Future of the Russian Navy

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Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, the Russian Navy struggled to adjust Cold War force structures while suffering severely with insufficient maintenance and a lack of funding. However, there were improvements in the Russian economy over the first decade of the twenty-first century. The economy and standard of living grew rapidly during the early period of Putin's regime, fueled largely by a boom in the oil industry. [1] [2] [3] This led to a significant rise in defence expenditure and an increase in the number of ships under construction.

Contents

The economic and financial fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on Russian Navy modernization plans. In September 2020 it was reported that the defence budget was to be cut by 5% as part of a shift to social spending and in response the financial impacts of the pandemic. [4] An even greater impact was felt as a result of sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In 2021, Russian Security Council Secretary Nikolai Patrushev reportedly acknowledged that the Russian defence industry “is still dependent on foreign technologies.” [5] In an interview with the head of United Shipbuilding Corporation Alexei Rakhmanov on 15 August 2022, he stated that the effects of sanctions on the Russian shipbuilding industry are practically unnoticeable, with only 5% of components for military shipbuilding (mainly electronics) being dependent on foreign imports. [6]

Since the 2010s, the primary focus of production for the Russian navy has been on new classes of lighter units (corvettes) as well as on the procurement of several classes of new nuclear and conventionally-powered submarines. In addition, the new Admiral Gorshkov-class frigates have begun to enter service and the large Priboy-class helicopter assault ships have also started construction. These programs are expected to continue through the 2020s and, depending on available funding, projects to acquire larger frigates (the Super-Gorshkov - Project 22350M) and destroyers/cruisers (Lider-class destroyer) may also be initiated. However, until the arrival of such heavier units, older classes of Soviet-era cruisers and destroyers are being modernized. [7] [8]

Surface combatants

Future aircraft carriers

Over the past decade and a half, there have been several assertions that the Russian Government wanted to procure new aircraft carriers. In 2008, then Russian President Dmitriy Medvedev stated that Russia intended to build nuclear aircraft carriers in the next decade. On 2 August 2010 Admiral Vladimir Vysotskiy stressed their importance: "If, for example, we do not have an aircraft carrier in the North, the combat capability of the Northern Fleet's guided-missile submarines will be reduced to zero after Day One because the submarines' principal adversary is aviation." [9] In February 2015, Russian media said that the Krylov State Research Center in St. Petersburg was on its way towards developing another aircraft carrier. [10] There was no announcement of what shipyard would be able to build the carrier. One super-carrier project has been code-named Project 23000 or "Shtorm". [11]

In December 2021, a First Vice-chairman of Military-Industrial Commission of Russia Andrey Yelchaninov [12] stated in an interview that the construction of a new aircraft carrier was being considered for the new State Armament Program for 2024–2033. [13] In the new naval doctrine approved on 31 July 2022, the development of new modern shipbuilding facilities in the Far East was mentioned, particularly for the construction of large vessels such as aircraft carriers. [14] Then, in an interview on 15 August 2022, the head of United Shipbuilding Corporation Alexei Rakhmanov stated that the company was ready to build any large warship, including aircraft carriers, after the modernisation of Severnaya Verf is completed. He also confirmed that if the construction of a new aircraft carrier is approved, the majority of the work will be done at Severnaya Verf. [6]

However, none of these initiatives have advanced and with Russia's 2024 decision to seemingly remove its sole existing aircraft carrier from service, it was unclear what role aircraft carriers would have in the future Russian navy. [15]

Destroyers

In 2014 it was reported that the specification had been signed off for a new anti-air destroyer. Twelve ships of the 19,000 tonne Lider class are planned to enter service, split between the Northern and Pacific Fleets. Undecided whether versions will use nuclear or conventional power but they will carry the ABM-capable S-500 SAM and Kalibr (SS-N-30) and SS-N-27 cruise missiles. [16] The Lider-class destroyer concept is a project of JSC Severnoye. In May 2015, Jane's reported that the Krylov State Research Center has also developed the Project 23560 destroyer design concept.

Initial reporting said that these ships would enter service in 2023–2025. In January 2018 however it was reported that detailed design phase will start after 2020 and construction in 2025. [17] On 18 April 2020 Russian newspaper Interfax reported that the Severnoye Design Bureau had suspended development on the Lider. [18] However, in June Alexei Rakhmanov, head of the United Shipbuilding Corporation, reported that the Lider project was still moving forward.

