Freeway removal

Last updated
Cherry blossom in the Tom McCall Waterfront Park, created with the removal of the Harbor Drive in Portland, Oregon. Waterfront Park, Portland.jpg
Cherry blossom in the Tom McCall Waterfront Park, created with the removal of the Harbor Drive in Portland, Oregon.

Freeway removal is a public policy of urban planning to demolish freeways and create mixed-use urban areas, parks, residential, commercial, or other land uses. Such highway removal is often part of a policy to promote smart growth, transit-oriented development, and pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly cities. In some cases freeways are re-imagined as boulevards, rebuilt as below-grade freeways underneath caps-and-stitches, or relocated through less densely-developed areas.

Contents

Background

Cheonggyecheon in Seoul, South Korea was formerly the route for a major elevated highway; It was completed in 1976 and removed in 2005. Korea-Seoul-Cheonggyecheon-01.jpg
Cheonggyecheon in Seoul, South Korea was formerly the route for a major elevated highway; It was completed in 1976 and removed in 2005.

Freeway removals most often occur in cities where highways were built through dense neighborhoods - a practice common in the 20th Century, particularly in U.S. cities following the 1956 enactment of the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act. [1] These highways often created blight that minimized use of land space and reduced the quality of life for city residents. In the United States, the routes for interstate highways were often built through minority neighborhoods in urban centers, [2] which often led to increasing racial segregation by creating physical barriers between neighborhoods. [3]

Beginning in the late 20th century, as many highways reached the end of their lifespans, urban planners and activists began proposing demolishing or transforming highways in lieu of repairing them in an effort to alleviate the symptoms of displacement and lack of neighborhood connectivity. [4] [5] In many cases, there are political battles between citizens' groups who are proponents of freeway removal proposals and suburban drivers that want to keep the freeways. [6]

In early 2021, U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer proposed legislation that would offer cities federal money to remove urban highways. The pilot program includes $10 billion to cover the inspection of existing infrastructure and possibly cover costs involved in removal and redevelopment planning. [7]

Techniques

Freeway-to-boulevard conversion

Section of the Embarcadero Freeway in San Francisco, California during demolition (May 1991) San Francisco-Embarcadero Freeway demolition.jpg
Section of the Embarcadero Freeway in San Francisco, California during demolition (May 1991)
The Embarcadero following the freeway removal (2011) Looking SE on The Embarcadero and Broadway (May 2011).jpg
The Embarcadero following the freeway removal (2011)

A freeway-to-boulevard conversion involves demolishing a controlled access highway with an at-grade boulevard. Land formerly devoted to highway lanes and exit ramps are often repurposed into wide sidewalks, bike lanes, green space, or sold for urban development. [8]

One of the earliest examples of a freeway-to-boulevard conversion was the transformation of the West Side Elevated Highway into an urban boulevard in New York City. In 1971, the Urban Development Corporation proposed replacing the aging elevated highway with a new interstate highway in Manhattan. [9] After fierce local opposition, New York City officially gave up on the proposed interstate project in 1985, [10] [9] and allocated 60 percent of its interstate highway funds to mass transit [10] and setting aside $811 million for the "West Side Highway Replacement Project". In 1987, the commission unanimously agreed to build the highway as a six-lane urban boulevard with a parkway-style median and decorative lightposts, along with a 60 acres (24 ha) $100 million park on the highway's western periphery. [11]

Another early freeway-to-boulevard conversion involved San Francisco's double-decked Embarcadero Freeway and Central Freeway, which were damaged during the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989. [12] The Central Freeway was replaced by the multi-modal, landscaped surface-level Octavia Boulevard, and the Embarcadero Freeway was replaced by a boulevard with streetcar and light rail operations in the median, flanked by the restored Beaux-Arts style Ferry Building. [13]

Other early freeway removal projects occurred in Portland, Oregon and Milwaukee, Wisconsin that ultimately reduced traffic, spurred economic development, and allowed for the creation of new neighborhoods and commercial districts. The Harbor Drive Freeway in Portland was replaced by Tom McCall Waterfront Park, while the Park East Freeway in Milwaukee recovered prime land for development in the urban core. In Toronto, Ontario, the easternmost portion of the Gardiner Expressway, which was located between Don Road and Leslie Street, was demolished in 2000 and replaced with an at-grade urban boulevard with traffic lights, railroad crossings and a bike trail.

