French angelfish

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French angelfish
Pomacanthus paru3.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Acanthuriformes
Family: Pomacanthidae
Genus: Pomacanthus
Species:
P. paru
Binomial name
Pomacanthus paru
(Bloch, 1787)
Synonyms [2]
  • Chaetodon paruBloch, 1787
  • Chaetodon aureusBloch, 1787
  • Pomacanthus aureus(Bloch, 1787)

Pomacanthus paru, also known by its common name the French angelfish, is a slow growing [3] coral reef fish from the tropics with a distinctive and striking appearance. In terms of fish taxonomy, French Angelfish fall under the fish order of Perciformes [4] and under the family Pomacanthidae, which contains other species of marine angelfish. [5] The closest relative of the French Angelfish is the Gray angelfish, or Pomacanthus arcuatus.

Contents

Description

The French angelfish has a compressed and streamlined body plan. [4] This means that the fish is vertically compressed, making it appear quite thin. P. paru are also a decently large species of reef fish with males growing to an impressive size of around 18in, or 45cm, and females growing to a slightly smaller size. [6] The head is deep with a short snout ending in a small mouth which contains numerous bristle-like teeth. There is an obvious spine at the corner of the preoperculum while there are no spines on the operculum or under the eye. [7] The dorsal fin contains 10 spines and 29–31 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 22–24 soft rays. This species attains a maximum total length of 41.1 centimetres (16.2 in). [2]

The colorations of the fish are quite striking with both males and females having a black or dark gray body that provides a great source of contrast with the tips of their scales being painted a bright yellow. The adults are also mainly black but most of the scales on the body have a golden-yellow edge. They have a white mouth and a yellow orbit. The pectoral fins have a wide orange-yellow band and the dorsal fin has a long yellow filamentous extension growing from its soft-rayed part. [8] Juvenile French Angelfish look extremely different from how adults of the species appear. Although both juveniles and adults have a black or dark gray body, where they differ is in markings. Juveniles are almost completely black apart from five vertical yellow bands, that run down the entire height of their body, the first around the mouth and the last at the caudal peduncle.

Distribution

Distribution map of French Angelfish French Angelfish range.jpg
Distribution map of French Angelfish

French angelfish can be found in the western Atlantic from Florida to the Gulf of Mexico and down towards Brazil and the Caribbean [9] , including the Antilles, Roatan, and the eastern Atlantic from around Ascension Island and St. Paul's Rocks. [2] These fish can be seen in water depths above about 15ft, or about 4.5m, [4] and they have also been reported at depths within the mesophotic zone, which is between 30m and 150m, or about 100ft - 500ft. [9]

Biology

Juvenile french angel fish Juvenile french angel fish.jpg
Juvenile french angel fish

French angelfish are common on rocky and coral reefs where it is normally encountered in pairs, frequently in the vicinity of sea fans. Its diet comprises sponges [5] , algae, bryozoans, zoantharians, gorgonians, hydroids, coral [10] and tunicates. These pairs are highly territorial, and typically both vigorously defending their territory from their neighbours. Juveniles act as cleaner fish and establish cleaning stations. Species recorded as being clients of juvenile French angelfish, include jacks, snappers, morays, grunts, surgeonfishes and wrasses.. [1] [2] These fish are active during the daylight hours, but seek shelter in their designated hiding spot where they return every night. [11] They can produce a knocking sound when alarmed. [12]

Similar to many other fish species, you can tell the age of a fish by using its otoliths. Otoliths are also commonly referred to as ear stones or ear bones. They are made up of the same thing shells are made out of, which is calcium carbonate, and are only found in bony fishes. Researchers used the sagittae otolith in French Angelfish, since it creates yearly bands that are see-through, which suggest that the fish's otoliths have a linear relation to the fish's age. [3] The same study also found that P. paru grows exponentially in relation to its standard length. With this ability to accurately determine a fish's age, scientists have found that P. paru can live for over twenty-seven years. [3]

Reproduction

When it comes to mating, there are no obvious courtship displays or clear sexual dimorphism between the sexes. Firstly for P. paru, once a mate has been found, they will stick with each other for the rest of their lives. [6] [13] This means that these fish mate for life.