In an interview on 15 August 2022, the head of United Shipbuilding Corporation Alexei Rakhmanov stated that the Lider-class destroyer project has not been abandoned, however, he also stated that the Russian Ministry of Defence will only approve one project for large ocean-going warships. The Russian MoD currently favours the Project 22350M Super-Gorshkov frigate, and therefore it is unlikely that the Lider-class destroyer project will be approved for construction. [6] However, in mid-2025 Admiral Alexander Moiseev, the commander-in-chief of the Navy, stated that project remained under development. [19]

Frigates

The Russian Navy has been developing the Project 22350 (Gorshkov-class) frigate for a considerable period of time, together with a larger variant identified as the Project 22350M (Super Gorshkov) frigate. Three Gorshkov-class frigates are in commission and active as of 2025, all with the Northern Fleet. Additionally, three frigates of the Project 11356R Admiral Grigorovich-class were also built for the Black Sea Fleet with the other vessels of the class being sold abroad. Two other vessel classes (the Project 20380 Steregushchiy-class and the Project 20385 Gremyashchiy-class corvettes) are identified as "frigates" by NATO due to their size, armament and role though the Russian Navy classifies them as corvettes. [20] As of 2025, three classes of frigates/corvettes (the Project 22350, Project 20380 & Project 20385 classes) are in production for the Russian Navy, though the larger Project 22350M variant of the Gorshkov-class, remains in development. Production of the Project 11356 frigates has been completed.

Since the start of the Russo-Ukraine War, the production of both the Gorshkov and Gremyashchiy-classes has been impeded by western sanctions since both classes have been dependent on the supply of German and Ukrainian engines. [21] Projects 20385 (as well as the Project 21631 (the Buyan-class corvette) used German diesel engines, while the 22350 and 11356 used Ukrainian-assembled turbines. [22] Given the sanctions and standoff over the Russo-Ukrainian War, these components were not available after 2015. As a result, two more Steregushchiy-class corvettes, the seventh and eighth of the class, were laid down in February 2015 since this class of vessel uses Russian-built Kolomna engines. Similarly, the power plant in units of the Admiral Gorshkov class (following on the first two) were adapted to use a CODAG diesel and gas turbine engine of Russian manufacture (UEC-Saturn). [23] In November 2020 it was announced that United Engine Corporation had initiated delivery of the DGTA M55R diesel-gas power plant which would be installed on frigates of the 22350-class beginning with Admiral Isakov. [24] Admiral Isakov is the fourth vessel of the Gorshkov-class and is reported "fitting out" for the Russian Pacific Fleet as of 2025.

Corvettes

With respect to corvettes/large patrol ships, as of 2025 six separate classes were in production to replace Soviet-era vessels. They ranged in size from the small 800-860-ton Karakurt class (Project 22800) up to the 3,400-ton Project 20386 corvette/light frigate. The first of the 2,500-ton Gremyashchiy class (Project 20385) entered service in December 2020. [25] As of 2025, production of the Project 21630 and 21631 Buyan-class corvette and Buyan-M class had been completed. Construction of two additional variants of the Project 1241 Tarantul-class (the Project 12418 "Tarantul IV") was being completed, though it was reported that the total build was likely to remain limited to just two vessels. [26] In addition to the updated Tarantuls, corvette classes in production as of 2025 include:

Buyan-class corvette Caspian Corvette Volgodonsk.jpg
Buyan-class corvette

Submarines

Borei SSBN

Yury Dolgorukiy is a Borei-class submarine, one of the two nuclear submarine classes (the other being the Yasen-class attack submarine) the Russian Navy has ordered. K-535 Yuri Dolgorukiy at sea trials.jpg
Yury Dolgorukiy is a Borei-class submarine, one of the two nuclear submarine classes (the other being the Yasen-class attack submarine) the Russian Navy has ordered.