Underground relocation

In situations where removing an urban freeway is believed to exacerbate traffic problems within a city, urban planners may resort to relocating the freeway underground and building freeway lids to reclaim the space previously occupied by the surface highway. [14] [15]

In Boston, Massachusetts, the Central Artery (Interstate 93) ran through the center of the city on an elevated green viaduct from its opening in the 1950s until 2005. The freeway divided historic neighborhoods and business districts in downtown Boston, and it was referred to as Boston's "other Green Monster." During the 1990s and early 2000s, a $15 billion project known as the Big Dig relocated the Central Artery into tunnels underneath downtown Boston; the old viaduct was demolished, and its path was reclaimed for a surface boulevard and park space.

The Alaskan Way Viaduct in Seattle, Washington, was replaced with the tunnel that carries the SR-99 freeway underneath the city.

Notable freeway removals

Completed

HighwayLocationDescription
Alaskan Way Viaduct Seattle, Washington, United States2019 - Replaced with State Route 99 Tunnel
Autopista de Circunvalación M-30 Madrid, Spain 2008 - Partial removal - Southern segment relocated underground as part of the Madrid Río project
Bonaventure Expressway Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2016 - Elevated highway demolished and replaced with an urban boulevard and parkland [16]
Ville-Marie Expressway and Décarie Road Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2018 - Partial demolition only, some ramps reduced along the Turcot Interchange
Catharijnebaan Utrecht, Netherlands 2010 - Highway demolished and replaced with canal and green space
Central Artery Boston, Massachusetts, United States2003 - Relocated underground as part of the Big Dig project
Central Freeway and Embarcadero Freeway San Francisco, California, United States1993 - Replaced by at-grade boulevards following 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
Cheonggye Elevated Highway Seoul, South Korea 2003 - Replaced with artificial stream and green space
Cogswell Interchange (Harbour Drive) Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 2021 - Freeway-to-boulevard conversion
Gardiner Expressway Toronto, Ontario, Canada2001 - Partial demolition; exit ramps replaced with parkland
Harbor Drive Portland, Oregon, United States1974 - Demolished and replaced with Tom McCall Waterfront Park
Innerbelt Akron, Ohio, United States2017 - Highway closed and redeveloped into parkland and urban development [17]
Inner Loop Rochester, New York, United States2014 - Replaced with surface streets and urban development
Interstate 30 Fort Worth, Texas, United States2001 - Highway rerouted farther from downtown; elevated highway demolished and replaced with parkland and urban development
Interstate 70 Denver, Colorado, United States2022 - CDOT replaced a 1.8-mile (2.9 km) viaduct with a below-grade highway with a four-acre (1.6 ha) park being built over it
Interstate 170 Baltimore, Maryland, United States2010 - Western stub removed for expansion of the West Baltimore station's parking lot and possible Red Line project
Interstate 195 Providence, Rhode Island, United States2011 - Highway relocated as part of the Iway project; former highway right-of-way repurposed into urban development
NY 895 (Sheridan Expressway) The Bronx, New York City, New York, United States2017 - Freeway-to-boulevard conversion [18]
Oak Street Connector New Haven, Connecticut, United States2013 - Highway demolished and replaced with surface streets and urban development; portion of original highway repurposed as entrance to underground parking garage
Oklahoma City Crosstown Expressway Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States2002 - Partial highway-to-boulevard conversion
Park East Freeway Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States2002 - Demolished and repurposed into urban development
Niagara Scenic Parkway Niagara Falls, New York, United States2019 - Highway removed and replaced with surface streets and waterfront parkland
Southeast Freeway Washington D.C., United States2016 - Partial freeway-to-boulevard conversion
Voie Georges-Pompidou Paris, France 2016 - Highway removed and replaced with public beaches and urban development
West Sacramento Freeway Sacramento, California, United States2014 - Highway removed and replaced with surface streets and urban development
West Side Elevated Highway Manhattan, New York City, New York (state), United States1977 - Elevated highway demolished and replaced with urban boulevard
Dusseldorf Roadway Dusseldorf, Germany 1993 - Surface parkway replaced with tunnel
Zhongxiao Elevated Highway Taipei, Taiwan 2016 - Elevated highway repurposed from roadway into elevated park. Section next to the North Gate demolished to give an unimpeded view of the gate.