Not much is truly known about the mating patterns of P. paru, with it rarely being observed. However, from what has been observed, the fish, in mating pairs, would swim up the water column, with one in front and one directly behind the other. [13]

This reproductive mating behavior is truly unique because it has only ever been reported to occur right around sunset, or dusk. [13] At dusk, the pair swim upwards in a wide, shallow curve from the substrate, travelling around 7 to 10 m horizontally as they climb to a 2 or 3 m (6 ft 7 in or 9 ft 10 in). As they ascend, both angle their bodies slightly, with their vents very close together, even touching. They hold this posture throughout the zenith of their curve separating as they descend. Neighbouring pairs were observed undertaking similar movements above the reef at roughly the same time. The observers were unable to ascertain if gametes were released in these displays. Neighbouring pairs were not seen interfering with these displays. [2] This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite; the female can change sex to become a male if no male is present. [12]

Feeding Behavior

With P. paru living in and around coral reefs and rocky shores, the diet of these fish is also just as interesting as their mating behavior. As adults, these fish primarily feed on sponges with around 70% of their diet consisting of sponges. [5] Adults of this species have comb-like teeth [14] that help to grind up pieces of sponges. Surprisingly juvenile diets do not primarily consist of sponges. In fact, juveniles of this species feed by consuming ectoparasites on larger fishes [15] [16] , due to this the juveniles spend a huge portion of their time at or near their cleaning stations.

As P. paru juveniles grow in size they become more generalists when it comes to species of sponge they eat, eating around twelve to fifteen sponge species, which is similar to their adult diet. [5] This shows there is a direct relationship between the size of the juvenile and how much sponges contribute to their diet, with large juveniles eating more sponges than smaller juveniles. [5]

Juvenile french angelfish cleaning great barracuda Juvenile french angelfish cleaning great barracuda (4686887326).jpg
Juvenile french angelfish cleaning great barracuda

Juvenile Cleaning Stations

Out in the Caribbean, there are a few fish families that, similar to juvenile P. paru, provide cleaning services, and these cleaning services are not limited to fish, but young sea turtles who stop by for short and quick cleaning sessions. [17] In these cases, juvenile P. paru primarily clean the sea turtles’ heads, carapace, and plastron. [17] These cleaning services are important in maintaining the ecosystem because the parasite are removed from the ecosystem before they have a chance to spread to other fish.

Conservation Status

According to the IUCN red list of endangered animal species, the French angelfish is currently listed as least concern. However, it is very possible that in the coming years this fish species moves from least concern [18] to near threated or even vulnerable. This is in large part due to the marine pet trade, also known as the marine ornamental trade. In Brazil alone, the French angelfish is the fifth most exported in the Brazilian fish trade, not to mention that they are also caught as bycatch as well. [6]

Due the fact that French angelfish live so long, and are slow to grow, along with their popularity in the fish trade, [6] it is not hard to see how this fish species becomes more endangered thanks to humans. Furthermore, these fish are also quite late to reach sexual maturity. [6] Which means that these fish can not reproduce as rapidly as other fish species.

Threats to French Angelfish

Endoparasites, or parasites that live inside their host's body, are a cause for concern. In a captive specimen in Georgia, researchers found parasites on the foregut wall of the fish. The specific parasite that was found was a species of worm from the genus Enterogyrus. The way in which these parasites attach themselves to their host completely surprised scientists because the parasites attach themselves perpendicularly to the folds in the foregut. [19]

Systematics

The French angelfish was first formally described as Chaetodon paru by the German physician and naturalist Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723–1799) with the type locality given as Brazil and Jamaica. [20] The species is placed by some authorities in the subgenus Pomacanthus,. The specific name of this species, paru is the Portuguese name for this species. [21]

Utilisation

The French angelfish is common in the aquarium trade, collection and export to the United States and European markets being common in Brazil. It has been bred in captivity. [1] It is harvested for food, its flesh being considered highly palatable, although it has been reported to be a source of ciguatera poisoning in humans. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pomacanthidae</span> Family of fishes

Marine angelfish are perciform fish of the family Pomacanthidae. They are found on shallow reefs in the tropical Atlantic, Indian, and mostly western Pacific Oceans. The family contains seven genera and about 86 species. They should not be confused with the freshwater angelfish, tropical cichlids of the Amazon Basin.

