| 16th century English vying game | |
 A Gleek of three Queens | |
| Origin | England |
|---|---|
| Type | Vying game |
| Players | 3 |
| Cards | 44 (no 2s or 3s) |
| Deck | English pattern, French-suited |
| Play | Clockwise |
Gleek is an English card game for three persons. It is played with a 44-card pack and was popular from the 16th century through the 18th century.
Gleek (sometimes spelled Gleeke or Gleke) is mentioned in several publications during the first half of the 16th century. The earliest known reference to Gleek has been traced by Sir Michael Dummett to Henry Watson's The chirche of the euyll men and women (1511). [1] However, the game called Gleek in that era more closely resembled the French game of Glic, the earliest record of which dates to 1454. [2] [3] Early French Glic closely resembled the German game of Poch which did not have a trick-taking round. [3] The best contemporary descriptions of Gleek in popular English form come from three sources: John Cotgrave (1662), [4] [5] Francis Willughby (about 1670), [6] and Charles Cotton (1674). [7]
From the Old French word glic ("a game of cards").
Three players must be present for this game. Gleek was a fairly elaborate game in four main stages:
Cards are ranked Ace, King, Queen, Jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4. (No 2s or 3s)
To begin, the dealer deals 12 cards to each player, 4 at a time. The remaining 8 cards are placed face-down on the table, stacked, and the top card is turned up to determine the trump. [3]
This is the stage where players bid for the right to draw card replacements in hope of improving their hand. Only the highest bidder may do this. [3]
Go around, bidding for the stock (the remaining 7 face-down cards). Bidding begins at 13 pence. [8] According to Willughby, the Eldest must open bidding.
Go around, raising 1 penny at a time, until no one raises. The winner pays out the amount bid, dividing it between the other two players. [9]
Winner of the Stock must discard 7 cards, then take in the stock. (Note that there are varying views on this: Parlett and Dafydd [10] say to take in the stock first, then discard 7. Cotgrave and Cotton are unclear, but Willughby is quite clear that you discard first.)
This is the stage where players vie (bet) for who has the best ruff: the highest value of cards in a suit, counting court cards at 10 each, aces at 11 and numerals at face value (similar to the 'point' in Piquet). For example, a hand of 2♦3♦5♦6♦7♦A♥3♥4♥5♣9♣Q♣9♠ has its highest ruff in clubs; 24.
A "ruff" refers to a suit, so the winner of the Ruff has the highest value of cards in a suit. [11]
Everyone tosses tuppence into the pot as an ante and then bids begin. The first to bid may vie or pass; the others may see and re-vie, or pass. To vie or revie, players put tuppence into the pot; this declares that you think you can win the Ruff. (Similar to a raise in Poker.) To pass, say, "I'll have nothing to do with it". [12] If a player says this, then he is out of the Ruff. (Similar to a fold in Poker.) To see, simply match the vies that have been made since it last came to you; you must see before you can revie.
It is not clear whether an initial pass (before the first vie) takes you out of the bidding (as it clearly does after the vie), or serves like a Poker "check", letting you see the first vie. [13]
The Ruff ends when the bidding returns to the last player who vied. At this point, any player still in the Ruff shows the relevant cards, and the winner takes the pot. The whole process is very like Poker, but with only one kind of hand.
This is the stage where players declare sets of cards known as Mournivals and Gleeks.
Mournivals are four of a kind and Gleeks are three of a kind. A Mournival of Aces is worth 8 pence from each opponent. A Mournival of Kings: 6; a Mournival of Queens: 4; and a Mournival of Knaves: 2. Other four of a kind suits are irrelevant.
A Gleek of Aces is worth 4 pence. A Gleek of Kings: 3; a Gleek of Queens: 2, and a Gleek of Knaves: 1.
It is not clear whether players must show these cards upon declaration.