Planned

HighwayLocationDescription
Interstate 81 Syracuse, New York Approved proposal to reroute I-81 traffic around Syracuse via Interstate 481 and downgrade the existing freeway to a business loop boulevard; [19] the plan was halted by judges multiple times and faced strong local opposition, but the construction phase has begun since then [20]
Interstate 375 Detroit, Michigan Approved proposal to replace portion of freeway with at-grade boulevard; construction is planned to begin 2025 [21]

Proposed

HighwayLocationDescription
Claiborne Expressway New Orleans, Louisiana Proposal to demolish highway (I-10) and replace with at-grade boulevard; [22] the governments of Louisiana and New Orleans have countered with a proposal to improve the elevated freeway and the space beneath it as well as remove four ramps in Tremé instead due to the negative travel congestion impacts that would result from removing the expressway [23]
Downtown Connector Atlanta, Georgia Proposal to rebuild highway underground beneath the city [24]
Interstate 787 and South Mall Arterial Albany, New York Proposal to remove highway and replace with at-grade boulevards, surface streets, urban development, and riverfront green space; [25] a draft report released in May 2019 did not recommend this change, [26] but studies on the freeway's future continue [27]
Interstate 345 Dallas, Texas Proposal to demolish highway and replace with an at-grade boulevard; [28] this proposal was rejected by TxDOT due to negative traffic congestion impacts
Interstate 35 Austin, Texas Proposal to re-route I-35 traffic around Austin via State Highway 130 and replace existing highway with an at-grade boulevard through Austin; [29] despite widespread opposition, TxDOT instead plans to rebuild and bury the freeway below-grade with some sections possibly covered with caps-and-stitches containing parkland [30] [31]
Interstate 35 Duluth, Minnesota Proposal to replace riverfront highway with at-grade boulevard and green space [32]
Interstate 475 Flint, Michigan Proposal to replace freeway with at-grade boulevard through downtown Flint [33]
Metropolitan Expressway Tokyo, Japan Proposal to demolish viaduct through the city center [6]
Whitehurst Freeway Washington, D.C. Proposal to demolish elevated highway; this proposal has been stopped several times [34]
Interstate 794 Milwaukee, Wisconsin Proposal to replace freeway with at-grade boulevard through downtown Milwaukee [35]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interstate 278</span> Interstate Highway in New Jersey and New York

Interstate 278 (I-278) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in New Jersey and New York in the United States. The road runs 35.62 miles (57.32 km) from US Route 1/9 (US 1/9) in Linden, New Jersey, northeast to the Bruckner Interchange in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The majority of I-278 is in New York City, where it serves as a partial beltway and passes through all five of the city's boroughs. I-278 follows several freeways, including the Union Freeway in Union County, New Jersey; the Staten Island Expressway (SIE) across Staten Island; the Gowanus Expressway in southern Brooklyn; the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway (BQE) across Northern Brooklyn and Queens; a small part of the Grand Central Parkway in Queens; and a part of the Bruckner Expressway in the Bronx. I-278 also crosses multiple bridges, including the Goethals, Verrazzano-Narrows, Kosciuszko, and Robert F. Kennedy bridges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frontage road</span> Type of road

A frontage road is a local road running parallel to a higher-speed, limited-access road. A frontage road is often used to provide access to private driveways, shops, houses, industries or farms. Where parallel high-speed roads are provided as part of a major highway, these are also known as local lanes. Sometimes a similar arrangement is used for city roads; for example, the collector portion of Commonwealth Avenue in Boston, Massachusetts, is known as a carriage road.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oak Street Connector</span>

The Oak Street Connector, officially known as the Richard C. Lee Highway, is a 0.6-mile-long (0.97 km) freeway carrying Route 34 in downtown New Haven, Connecticut, United States. The freeway begins at the junction of Interstate 95 and Interstate 91 and ends at Orange Street.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Washington State Route 99</span> Highway in the Seattle metropolitan area, Washington, U.S.