<i>Pomacanthus</i> Genus of fishes

Pomacanthus is a genus of marine angelfish that is usually found around reefs and coral. Some of the notable places one can see these vari-coloured fish includes the Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Sipidan off the southern coast of Sabah, Malaysia. Generally the patterns and colors of these fish undergo a major transformation from juvenile to adult forms. The juveniles may even appear to be a different species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emperor angelfish</span> Species of fish

The emperor angelfish is a species of marine angelfish. It is a reef-associated fish, native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans, from the Red Sea to Hawaii and the Austral Islands. This species is generally associated with stable populations and faces no major threats of extinction. It is a favorite of photographers, artists, and aquarists because of its unique, brilliant pattern of coloration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bicolor angelfish</span> Species of fish

The bicolor angelfish is a marine species of fish, easily recognizable by its yellow tail, yellow front half of their body, and blue rear with blue patterns above and around the eye. Other names of this angelfish include: Pacific rock beauty, oriole angelfish, oriole dwarf angel, blue and gold angel, and two-colored angel. The life expectancy of this fish in the wild varies greatly, depending on location, and ranges between 5 and 13 years. These fish tend to grow to a maximum of 6 inches in length. The larval stages lasts approximately 32 days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bluering angelfish</span> Species of fish

The bluering angelfish, also known as the annularis angelfish and the blue king angelfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It is member of the genus Pomacanthus, composed of large marine angelfish.

<i>Holacanthus bermudensis</i> Species of fish

Holacanthus bermudensis, also known as the blue angelfish or Bermuda blue angelfish, is a species of ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It occurs in the western Atlantic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal angelfish</span> Species of fish

The royal angelfish, or regal angelfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae, and the monotypic genus Pygoplites. It is found in tropical Indo-Pacific oceans. It can grow as long as 25 cm (9.8 in).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rock beauty</span> Species of fish

The rock beauty, also known as corn sugar, coshubba, rock beasty, catalineta, and yellow nanny, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gray angelfish</span> Species of fish

The gray angelfish, also written as grey angelfish and known in Jamaica as the pot cover, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the marine angelfish family, Pomacanthidae. It is found in the Western Atlantic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Queen angelfish</span> Species of marine angelfish

The queen angelfish, also known as the blue angelfish, golden angelfish, or yellow angelfish, is a species of marine angelfish found in the western Atlantic Ocean. It is a benthic warm-water species that lives in coral reefs. It is recognized by its blue and yellow coloration and a distinctive spot or "crown" on its forehead. This crown distinguishes it from the closely related and similar-looking Bermuda blue angelfish, with which it overlaps in range and can interbreed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sixbar angelfish</span> Species of fish

The sixbar angelfish, also known as the six banded angelfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It is found in Indo-Pacific region.

<i>Holacanthus passer</i> Species of fish

Holacanthus passer is a large reef dwelling marine angelfish of the family Pomacanthidae.

<i>Pomacanthus asfur</i> Species of fish

Pomacanthus asfur, the Arabian angelfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It is found in the Western Indian Ocean.

<i>Pomacanthus maculosus</i> Species of fish

Pomacanthus maculosus, the yellowbar angelfish, half-moon angelfish, yellow-marked angelfish, yellowband angelfish or yellow-blotched angelfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It is found in the western Indian Ocean and, more recently, in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

<i>Pomacanthus zonipectus</i> Species of fish

Pomacanthus zonipectus, the Cortez angelfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It is from the Eastern Pacific. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade.

<i>Pomacanthus semicirculatus</i> Species of fish

Pomacanthus semicirculatus, also known as the semicircled angelfish, Koran angelfish, blue angelfish, zebra angelfish or half-circled angelfish, is a species of ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish, in the family Pomacanthidae. It is found in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade.

<i>Pomacanthus navarchus</i> Species of fish

Pomacanthus navarchus, the blue-girdled angelfish or majestic angelfish, is a marine angelfish from the Indo-Pacific region. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. P. navarchus is one of the smallest of the larger species of angelfish. It grows to a maximum length of 28 centimetres (11 in), but is usually much smaller than this, and can live to be up to 21 years old. Younger fish stay closer to the shallows, but the more mature fish can be found up to 120 feet (37 m) deep. Majestic angelfish eat mainly sponges and tunicates. Juvenile fish are mostly blue in color with white stripes. As they mature, they take on a yellow coloration on the flanks, dorsal fin, and tail.

<i>Chaetodontoplus meridithii</i> Species of fish

Chaetodontoplus meridithii, the Queensland yellowtail angelfish, Meredith's angelfish or yellow-finned angelfish, yellowtail angelfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It is found off eastern Australia.

