Golenkinia

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Golenkinia
Golenkinia-radiata-14-15705-g002 2a.png
Golenkinia radiata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Clade: Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: Chlorophyceae
Order: Sphaeropleales
Family: Neochloridaceae
Genus: Golenkinia
Chodat, 1894 [1]
Type species
Golenkinia radiata
Chodat [1]
Species [1]

Golenkinia is a genus of green algae first described in 1894 by Robert Chodat. [1] The genus is named for the Russian phycologist Mikhail Iljitsch Golenkin. [2] Golenkinia species live in fresh water (including bodies of black water such as Winyah Bay) [3] and are found around the world. [4]

Contents

Description

Members of Golenkinia are spherical unicellular organisms with numerous radiating spines. Their cell walls are notably thick, which distinguishes them from members of the genus Golenkinopsis . [5] They contain a single walled cup-shaped chloroplast, which in turn contains a pyrenoid in its base. [4] The pyrenoid is typically sheathed in starch. [5]

Species of Golenkinia are typically solitary and do not form colonies or coenobia except under laboratory conditions. [5] Their slender spines may become entangled, creating the false impression that the algae have formed a colony. [6]

Taxonomic status

The precise taxonomic status of Golenkinia is somewhat unclear due to the large number of revisions it has undergone. [7] It has traditionally been classed with other round, spine-bearing green algae, many of which are now assigned to the class Trebouxiophyceae. [8]

In 1982, Hanuš Ettl and Jiří Komárek placed Golenkinia with Chlorotetraedron and Polyedriopsis in the family Neochloridaceae, under the order Sphaeropleales. [7] In 1983, Komárek and Bohuslav Fott created the family Golenkiniaceae to contain unicellular algae with round cells that had spines on the cell wall. The genera Golenkinia and Polyedriopsis were placed within it. [7]

Subsequent analysis of 18S rDNA in 2003 has found that Golenkinia and Polyedriopsis are not in fact closely related. [9] The same research assigned Golenkinia to the order Chlamydomonadales. [9]

Further analysis in 2015 found that Golenkinia was loosely related to Jenufa and Treubaria , all together possibly representing a branch in Chlamydomonadales that would be a sister clade to order Sphaeropleales. [7] This proposed clade remains unnamed, and its taxonomy is still not completely clear, despite further rDNA analysis performed in 2017. [8]

Because of the frequent changes to its classification, some databases still show Golenkinia belonging to Golenkiniaceae. [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorophyceae</span> Class of green algae

The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral- or ribbon-shaped in different species. Most of the members have one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids located in the chloroplast. Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch. Some green algae may store food in the form of oil droplets. They usually have a cell wall made up of an inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose.

<i>Chlamydomonas</i> Genus of algae

Chlamydomonas is a genus of green algae consisting of about 150 species of unicellular flagellates, found in stagnant water and on damp soil, in freshwater, seawater, and even in snow as "snow algae". Chlamydomonas is used as a model organism for molecular biology, especially studies of flagellar motility and chloroplast dynamics, biogenesis, and genetics. One of the many striking features of Chlamydomonas is that it contains ion channels (channelrhodopsins) that are directly activated by light. Some regulatory systems of Chlamydomonas are more complex than their homologs in Gymnosperms, with evolutionarily related regulatory proteins being larger and containing additional domains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sphaeropleales</span> Order of algae

Sphaeropleales is an order of green algae that used to be called Chlorococcales. The order includes some of the most common freshwater planktonic algae such as Scenedesmus and Pediastrum. The Sphaeropleales includes vegetatively non-motile unicellular, colonial, or filamentous taxa. They have biflagellate zoospores with flagella that are directly opposed in direction : Sphaeroplea, Atractomorpha, Neochloris, Hydrodictyon, and Pediastrum. All of these taxa have basal body core connections. Motile cells generally lack cell walls or have only a very fine layer surrounding the cell membrane. Other common characteristics include a robust vegetative cell wall, cup-shaped chloroplasts with large pyrenoids, and relatively large nuclei.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrodictyaceae</span> Family of algae

Hydrodictyaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. They are found in freshwater habitats worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorococcaceae</span> Family of algae

Chlorococcaceae is a family of green algae, in the order Chlamydomonadales. They are mostly soil-dwelling algae. Many members of this group produce lipids and secondary carotenoids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selenastraceae</span> Family of algae

Selenastraceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. Members of this family are common components of the phytoplankton in freshwater habitats worldwide. A few species have been found in brackish and marine habitats, such as in the Baltic Sea.

<i>Ankistrodesmus</i> Genus of algae

Ankistrodesmus is a genus of green algae in the family Selenastraceae. It is one of the most common types of phytoplankton in freshwater habitats around the world. The name Ankistrodesmus comes from the Greek roots ankistron, meaning "cross", and desmos, meaning "bond".