Before 2012 there were only about ten nuclear submarine patrols a year, each lasting three months at most and usually a lot less. [27]

However, since that time considerable emphasis has been placed on strengthening the submarine component of Russia's nuclear forces. [28] [29] In 2013, the first unit of the Borei-class ballistic missile submarine entered service. Three Borei-class boats were initially built. The lead boat, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, was launched in April 2007, began sea trials in June 2009 and was commissioned as a part of the Northern Fleet in 2012. [30] [31]

As of the end of 2025, there are eight units of the Borei-class in active service and an additional two boats are under construction. Two further vessels are planned for construction and they are to be in service by the early 2030s. [32] [33] [34] [35] In order to strengthen its submarine bastion in the Barents Sea, in 2025 it was reported that Russia has likely deployed a network of sonar systems in the region in order to detect submarines. The network, known as "Harmony", is reported to be composed of detection devices arrayed in an arc stretching from Murmansk, via Novaya Zemlja to Franz Josef Land. [36]

Yasen SSGN

12 Yasen-class nuclear attack cruise missile-armed submarines are planned for delivery to the Russian Navy. Severodvinsk (keel laid down on 21 December 1993), was the first boat of the class slated for launch in 1998 delayed due to problems in financing. In 1996 work on the submarine appeared to have stopped completely. In 2003, the project received additional funding and the work of finishing the submarine continued. In 2004 it was reported that the work on the submarine was moving forward, but due to the priority given to the Borei-class submarines. Severodvinsk, the lead unit of the Yasen-class, would not be ready before 2010. In July 2006 the deputy chairman of the Military-Industrial Commission, Vladislav Putilin, stated that two Yasen-class submarines were to join the Russian Navy before 2015. [37] On 24 July 2009 the work on a second Yasen submarine, named Kazan, was started. Initial sea trials for the first boat of the class (Severodvinsk) took place in the fall of 2011. [38]

As of the end of 2025, Severodvinsk,Kazan, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk and Arkhangelsk are operational while Perm began sea trials in mid-2025. [39] There were three more submarines of the class under construction or ordered as of 2025. [40]

Improved Kilo SSK

Following on from the success of the Kilo-class submarines, improved design Project 636.3 units are being built for the Russian Navy. As of 2025, six Improved Kilo-class submarines have been built for the Black Sea Fleet, six for the Pacific Fleet, and further units are on order for either the Northern or Baltic Fleets. [41] [42]

In an interview on 15 August 2022, the head of United Shipbuilding Corporation Alexei Rakhmanov stated that the company is currently producing one Project 636.3 submarine per year, however this can be increased to two per year with more funding. He also stated that a few modernisation proposals are being considered, including the ability to carry more Kalibr cruise missiles. [6]

Lada and AmurSSK

The Lada-class submarine (Project 677) began construction in the latter 1990s. The class experienced significant problems and delays, resulting in a halt to series production and a redesign of the vessels. Series production resumed in the mid-2010s and as of 2025 one vessel is in service (Kronshtadt), a second on sea trials and three more are under construction or ordered. In 2023, the lead (prototype) unit (Sankt Peterburg) was decommissioned owing to several years of developmental problems which appear never to have been successfully rectified. [43]

On 18 May 2013 Russian Navy Commander-in-Chief Admiral Viktor Chirkov announced that the Lada-class would receive an air-independent propulsion system by 2016–2017. However, in 2019, Alexander Buzakov, the head of the Admiralty Shipyard, indicated that there were no plans to equip the Lada class with an air-independent propulsion system. [44] The Amur class is advertised as an export version of the Lada class.

Haski (Husky) SSN

The Laika class, Russian designation Project 545 Laika (Russian : Лайка), [45] also referred to as Husky class (Russian : Хаски, lit.  ' husky '), [46] is a series of nuclear-powered fifth-generation multi-purpose submarines currently under development by Malakhit Marine Engineering Bureau for the Russian Navy. [47] [48]

In an interview on 15 August 2022, the head of United Shipbuilding Corporation Alexei Rakhmanov confirmed that the development of fifth-generation submarines is continuing according to schedule. It is unknown if he was referring to the Laika-class submarine, or an as-of-yet (August 2022) unannounced project. [6]

Khabarovsk (Project 09851) & Ulyanovsk (Project 09853) Special Operations Submarines

Following on the delivery of the Belgorod special operations submarine to the Russian Navy in July 2022, the Khabarovsk class is a new submarine class based on the Borei class but with missile tubes removed. She was launched in November 2025 and is to be armed with Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System. [49] [50]