<i>Pomacanthus xanthometopon</i> Species of fish

Pomacanthus xanthometopon is a marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae found in shallow parts of the Indo-Pacific. It is commonly known as the blueface angelfish or the yellowface angelfish because of its striking facial colouration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goldtail angelfish</span> Species of fish

The goldtail angelfish, also known as the earspot angelfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It is found in the western Indian Ocean.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Pyle, R.; Myers, R.F.; Rocha, L.A.; Craig, M.T. (2010). "Pomacanthus paru". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2010: e.T165898A6160204. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T165898A6160204.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Pomacanthus paru". FishBase . December 2019 version.
  3. 1 2 3 Feitosa, C. V.; Araújo, M. E.; Ferreira, B. P. (June 2017). "Estimates on age, growth and mortality of the French angelfish Pomacanthus paru (Bloch, 1787) (Teleostei: Pomacanthidae) in the southwestern Atlantic". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 33 (3): 409–414. doi:10.1111/jai.13246.
  4. 1 2 3 "Pomacanthus paru". Discover Fishes. Retrieved 2024-11-08.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Andréa, B. R.; Batista, D.; Sampaio, C. L. (2007). "Spongivory by juvenile angelfish (Pomacanthidae) in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil". Porifera Research Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability: 131–137 – via ResearchGate.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Feitosa, Caroline Vieira; Marques, Simone; Araújo, Maria Elisabeth de; Ferreira, Beatrice Padovani (2015-08-06). "Reproduction of French angelfish Pomacanthus paru (Teleostei: Pomacanthidae) and implications for management of the ornamental fish trade in Brazil". Marine and Freshwater Research. 67 (5): 586–593. doi:10.1071/MF14386. ISSN   1448-6059.
  7. ↑ "Species: Pomacanthus paru, French angelfish". Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  8. ↑ "Pomacanthus paru". Saltcorner!. Bob Goemans. 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  9. 1 2 de Oliveira Soares, Marcelo; Davis, Marcus; de Paiva, Carolina Cerqueira; de Macêdo Carneiro, Pedro Bastos (2018-09-01). "Mesophotic ecosystems: coral and fish assemblages in a tropical marginal reef (northeastern Brazil)". Marine Biodiversity. 48 (3): 1631–1636. doi:10.1007/s12526-016-0615-x. ISSN   1867-1624.
  10. ↑ "Pomacanthus paru (French Angelfish)". Animal Diversity Web .
  11. ↑ Globe Rover. "French Angelfish". Globe Rove. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
  12. 1 2 "Pomacanthus paru". reefapp.net. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  13. 1 2 3 Moyer, Jack T.; Thresher, Ronald E.; Colin, Patrick L. (1983-05-01). "Courtship, spawning and inferred social organization of American angelfishes (Genera Pomacanthus, Holacanthus and Centropyge; pomacanthidae)". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 9 (1): 25–39. doi:10.1007/BF00001056. ISSN   1573-5133.
  14. ↑ "French Angelfish". Lamar.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-08.
  15. ↑ Batista, Daniela; Muricy, Guilherme Ramos da Silva; Andréa, Barbara Rustum; Villaça, Roberto Campos (September 2012). "High intraspecific variation in the diet of the french angelfish Pomacanthus paru in the south-western Atlantic". Brazilian Journal of Oceanography. 60 (3): 449–454. doi:10.1590/S1679-87592012000300015. ISSN   1679-8759.
  16. ↑ Sazima, Ivan; Moura, Rodrigo L.; Sazima, Cristina (December 1999). "Cleaning Activity of Juvenile Angelfish, Pomacanthus paru, on the Reefs of the Abrolhos Archipelago, Western South Atlantic". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 56 (4): 399–407. doi:10.1023/A:1007531925845. ISSN   0378-1909.
  17. 1 2 Michael, Jessica A.; Jobsis, Paul (2024-06-28). "Observations at a green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, cleaning station identify three cleaning fish symbionts". Marine Biodiversity. 54 (4): 58. doi:10.1007/s12526-024-01452-6. ISSN   1867-1624.
  18. ↑ Gurjão, Lívio Moreira de; Lotufo, Tito Monteiro da Cruz (2018-07-19). "Native species exploited by marine aquarium trade in Brazil". Biota Neotropica. 18 (3): e20170387. doi:10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2017-0387. ISSN   1676-0611.
  19. ↑ Cone, D. K.; Gratzek, J. B.; Hoffman, G. L. (1987-02-01). "A study of Enterogyrus sp. (Monogenea) parasitizing the foregut of captive Pomacanthus paru (Pomacanthidae) in Georgia". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 65 (2): 312–316. doi:10.1139/z87-048. ISSN   0008-4301.
  20. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Pomacanthus". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  21. ↑ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (21 July 2020). "Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 1): Families LOBOTIDAE, POMACANTHIDAE, DREPANEIDAE and CHAETODONTIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
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