State Route 99 (SR 99), also known as the Pacific Highway, is a state highway in the Seattle metropolitan area, part of the U.S. state of Washington. It runs 49 miles (79 km) from Fife to Everett, passing through the cities of Federal Way, SeaTac, Seattle, Shoreline, and Lynnwood. The route primarily follows arterial streets, including Aurora Avenue, and has several freeway segments, including the tolled SR 99 Tunnel in Downtown Seattle. SR 99 was officially named the William P. Stewart Memorial Highway by the state legislature in 2016, after a campaign to replace an unofficial moniker honoring Confederate president Jefferson Davis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Massachusetts Route 79</span> State highway in southeastern Massachusetts, US

Route 79 is a 18.47-mile-long (29.72 km) state highway in southeastern Massachusetts. The route had formerly began as a highway in Fall River, also known as the Fall River Viaduct and Western Fall River Expressway, before becoming a more rural route further north. Most of the southern expressway portion of the route was permanently closed by MassDOT in 2023 for conversion into a street level urban boulevard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interstate 676</span> Highway in New Jersey and Pennsylvania

Interstate 676 (I-676) is an Interstate Highway that serves as a major thoroughfare through Center City Philadelphia, where it is known as the Vine Street Expressway, and Camden, New Jersey, where it is known as the northern segment of the North–South Freeway, as well as the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Highway in honor of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. Its western terminus is at I-76 in Philadelphia near the Philadelphia Museum of Art and Fairmount Park. From there, it heads east and is then routed on surface streets near Franklin Square and Independence National Historical Park, home of the Liberty Bell, before crossing the Delaware River on the Benjamin Franklin Bridge. On the New Jersey side of the bridge, the highway heads south to its southern terminus at I-76 in Gloucester City near the Walt Whitman Bridge. Between the western terminus and downtown Camden, I-676 is concurrent with U.S. Route 30 (US 30).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Freeway</span> Elevated freeway in San Francisco, California, United States

The Central Freeway is a roughly one-mile (1.5 km) elevated freeway in San Francisco, California, United States, connecting the Bayshore/James Lick Freeway with the Hayes Valley neighborhood. Most of the freeway is part of US 101, which exits at Mission Street on the way to the Golden Gate Bridge. The freeway once extended north to Turk Street, and initially formed part of a loop around downtown, but was damaged along with the Embarcadero in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake; both highways have since been replaced with the surface-level Octavia Boulevard and Embarcadero, respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York State Route 895</span> State highway in the Bronx, New York, US

New York State Route 895 (NY 895), known locally as Sheridan Boulevard, is a four-lane boulevard in the New York City borough of The Bronx. Its south end is at a merge with the Bruckner Expressway (I-278) in the Hunts Point neighborhood, and its north end is at the Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95), where the road connects with local streets in the West Farms neighborhood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interstate 170 (Maryland)</span> Highway in Maryland

Interstate 170 (I-170) was the designation for a 2.3-mile (3.7 km) freeway in Baltimore, Maryland, that currently carries U.S. Route 40 (US 40). The freeway was originally planned to be the eastern terminus of I-70 and, later, a link between I-70 and the west side of Downtown Baltimore. However, after the Baltimore portion of I-70 was canceled due to community opposition, the freeway was left disconnected from the Interstate system and its Interstate designation rescinded. Local citizens and environmental groups have given the freeway nicknames of "The Highway to Nowhere" and "The Ditch", the latter owing to its mostly below-grade construction; other names include the "Westside Freeway" and the "Franklin–Mulberry Expressway", both referring to its location in the city. Growing support for the freeway's removal has occurred over the last several years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interstate 375 (Michigan)</span> Interstate Highway in Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan, United States

Interstate 375 (I-375) is a north–south auxiliary Interstate Highway in Detroit, Michigan, United States. It is the southernmost leg of the Walter P. Chrysler Freeway and a spur of I-75 into Downtown Detroit, ending at the unsigned Business Spur I-375, better known as Jefferson Avenue. The freeway opened on June 12, 1964. At only 1.062 miles (1.709 km) in length, it once had the distinction of being the shortest signed Interstate Highway in the country before I-110 in El Paso, Texas, was signed. The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) announced in 2021 plans to convert the freeway to a boulevard. Details of that project were revealed in April 2023 with MDOT reaffirming that construction is scheduled to begin in 2025.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California State Route 480</span> Former highway in California

State Route 480 was a state highway in San Francisco, California, United States, consisting of the elevated double-decker Embarcadero Freeway, the partly elevated Doyle Drive approach to the Golden Gate Bridge and the proposed and unbuilt section in between. The unbuilt section from Doyle Drive to Van Ness Avenue was to have been called the Golden Gate Freeway and the Embarcadero Freeway as originally planned would have extended from Van Ness along the north side of Bay Street and then along the Embarcadero to the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interstate 794</span> Highway in Wisconsin

