to Protestant churches, with Anglicanism being the single largest denomination. The constitution of Solomon Islands establishes the freedom of religion, and this freedom is respected in practice by both the government and general society.

In Nauru, the Nauru Congregational Church is the largest religion, encompassing 35.71% of the population as of the 2011 census. Freedom of religion is a constitutional right, and the country's laws and society uphold this right without any significant breaches.

Christianity is the dominant religioninPalau, although there is no state religion. Freedom of religion is enshrined in Palau's constitution, and both the government and general society respect this right in practice.

Religion in Antigua and Barbuda

Religion in Antigua and Barbuda consists of the religious beliefs practices of people living in Antigua and Barbuda, as well as their history. The majority of the population of Antigua and Barbuda is Christian, and religious freedom is generally respected in the country, although Rastafarians face some obstacles to religious practice.

Religion in the Bahamas is dominated by various Christian denominations and reflects the country's diversity. Since the English colonization, most Bahamians adhere to diverse Protestant denominations with Baptist churches/Evangelicals, Pentecostalism, Adventism and Methodism being at the forefront. There is no state religion in the Bahamas, and there is generally free practice of religious beliefs.

Religion in Barbados

Religion in Barbados is predominantly Christian. Religious freedom is established by law and generally enforced in practice, although some minority religious groups have complaints about government practices that interfere with their beliefs.

Christianity in Guinea-Bissau

Christians in Guinea-Bissau constitute approximately 10 percent (~153,300) of the country's population. Other sources report the population of Christians in Guinea-Bissau may vary from 5 to 13%.

Religion in Guinea is approximately 89 percent Muslim, 7 percent Christian, with 2 percent adhering to indigenous religious beliefs. There are also smaller numbers of Atheists and practitioners of other religions in the country. Much of the population, both Muslim and Christian, also incorporate indigenous African beliefs into their outlook.

The status of religious freedom in Africa varies from country to country. States can differ based on whether or not they guarantee equal treatment under law for followers of different religions, whether they establish a state religion, the extent to which religious organizations operating within the country are policed, and the extent to which religious law is used as a basis for the country's legal code.

The status of religious freedom in Asia varies from country to country. States can differ based on whether or not they guarantee equal treatment under law for followers of different religions, whether they establish a state religion, the extent to which religious organizations operating within the country are policed, and the extent to which religious law is used as a basis for the country's legal code.

The status of religious freedom in Europe varies from country to country. States can differ based on whether or not they guarantee equal treatment under law for followers of different religions, whether they establish a state religion, the extent to which religious organizations operating within the country are policed, and the extent to which religious law is used as a basis for the country's legal code.

The status of religious freedom in North America varies from country to country. States can differ based on whether or not they guarantee equal treatment under law for followers of different religions, whether they establish a state religion, the extent to which religious organizations operating within the country are policed, and the extent to which religious law is used as a basis for the country's legal code.

The status of religious freedom in South America varies from country to country. States can differ based on whether or not they guarantee equal treatment under law for followers of different religions, whether they establish a state religion, the extent to which religious organizations operating within the country are policed, and the extent to which religious law is used as a basis for the country's legal code.

The status of religious freedom in Oceania varies from country to country. States can differ based on whether or not they guarantee equal treatment under law for followers of different religions, whether they establish a state religion, the extent to which religious organizations operating within the country are policed, and the extent to which religious law is used as a basis for the country's legal code.

