Gondwana Rainforests

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Gondwana Rainforests of Australia
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Box Log Falls.jpg
Box Log Falls, Lamington National Park in Queensland
Location New South Wales and Queensland, Australia
Criteria Natural: (viii), (ix), (x)
Reference 368bis
Inscription1986 (10th Session)
Extensions1994
Area370,000 ha (1,400 sq mi)
Coordinates 28°15′S150°3′E / 28.250°S 150.050°E / -28.250; 150.050 Coordinates: 28°15′S150°3′E / 28.250°S 150.050°E / -28.250; 150.050
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Barrington Tops
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Main Range National Park
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From the Main Range in the north to the Barrington Tops in the south, various grouping of the Gondwana Rainforests on the Australian continent
Official nameGondwana Rainforests of Australia
TypeNational heritage (landscape)
Designated17 December 1994
Reference no. 105135
ClassNatural
Legal StatusDeclared property
Official nameGondwana Rainforests of Australia; Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves; Gondwana Rainforests of Australia (new name from 2007); North East Rainforests World Heritage Area
TypeState heritage (landscape)
Designated2 April 1999
Reference no.1002
TypeWilderness
CategoryLandscape – Natural

The Gondwana Rainforests of Australia, formerly known as the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves, are the most extensive area of subtropical rainforest in the world. [1] Collectively, the rainforests are a World Heritage Site with fifty separate reserves totalling 366,500 hectares (906,000 acres) from Newcastle to Brisbane. [2]

Contents

Background

The Gondwana Rainforests are so-named because the fossil record indicates that when Gondwana existed it was covered by rainforests containing the same kinds of species that are living today. Not all Gondwanan rainforests in Australia are located in the New South Wales  – Queensland region; the largest Gondwanan rainforest in Australia is located in Tasmania's Tarkine wilderness. The number of visitors to the Gondwana rainforest reserves in New South Wales and Queensland is about 2 million per year. [1]

The World Heritage status of the region was created and negotiated initially in 1986, with the area extended in 1994, following a nomination which was prepared in 1992 by the Rainforest Conservation Society. [3] The World Heritage listing carries the following inscription: [1]

The Gondwana Rainforests of Australia is a serial property comprising the major remaining areas of rainforest in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales. It represents outstanding examples of major stages of the Earth’s evolutionary history, ongoing geological and biological processes, and exceptional biological diversity. A wide range of plant and animal lineages and communities with ancient origins in Gondwana, many of which are restricted largely or entirely to the Gondwana Rainforests, survive in this collection of reserves. The Gondwana Rainforests also provides the principal habitat for many threatened species of plants and animals.

— Brief synthesis of the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia as inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The site was gazetted on the Australian National Heritage List on 21 May 2007 [4] under the Environment and Heritage Legislation Amendment Act (No. 1), 2003 (Cth); [5] and the New South Wales portion was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. [6]

Conservation value

The forests were inscribed to the World Heritage list in 1986, covering only the New South Wales sites of approximately 310,800 hectares (768,000 acres) and extended in 1994 to cover the Queensland sites of approximately 59,200 hectares (146,000 acres) which is a total of approximately 370,000 hectares (910,000 acres). The rainforest reserves have an extremely high conservation value, with more than 200 rare or threatened plant and animal species. [2]

Eight separate areas have been identified as having outstanding heritage significance to Australia and are included on the Australian National Heritage List. [4] The altitude of the reserves ranges from sea level to almost 1,600 m (5,200 ft). [7]

On 22 December 2000, the High Conservation Value Old Growth forest covering 24 national parks and 19 nature reserves spread across 12 local government areas in the upper north east region of New South Wales were listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register. [8]

National parks

The Queensland areas include the Main Range, at its most northern point; and extending south, the Lamington, Mount Chinghee, Springbrook and Mount Barney national parks.

The New South Wales areas include the Barrington Tops, at its most southern point; and extending north, the Dorrigo, Mount Warning, New England, Mebbin, Nightcap, Border Ranges, Oxley Wild Rivers, Washpool, Willi Willi and Werrikimbe national parks. [9]

The most heavily visited parts are Dorrigo National Park and the Natural Bridge section of Springbrook National Park. [7]

Destruction

The region was historically logged extremely heavily, to such an extent that only 1% of the original range of the Gondwana rainforest remains in Australia. Most of the logged regions have been taken over by eucalyptus forest. [10]