Interstate 794 is a 3.75-mile (6.04 km) auxiliary Interstate Highway in Milwaukee County in the US state of Wisconsin. It is one of two auxiliary Interstates in the Milwaukee metropolitan area, serves the lakefront and the Port of Milwaukee, and connects downtown with the southeastern suburbs of St. Francis, Cudahy, and South Milwaukee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Highway revolt</span> Protest against new highways & freeways

Highway revolts are organized protests against the planning or construction of highways, freeways, expressways, and other civil engineering projects which prioritize motor vehicle traffic over pedestrian movement or other considerations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interstate 345</span> Unsigned highway in Texas

Interstate 345 (I-345) is an unsigned 1.4-mile-long (2.3 km) Auxiliary Interstate Highway in the city of Dallas within the US state of Texas. It is a freeway that connects I-45 with U.S. Highway 75 at State Highway Spur 366. Few maps actually display the road as I-345; signposts on the road show US 75 northbound, while southbound the highway is signed as I-45. In recent years, a debate over whether to maintain or decommission I-345 has received increased attention from several Dallas media outlets. TxDOT elected to maintain the freeway by lowering it below ground and removing frontage roads.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interstate 610 (Louisiana)</span> Highway in Louisiana

Interstate 610 (I-610) is a 4.52-mile-long (7.27 km) auxiliary route of I-10 that lies almost entirely within the city limits of New Orleans, Louisiana, bypassing its Central Business District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harbor Drive</span> Road of historical significance in Portland, Oregon

Harbor Drive is a short roadway in Portland, Oregon, spanning a total length of 0.7 miles (1.1 km), which primarily functions as a ramp to and from Interstate 5. It was once much longer, running along the western edge of the Willamette River in the downtown area. Originally constructed from 1942–43, the vast majority of the road was replaced with Tom McCall Waterfront Park in the 1970s. Signed as U.S. Route 99W, it had been the major route through the city and its removal is often cited as the first instance of freeway removal in the U.S. and as a milestone in urban planning; the original road is remembered as the first limited-access highway built in the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Octavia Boulevard</span> Major road in San Francisco

Octavia Boulevard is a major street in San Francisco, California, United States, that replaced the Hayes Valley portion of the damaged two-level Central Freeway. Once a portion of Octavia Street alongside shadowy, fenced-off land beneath the elevated U.S. Route 101 roadway, Octavia Boulevard was redeveloped and redesigned upon the recommendation of a "Central Freeway" planning committee representing a broad array of neighborhoods, including the surrounding Hayes Valley and Western Addition, the Richmond District, Pacific Heights and the Sunset District with representatives appointed by Mayor Willie Brown and the Board of Supervisors and led by the Planning Department of San Francisco. Elements of the San Francisco General Plan were consulted for issues such as urban design, transportation mobility and congestion management, community safety and historic preservation, along with the evaluation of the impacts following the recent removal (1991) of the elevated Embarcadero Freeway and the revitalization of the Embarcadero as a surface boulevard complemented by an extension of the Muni Metro light-rail transit subway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interstate 277 (North Carolina)</span> Highway in North Carolina

Interstate 277 (I-277) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in the US state of North Carolina. It serves as a 4.41-mile (7.10 km) partial loop around Uptown Charlotte.

Central Expressway is a north–south highway in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex in Texas (USA) and surrounding areas. The best-known section is the North Central Expressway, a name for a freeway section of U.S. Highway 75 between downtown Dallas and Van Alstyne, Texas. The southern terminus is south of the Woodall Rodgers Freeway at exit 284C of "hidden" Interstate 345. From there, Central Expressway becomes the South Central Expressway, the northernmost portion of which was renamed César Chávez Boulevard on April 9, 2010.

Highway revolts have occurred in cities and regions across the United States. In many cities, there remain unused highways, abruptly terminating freeway alignments, and short stretches of freeway in the middle of nowhere, all of which are evidence of larger projects which were never completed. In some instances, freeway revolts have led to the eventual removal or relocation of freeways that had been built.