Ankyra is a genus of green algae in the family Characiaceae. This genus of algae is closely related to Atractomorpha and Sphaeroplea. They are found in stagnant waters.

<i>Desmodesmus</i> Genus of algae

Desmodesmus is a genus of green algae in the family Scenedesmaceae. It is the only chlorophyll-containing organism known to have caused human infections in immunocompetent individuals. All known cases involved open injuries occurring in fresh water.

<i>Dictyosphaerium</i> Genus of algae

Dictyosphaerium is a genus of green algae, in the family Chlorellaceae. It occurs in freshwater habitats around the world and is planktonic. The name comes from the Greek roots diktyon, meaning "net", and sphaira, meaning "ball", referring to its morphology.

<i>Monactinus</i> Genus of algae

Monactinus is a genus of green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is very common in freshwater regions throughout the world.

<i>Planktosphaeria</i> Genus of algae

Planktosphaeria is a genus of Chlorophyceae of the green algae. It was first described by the phycologist Gilbert Morgan Smith in 1918, with Planktosphaeria gelatinosa as its type species. Species of Planktosphaeria are commonly found in freshwater plankton around the world.

Polyedriopsis is a genus of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. As of February 2022, it contained a single species, Polyedriopsis spinulosa. It is found worldwide in freshwater habitats as phytoplankton, but is rare.

Pseudomuriella is a genus of green algae, specifically of the class Chlorophyceae. It is the sole genus of the family Pseudomuriellaceae. It is a terrestrial alga that inhabits soils.

<i>Selenastrum</i> Genus of algae

Selenastrum is a genus of green algae in the family Selenastraceae. It is common in freshwater habitats around the world. Most species prefer temperate or warm-temperate waters.

<i>Stauridium</i> Genus of algae

Stauridium is a genus of green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is very common in freshwater regions throughout the world.

<i>Treubaria</i> Genus of algae

Treubaria is a genus of microscopic green algae, the sole genus in the family Treubariaceae. Treubaria is found in freshwater habitats and has a cosmopolitan distribution.

Follicularia is a genus of green algae, in the family Schizochlamydaceae. It is found in terrestrial habitats, mainly soil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorochytriaceae</span> Family of algae

Chlorochytriaceae is a family of algae within the order Chlamydomonadales. Alternatively, it shows some morphological similarity to Characiosiphonaceae and closely related to it. It contains a number of parasitic taxa endophytic within vascular plants, mosses, or other algae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorosarcinaceae</span> Family of algae

Chlorosarcinaceae is a family of chlorophyte green algae, in the order Chlamydomonadales. Members of this genus are found in soils.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Golenkinia". AlgaeBase . World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
  2. ↑ Baker, A.L. et al. 2012.Golenkinia at Phycokey – an image-based key to Algae (PS Protista), Cyanobacteria, and other aquatic objects. University of New Hampshire Center for Freshwater Biology. 7 April 2018.
  3. ↑ Lawrenz, Evelyn; Pinckney, James L.; Ranhofer, Melissa L.; MacIntyre, Hugh L.; Richardson, Tammi L. (September 2010). "Spectral Irradiance and Phytoplankton Community Composition in a Blackwater-DominatedEstuary, Winyah Bay, South Carolina, USA". Estuaries and Coasts. 33 (5). Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation: 1193. doi:10.1007/s12237-010-9310-5. JSTOR   40863488. S2CID   84766894.
  4. 1 2 Hoek, Christiaan; Mann, David; Jahns, H. M. (1995). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press. p. 365. ISBN   9780521316873.
  5. 1 2 3 John, David M. (25 April 2002). The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: An Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. Cambridge University Press. p. 357. ISBN   9780521770514.
  6. ↑ "Golenkinia". Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Lemieux, Claude; Vincent, Antony T.; Labarre, Aurélie; Otis, Christian; Turmel, Monique (1 December 2015). "Chloroplast phylogenomic analysis of chlorophyte green algae identifies a novel lineage sister to the Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15: 264. doi: 10.1186/s12862-015-0544-5 . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   4665822 . PMID   26620802.
  8. 1 2 Buchheim, Mark A.; Müller, Tobias; Wolf, Matthias (2017). "18S rDNA sequence-structure phylogeny of the Chlorophyceae with special emphasis on the Sphaeropleales". Plant Gene. 10: 45–50. doi:10.1016/j.plgene.2017.05.005.
  9. 1 2 Wolf, Matthias; Hegewald, Eberhard; Hepperle, Dominik; Krienitz, Lothar (1 July 2003). "Phylogenetic position of the Golenkiniaceae (Chlorophyta) as inferred from 18S rDNA sequence data". Biologia. 58: 433–436 – via ResearchGate.
  10. ↑ "Golenkinia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
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