During the 2019-2020 Australian bushfire season, many regions of the Gondwana rainforest were devastated by bushfires for the first time, with some preliminary reports indicating that up to 53% of the forests may have burned as of January 2020. Among the devastated habitats are several locations that are significant for some critically imperiled species, such as the nightcap oak and the giant barred frog. The presence of these devastating blazes in areas that have never burned before has been linked to the encroachment of the flammable eucalyptus trees into the logged areas adjoining the forests. [10] [11] The general claim of "never burned before" has been challenged by several commentators, based on an article in The Cairns Post on 25 October 1951 that reported a "fire has burnt out about 2000 acres of thick rainforest country" in the Lamington National Park. [12]

Australian National Heritage List sections

The Gondwana Rainforests of Australia are divided into sections for listing on the Australian National Heritage List, from north to south, as below:

Gondwana Rainforests of Australia
SectionPark or reserve nameStateImageAreaCoordinatesSource(s)
km2sq mi
Main Range group;
near Killarney 		Acacia Plateau Flora Reserve NSW
Emu Vale State Forest (part) Qld
Gambubal State Forest (part)Qld
Gilbert State Forest (part)Qld
Goomburra State Forest (part)Qld
Main Range National Park Qld Queen Mary Falls3.jpg 18471 27°48′57″S152°15′56″E / 27.81583°S 152.26556°E / -27.81583; 152.26556 [13]
Spicers Gap Road Conservation Park Qld Moss's Well.jpg 28°04′35″S152°23′26″E / 28.07639°S 152.39056°E / -28.07639; 152.39056 [13]
Spicers Gap State Forest (part)Qld
Teviot State Forest (part)Qld
Wilsons Peak Flora Reserve NSW Wilsons Peak-1995 Dec.jpg 28°15′19″S152°29′21″E / 28.25528°S 152.48917°E / -28.25528; 152.48917 [14]
Focal Peak group;
on the NSW–Qld border		Burnett Creek State Forest (part)
Captains Creek Flora Reserve (part)
Mallanganee National Park NSW114.2 25°55′09″S152°45′13″E / 25.91917°S 152.75361°E / -25.91917; 152.75361 [15]
Mount Clunie National Park (part)NSW145.4 28°19′27″S152°31′12″E / 28.32417°S 152.52000°E / -28.32417; 152.52000 [16]
Mount Nothofagus National Park (part)NSW228.5 28°19′02″S152°38′01″E / 28.31722°S 152.63361°E / -28.31722; 152.63361 [17]
Tooloom National Park (part)NSW White Beech - Tooloom.jpg 4417 28°26′47″S152°27′13″E / 28.44639°S 152.45361°E / -28.44639; 152.45361 [18]
Toonumbar National Park (part)NSW Toonumbar National Park Murray Scrub January 1995.jpg 14958 28°29′16″S152°43′33″E / 28.48778°S 152.72583°E / -28.48778; 152.72583 [19]
Shield Volcano group;
on the NSW–Qld border
on the McPherson and Tweed ranges		Amaroo Flora Reserve
Border Ranges National Park (part)NSW Brindle Creek Border Ranges National Park.jpg 317122 28°21′35″S152°59′10″E / 28.35972°S 152.98611°E / -28.35972; 152.98611 [20]
Lamington National Park Qld Ships Stern Lamington National Park.jpg 20680 28°8′32″S153°6′55″E / 28.14222°S 153.11528°E / -28.14222; 153.11528
Limpinwood Nature Reserve NSW26.510.2 28°17′56″S153°10′26″E / 28.29889°S 153.17389°E / -28.29889; 153.17389 [21]
Mebbin National Park (part)
Mount Chinghee National Park Mount Chinghee at Running Creek, Queensland.jpg
Nightcap National Park (part)
Numinbah Nature Reserve NSW Habitat of Endiandra globosa and E floydii - NSW Qld border.jpg 8.63.3 28°15′S153°16′E / 28.250°S 153.267°E / -28.250; 153.267 [22]
Springbrook National Park (part)Qld IMAG0310.jpg 6224 28°08′24″S153°16′27″E / 28.14000°S 153.27417°E / -28.14000; 153.27417 [23]
various Rabbit Board Reserves
along the Rabbit Board fence
Wollumbin National Park NSW AU Mt Warning from Tweed.jpg 249.3 28°23′23″S153°16′7″E / 28.38972°S 153.26861°E / -28.38972; 153.26861 [24]
Coastal group;
on the coast at Iluka 		Iluka Nature Reserve NSW Ficus watkinsiana on Syzygium hemilampra-Iluka.jpg 1.350.52 29°24′14″S153°21′44″E / 29.40389°S 153.36222°E / -29.40389; 153.36222 [25]
Washpool and Gibraltar Range group;
contiguous areas between Glen Innes and Grafton 		Gibraltar Range National Park NSW
Washpool National Park NSW
New England group;
near Dorrigo 		Cunnawarra National Park (part)NSW
Dorrigo National Park (part)NSW
Mount Hyland Nature Reserve (part)NSW Mount Hyland Nature Reserve Dec 31 1994.jpg 259.7 30°9′36″S152°26′42″E / 30.16000°S 152.44500°E / -30.16000; 152.44500 [26]
New England National Park (part)NSW N Eng NP (1).jpg 673260 30°35′34″S152°27′30″E / 30.59278°S 152.45833°E / -30.59278; 152.45833 [27]
Hastings–Macleay group;
southeast of Armidale 		Fenwicks Scrub Flora Reserve NSW Schizomeria at Fenwicks scrub.jpg 1.10.42 31°17′S152°8.8′E / 31.283°S 152.1467°E / -31.283; 152.1467 [14]
Mount Seaview Nature ReserveNSW
Oxley Wild Rivers National Park (part)NSW ParadiseRocks.jpg 1,452561 30°59′47″S152°00′36″E / 30.99639°S 152.01000°E / -30.99639; 152.01000 [28]
The Castles Flora ReserveNSW 30°59′55″S152°20′5″E / 30.99861°S 152.33472°E / -30.99861; 152.33472 [29]
Werrikimbe National Park (part)NSW Werrikimbe.jpg 333129 31°12′S152°14′E / 31.200°S 152.233°E / -31.200; 152.233 [30]
Willi Willi National Park (part)NSW299115 31°10′43″S152°29′27″E / 31.17861°S 152.49083°E / -31.17861; 152.49083 [31]
Barrington Tops group;
north of Dungog 		Barrington Tops National Park (part)NSW Barrington lookout.jpg 765295 32°3′10″S151°29′37″E / 32.05278°S 151.49361°E / -32.05278; 151.49361 [32]
Mount Royal National Park (part)NSW Mount Royal - eucalytus forest 2.jpg 6927 32°12′1″S151°19′25″E / 32.20028°S 151.32361°E / -32.20028; 151.32361 [33]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Border Ranges National Park</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