References

  1. ↑ "Constitute" . Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  2. ↑ "Togo".
  3. ↑ Gabon International Religious Freedom Report for 2017 Gabon, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, US Department of State.]
  4. 1 2 International Religious Freedom Report for 2017 Côte d'Ivoire US Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.]
  5. ↑ "Zimbabwe".
  6. ↑ "Comoros". US State Department Report on Religious Freedom 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  7. ↑ "Global Restrictions on Religion – Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life" (PDF). Pewforum.org. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  8. ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland". US Department of State. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  9. ↑ U.S. Department of State (2004-09-15). "Egypt: International Religious Freedom Report". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
  10. ↑ Lawrence, Bruce B. (2013; p.297), 'Citizen Ahmad among the Believers: Salvation Contextualized in Indonesia and Egypt' in Khalil, M. H. (ed.) Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others, pp.288-312. New York: Oxford University Press
  11. ↑ "Malawi".
  12. ↑ Winston, Kimberly (4 January 2018). "Egyptian Parliament considers outlawing atheism". World-Wide Religions News (WWRN). Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  13. ↑ United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Angola: International Religious Freedom Report 2007
  14. ↑ United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Cameroon: International Religious Freedom Report 2007.
  15. ↑ "Comoros's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2009" (PDF). Constitute Project. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  16. 1 2 "Djibouti". US State Department Religious Freedom Report 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  17. ↑ "Tunisia".
  18. ↑ "Niger".
  19. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report for 2017 Kenya US Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.]
  20. ↑ 2017 International Religious Freedom Report Senegal US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  21. ↑ Dr Andre Le Sage (1 June 2005). "Stateless Justice in Somalia" (PDF). Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
  22. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR
  23. ↑ Green, Emma (2013-10-30). "When Governments Go After Witches - Ryan Jacobs". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2014-04-19.
  24. ↑ "Djibouti's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010" (PDF). Constitute Project. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
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  26. ↑ "Somalia".
  27. ↑ "Villages 'obliterated' as Christian persecution grows in eastern Congo". The Catholic Herald. 19 Aug 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  28. ↑ "U.S. Department of State: 2012 Report on International Religious Freedom: Israel and The Occupied Territories (May 20, 2013)"
  29. 1 2 United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Bahrain: International Religious Freedom Report 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  30. 1 2 3 "Jordan". International Religious Freedom Report. US State Department. 2007. Retrieved October 30, 2016.PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  31. ↑ U.S Department of State, International Religious Freedom Report 2010: China, 17 Nov 2010.
  32. ↑ "Far From Justice". Human Rights Watch. 2009-02-24. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  33. ↑ United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Armenia: International Religious Freedom Report 2007.
  34. ↑ United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Tajikistan: International Religious Freedom Report 2007
  35. ↑ United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Turkmenistan: International Religious Freedom Report 2007.
  36. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2011 : China (Report). U.S. Department of State. July 30, 2012.
  37. ↑ United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Lebanon: International Religious Freedom Report 2007
  38. ↑ Sanasarian, Eliz (2000). Religious Minorities in Iran . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.  73–84. ISBN   978-0-521-77073-6.
  39. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report". US Department of State . Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  40. ↑ See the 2008 Human Rights Report of the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (US State Department) of 25 February 2009; accessed on 21 September 2009
  41. 1 2 "Religious Freedom in India" (PDF). state.gov.
  42. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Bhutan , US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  43. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 United Arab Emirates , US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  44. 1 2 3 4 International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Bangladesh, US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  45. ↑ Malaysia ethnic Indians in uphill fight on religion Reuters India – 8 November 2007
  46. ↑ Parajuli, Kalpit (2012) ‘Hindu terrorists threaten more attacks against Christians and Muslims.’ Asian News, 14 August 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  47. ↑ Inayat, Naila. "Pakistani Hindus lose daughters to forced Muslim marriages". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  48. 1 2 International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Liechtenstein , US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  49. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Malta , US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  50. ↑ United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Belarus: International Religious Freedom Report 2007.
  51. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Lithuania, US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  52. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Macedonia , US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  53. 1 2 "International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Hungary", US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  54. 1 2 International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Montenegro , US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  55. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Belgium , US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  56. ↑ "Polish Jews fight law on religious slaughter of animals". NYTimes. 4 September 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  57. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Slovenia , US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  58. ↑ "Bulgaria". International Religious Freedom Report 2010. US State Department. November 17, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2016.PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  59. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report for 2012: Georgia". United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  60. ↑ Vukomanović, Milan (2008). "The Serbian Orthodox Church as a Political Actor in the Aftermath of October 5, 2000". Politics and Religion. 1 (2): 237–269. doi:10.1017/S1755048308000199. ISSN   1755-0483. S2CID   145107372.
  61. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017, US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  62. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Jamaica US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  63. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Nicaragua , US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  64. 1 2 International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Bahamas, The, US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  65. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Antigua and Barbuda, US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  66. 1 2 International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Dominica , US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  67. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Barbados, US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  68. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Costa Rica, US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  69. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Dominican Republic , US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  70. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Guatemala , US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  71. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 Haiti , US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  72. 1 2 International Religious Freedom Report 2017 § Papua New Guinea US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  73. ↑ Saada Angelica, Samoa: A Truly Religious Place? Views Towards Religion in Samoa, S.I.T. Samoa, 2008
  74. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 § Tuvalu, US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  75. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 § Samoa, US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  76. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 § Vanuatu US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  77. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 § Palau US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  78. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 § Nauru US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  79. 1 2 International Religious Freedom Report 2017 § Fiji US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  80. ↑ Adelaide synagogue targeted with neo-Nazi posters linked to Antipodean Resistance
  81. ↑ "Royal Commission of Inquiry announced following the Christchurch terror attacks". Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  82. ↑ Poynting, Scott, and Victoria Mason. "The resistible rise of Islamophobia Anti-Muslim racism in the UK and Australia before 11 September 2001." Journal of Sociology 43, no. 1 (2007): 61-86.
  83. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 § Suriname, US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  84. 1 2 International Religious Freedom Report 2016 § Uruguay, US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.
  85. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 § Bolivia , US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  86. ↑ "Paraguay". International Religious Freedom Report 2008. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (September 19, 2008).
  87. ↑ "Global Anti-Semitism: Selected Incidents Around the World in 2012". Adl.org. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  88. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 § Chile US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
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