A further special operations submarine, Ulyanovsk, which is a variant of the Yasen-class, is also under construction. Both Khabarovsk and Ulyanovsk were expected to enter service by the mid to latter-2020s. [51]

Amphibious vessels

From 2010 to 2014 Russian officials negotiated the purchase of four Mistral-class amphibious assault ships. On 3 September 2014, French President announced that due to Russia's "recent actions in Ukraine", the two ships would not be delivered. [52] In November 2014, François Hollande placed a hold on the delivery of the first Mistral to Russia in view of the conflict in east Ukraine. Hollande set two conditions for delivery: the observation of a ceasefire in Ukraine and a political agreement between Moscow and Kiev. [53] On 5 August 2015 it was announced that France was to pay back Russia's partial payments and keep the two ships initially produced for Russia. [54] [55] The ships eventually were sold to Egypt.

In June 2017, the construction of two future amphibious assault ships for the Russian Navy was included in the Russia's new state armament programme for 2018–2025. [56] The cost for one ship is to be about 40 billion RUB ($675 million). [57] The new class of vessel is the Project 23900 Ivan Rogov-class and as of 2025 is under construction at the Zalyv Shipbuilding yard in Crimea. [58] The design calls for a ship of more than 30,000 tons with the delivery of both units anticipated in the latter 2020s/early 2030s. [59]

In January 2018, it was reported the construction of the ships would take place at the Severnaya Verf in Saint Petersburg. [60] However, in July 2020 two units of the class were laid down at the Zalyv Shipbuilding yard, which made them potentially vulnerable to attack following the outbreak of the Russo-Ukraine War.

The Russian navy has suffered serious losses of amphibious vessels in the Russo-Ukraine War. At least three Black Sea Fleet vessels, the Alligator-class landing ship Saratov and the Ropucha-class landing ships Tsezar Kunikov and Novocherkassk , have been confirmed as sunk: Sartov in March 2022 attack at Berdyansk, Novocherkassk in a cruise missile strike in December 2023, [61] [62] and Tsezar Kunikov in February 2024 attack off Crimea. [63] [64] In addition at least one Project 02510 BK-16 assault boat is claimed to have been destroyed by a Bayraktar TB2 drone at Snake Island in 2022. [65] Another BK-16 was reported to have been attacked and destroyed or damaged in August 2025. [66] Russia may be attempting to replace these losses by increasing the production and deployment of additional BK-16s as well as Project 02450 BK-10s. [67] [68]

As of 2025, additional and upgraded amphibious landing ships of the Project 11711 Ivan Gren-class (in addition to two already in service) were also reported to be under construction. [69]

Mine-countermeasure vessels

Up to thirty Alexandrit-class minesweepers are planned by 2035. As of 2025, nine are active and additional units are under construction or ordered. In January 2018 Deputy Chief of the Naval Shipbuilding Directorate Captain Mikhail Krasnopeyev said that the Russian Navy is planning to acquire 10 new Alexandrit-class (Project 12700) minesweepers by 2027 and 30 by 2035. [70] In 2019, the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Admiral Vladimir Korolyov, significantly enhanced that objective stating that the aim was to have 40 Alexandrit-class mine warfare vessels in service by 2030. [71]

Minor surface combatants

Additional patrol vessels under construction include:

Auxiliary ships

A wide range of auxiliary ships are in production for the Russian Navy. For a broader list of active auxiliary vessels, and those under construction, see: List of active Russian Navy ships#Auxiliaries

A new ship class to replace the Ob-class hospital ships can be constructed at Severnaya Verf or Baltic Shipyard. [73]

In the new naval doctrine approved on 31 July 2022, the necessity to construction new modern fully-armed hospital ships was mentioned. [14]

See also

References

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  3. ↑ "Life in Vladimir Putin's Russia explained in 10 charts". BBC News. 12 March 2018.
  4. ↑ "Russian Defence Spending to Be Cut Due to Economic Woes and Upcoming Election". September 22, 2020.
  5. ↑ Parachini, John V.; Bauer, Ryan (May 20, 2021). "Sanctions Targeting Russia's Defense Sector: Will They Influence Its Behavior?". www.rand.org.
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