The Border Ranges National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. A small portion of the national park is also located in South East Queensland. The 31,729-hectare (78,400-acre) park is situated approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) south of Brisbane, north of Kyogle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mallanganee National Park</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

The Mallanganee National Park is a protected national park located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. The 1,144-hectare (2,830-acre) park is located approximately 570 kilometres (350 mi) north of Sydney and can be located via Kyogle via the Bruxner Highway and the Summerland Way.

The Mount Clunie National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. The 1,426-hectare (3,520-acre) park is situated approximately 631 kilometres (392 mi) north of Sydney and can be located via Kyogle via the Bruxner Highway and the Summerland Way. The park's north-eastern limits define the state border between New South Wales and Queensland. The average elevation of the terrain is 634 meters above sea level.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Royal National Park</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">New England National Park</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

The New England National Park is a protected national park located on the Northern Tablelands in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia. The 67,303-hectare (166,310-acre) park was created in May 1935 and is situated approximately 560 kilometres (350 mi) north of Sydney, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of Waterfall Way, just 85 kilometres (53 mi) east of Armidale and 65 kilometres (40 mi) west of Coffs Harbour. The closest village to New England National Park is Ebor, located 20 kilometres (12 mi) away.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nightcap National Park</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

The Nightcap National Park is a national park situated within the Nightcap Range in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. The 8,080-hectare (20,000-acre) park was created in April 1983 and is situated 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Lismore. The national park is classed by the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas as Category II and is part of the Shield Volcano Group of the World Heritage Site Gondwana Rainforests of Australia inscribed in 1986 and added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tooloom National Park</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

The Tooloom National Park is a protected national park located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. The 4,380-hectare (10,800-acre) part is situated approximately 616 kilometres (383 mi) north of Sydney and 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the border town of Urbenville.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toonumbar National Park</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Willi Willi National Park</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

The Willi Willi National Park is a protected national park located on the North Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. Gazetted in 1996, the 29,870-hectare (73,800-acre) park is situated 325 kilometres (202 mi) northeast of Sydney and 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of Wauchope.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Springbrook National Park</span> Protected area in Queensland, Australia

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The Limpinwood Nature Reserve is a protected nature reserve that is located on the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The reserve was gazetted in April 1963 with additions made in 1967, over former fauna and crown reserves, and further additions were made in 1988 to make the reserve to its current area of 2,646 hectares. The reserve is situated north-west of the rural locality of Limpinwood, and north of Tyalgum and defines part of the state border between New South Wales and Queensland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gold Coast hinterland</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Springbrook, Queensland</span> Town in Queensland, Australia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Numinbah Nature Reserve</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