References

  1. ↑ "60 Years of Urban Change: Midwest". The Institute for Quality Communities. 2014-12-12. Retrieved 2017-09-12.
  2. ↑ Stromberg, Joseph (May 11, 2016). "Highways Gutted American Cities. So Why Did They Build Them?". Vox. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  3. ↑ Miller, Johnny (February 21, 2018). "Roads to Nowhere: How Infrastructure Built on American Inequality". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  4. ↑ Garfield, Leanna (May 6, 2018). "American highways are so expensive that cities are tearing them down — here's what they're turning into". Business Insider. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  5. ↑ "Reconnecting Cities through Urban Highway Removals - Car Free America". Car Free America. 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2017-09-12.
  6. 1 2 Staff (2007). "Freeway Removal Plans and Proposals". Preservation Institute. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  7. ↑ "How the Federal Government Could Help Kill the Highways It Built". Bloomberg.com. 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  8. ↑ "Highways to Boulevards". The Congress for New Urbanism. 23 April 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  9. 1 2 Amateau, Albert (June 16, 2004). "Why Westway sleeps with the fishes". thevillager.com . The Villager. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  10. 1 2 Roberts, Sam (May 16, 2006). "After 20 Years of Delays, a River Park Takes Shape". The New York Times . Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  11. ↑ Boorstin, Robert O. (1987). "Panel Urges West Side Road; Cuomo Faults Esplanade Plan". The New York Times. p. B1. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2017-11-18.
  12. ↑ "Timeline / A look back at the Embarcadero". www.sfgate.com. 17 October 2004. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  13. ↑ "Streetswiki - Embarcadero Freeway Removal". streetswiki.wikispaces.com. Archived from the original on August 5, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2013.[ title missing ]
  14. ↑ Pyati, Archana (April 7, 2017). "Freeway Lids: Reconnecting Communities and Creating New Land for Development". Urban Land Institute. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  15. ↑ Berger, Knute (July 16, 2017). "One simple idea to open up Downtown Seattle". Crosscut.com . Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  16. ↑ https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/bonaventure-expressway-to-be-reconfigured-into-urban-boulevard
  17. ↑ "Akron Innerbelt / Route 59". The Congress for New Urbanism. 25 November 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  18. ↑ Rivoli, Dan (September 19, 2018). "Feds pave way to transform the Bronx's Sheridan Expressway". nydailynews.com. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  19. ↑ Breiden, Michelle (10 July 2023). "New York starts $2.25 billion Interstate 81 rebuild despite court challenges". syracuse. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  20. ↑ Zarroli, Jim (3 June 2023). "Why It's So Hard to Tear Down a Crumbling Highway Nearly Everyone Hates". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  21. ↑ "No more I-375? Detroit to study removing freeway in favor of walkable surface street | Detroit Free Press | freep.com". Archived from the original on 2013-12-04. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
  22. ↑ "Politics | News from the Advocate". www.nola.com. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  23. ↑ Sledge, Matt (14 October 2022). "Louisiana touts $95 million plan to spruce up Claiborne Expressway, remove ramps in Tremé". NOLA.com. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  24. ↑ "Georgia DOT eyes tunnel, double-deck for Downtown Connector - Atlanta Business Chronicle".
  25. ↑ Walter-Warner, Holden (November 18, 2021). "Proposed I-787 teardown would create 6M sf development play". The Real Deal. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  26. ↑ "Study identifies what to do, and not do, with 787". Times Union. March 14, 2018.
  27. ↑ Lucas, Dave (16 November 2023). "Delegation from Albany attends conference in Atlanta as future of Interstate 787 is debated". WAMC. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  28. ↑ "IH-345 tear-out proposal: Not dead | Dallas Morning News". Archived from the original on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
  29. ↑ Bernier, Nathan (August 12, 2021). "TxDOT Slams Brakes On Proposals To Shrink I-35 Footprint". KUT. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  30. ↑ Thompson, Kelsey (June 13, 2022). "When will construction begin on TxDOT's I-35 Capital Express projects?". KXAN. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  31. ↑ Bernier, Nathan (March 14, 2022). "I-35 expansion could destroy a 70-unit affordable housing complex. TxDOT didn't notice at first". KUT. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  32. ↑ "Group proposes bold vision for I-35 in Duluth: Make it a parkway". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  33. ↑ "Flint officials want residents' views on filling in portion of I-475, creating surface boulevard". 20 October 2020.
  34. ↑ "Mayor Freezes Study on Whitehurst Future". The Northwest Current. July 4, 2007.[ page needed ]
  35. ↑ "I-794 Lake Interchange Study".

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.