This is the stage where players play their cards in tricks. Twelve tricks are played. [3]
In this final stage, players play out 12 tricks as normal. [14] The eldest leads this stage to the first of 12 tricks. Players must follow suit if they can, but may otherwise play any card. The trick is taken by the highest card of the suit led, or by the highest trump if any are played, and the winner of each trick leads to the next. It is somewhat unclear between extant versions of the rules as to whether or not any card of the trump suit beats all other cards of the lead suit or if the card of the trump suit needs to be of equal or greater value than the tricks played of the lead suit. For example, in the version where the trump always wins, a 5 of the trump suit would beat a Queen of the lead suit but in the version where the trump suit must be of equal or greater value then only the Queen, King or Ace of the trump suit can beat a Queen of the lead suit. In all versions, only tricks played of the lead suit or trump suit can win a trick, any other played suit is valueless. Each trick provides a particular score and certain trumps add an additional value. [15]
If a player holds a Tiddy (the trump Four), he may claim a consolation of 2 pence from each opponent, either at start of play or when he plays it to a trick. This optional rule may be ignored by prior agreement, as it is often forgotten. If it is allowed, [16] then players should also agree whether to claim similar side payment of 5 pence and 6 pence when a Towser (trump Five) or Tumbler (trump Six), respectively, are played.
At the end of the game, players count 3 points for each trick he has won, and adds to this the point-value of any honours you may have played. Honours are the face cards, and the ace, of the same suit as the trump card. They are scored as follows: Ace (15 points), King (3 points), Queen (3 points), and Jack (9 points). (It is possible, but unlikely, that these points accrue for winning honours in tricks, or winning tricks with honours, rather than for merely having been dealt them.) Furthermore, if the turn-up was an Ace, King, Queen or Jack, the dealer counts it in with his total. This scoring is independent of their trick value, i.e. while a Jack scores 9 points for the player who played it, it would still lose to a Queen or King of the same suit or trump suit played in the same trick.
Each player then either wins or loses the difference between this total and 22. In other words: If your count is less than 22 you pay to the pot a penny for each point by which it falls short of 22, and if it is more you withdraw from the pot a penny for each point in excess of 22. If all honors are in the player's hands, then the total points accrued in the trick-taking stage will be 66. 30 from the value of the honours cards (15+9+3+3) and 36 from the won tricks (12 tricks * 3 points for each trick won). Given there are 66 possible points and three players, a perfectly even game would see each player score 22 points, which is why you subtract 22 from each player's score. This would leave no player to place into the pot and none to take from it.
Gleek is designed to be a zero-sum game, so there should be no remaining chips in the pot at the end; all chips being claimed initially in the ruff showdown and then again settled after the trick scoring. It is possible that an honour card is left in the discard, as there are no specific rules preventing the player who wins the bid for stock from discarding an honour. In this scenario the final scoring will result in a negative cumulative score and therefore a set of chips remaining in the pot at the end. While there is no incentive for any player to do this intentionally, as it is simply throwing away money, it is unclear what should be done in this outcome. It seems reasonable to leave those chips in the pot and have them settled at the conclusion of the next round's vie for ruff, though none of the extant texts handle this scenario.
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The following is a glossary of terms used in card games. Besides the terms listed here, there are thousands of common and uncommon slang terms. Terms in this glossary should not be game-specific, but apply to a wide range of card games. For glossaries that relate primarily to one game or family of similar games, see Game-specific glossaries.
Triomphe, once known as French Ruff, is a card game dating from the late 15th century. It most likely originated in France or Spain and later spread to the rest of Europe. When the game arrived in Italy, it shared a similar name with the pre-existing game and deck known as trionfi; probably resulting in the latter becoming renamed as Tarocchi (tarot). While trionfi has a fifth suit that acts as permanent trumps, triomphe randomly selects one of the existing four suits as trumps. Another common feature of this game is the robbing of the stock. Triomphe became so popular that during the 16th century the earlier game of trionfi was gradually renamed tarocchi, tarot, or tarock. This game is the origin of the English word "trump" and is the ancestor of many trick-taking games like Euchre and Whist.
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Losing Lodam is an historical English card game for three or more players. It is a 'negative' game like Hearts whereby the aim is to avoid taking tricks with certain cards known as loaders.
Laugh and Lie Down or Laugh and Lay Down is an historical English card game for five players and the earliest example of a European game of the fishing family.