Numinbah Nature Reserve is a protected nature reserve that is located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The reserve was gazetted in December 1981 with a further addition made in 1989 to make the reserve to its current area of 858 hectares. The reserve is situated north-east of the rural locality of Numinbah, and south of the Queensland town of Springbrook and defines part of the state border between New South Wales and Queensland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Hyland Nature Reserve</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fenwicks Scrub Flora Reserve</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilsons Peak Flora Reserve</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

The Wilsons Peak Flora Reserve is a protected nature reserve that is located in the Northern Rivers region in the state of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The reserve is bounded to the north by the border between New South Wales and the state of Queensland. The nearest town is the Queensland settlement of Killarney.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iluka Nature Reserve</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

The Iluka Nature Reserve in a protected nature reserve that is located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. The 135-hectare (330-acre) reserve is situated near the coastal town of Iluka. The average elevation of the terrain above sea level is 6 meters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Currumbin Valley, Queensland</span> Suburb of Gold Coast City, Queensland, Australia

Currumbin Valley is a rural locality in the City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It borders New South Wales. In the 2016 census, Currumbin Valley had a population of 1,849 people.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Gondwana Rainforests of Australia". Department of the Environment . Australian Government. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  2. 1 2 Reid, Greg (2004). Australia's National and Marine Parks: Queensland. South Yarra, Victoria: Macmillan Education Australia. p. 11. ISBN   0-7329-9053-X.
  3. ↑ Keto, Aila; Scott, Keith (1992), The central eastern rainforests of Australia : World Heritage nomination, Rainforest Conservation Society, archived from the original on 27 October 2021, retrieved 14 October 2021
  4. 1 2 "Gondwana Rainforests of Australia, Lismore, NSW, Australia". Australian Heritage Database: Department of the Environment . Australian Government. 2014. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  5. ↑ "Determination regarding including World Heritage places in the National Heritage List" (PDF). Special government gazette (PDF). Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Commonwealth of Australia. 21 May 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  6. ↑ "Gondwana Rainforests of Australia". New South Wales State Heritage Register . Department of Planning and Environment. H01002. Retrieved 2 June 2018. CC-BY icon.svg Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence .
  7. 1 2 McGinley, Mark (9 December 2008). "Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves, Australia". Encyclopedia of Earth . United Nations Environment Programme: World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Archived from the original on 16 October 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  8. ↑ "High Conservation Value Old Growth forest". New South Wales State Heritage Register . Department of Planning and Environment. H01487. Retrieved 18 May 2018. CC-BY icon.svg Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence .
  9. ↑ "Gondwana Rainforests of Australia". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
  10. 1 2 Shoebridge, Joanne; Marciniak, Catherine (18 January 2020). "Gondwana-era nightcap oak devastated by unprecedented bushfire". ABC News (Australia) . Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  11. ↑ Cox, Lisa; Evershed, Nick (16 January 2020). "'It's heart-wrenching': 80% of Blue Mountains and 50% of Gondwana rainforests burn in bushfires". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  12. ↑ "Bushfires Over Large Part of State". The Cairns Post . 25 October 1951. p. 1 – via Trove.
  13. 1 2 "Main Range National Park and Spicers Gap Road Regional Park Management Statement 2013". Department of National Parks, Recreation, Sport and Racing. Government of Queensland. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  14. 1 2 Hunter, R. John (December 2004) [June 2003]. "9.2 Main Range Group". World Heritage and Associative Natural Values of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves of Australia (PDF). Government of New South Wales. p. 66. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  15. ↑ "Mallanganee National Park". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  16. ↑ "Mount Clunie National Park". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  17. ↑ "Mount Nothofagus National Park". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  18. ↑ "Tooloom National Park: Park management". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  19. ↑ "Toonumbar National Park". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  20. ↑ "Border Ranges National Park: Park management". NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service . Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014.
  21. ↑ "Limpinwood Nature Reserve: Park management". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  22. ↑ "Numinbah Nature Reserve: Park management". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  23. ↑ "Springbrook National Park: Nature, culture and history". Department of Environment, Resources, and Mining. Government of Queensland. 29 April 2009. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  24. ↑ "Wollumbin National Park". NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service . Government of New South Wales. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  25. ↑ "Iluka Nature Reserve: Park management". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  26. ↑ "Mount Hyland Nature Reserve: Park management". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  27. ↑ "New England National Park: Park management". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  28. ↑ "Oxley Wild Rivers National Park: Park Management". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  29. ↑ "The Castles Flora Reserve (NSW)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  30. ↑ "Werrikimbe National Park". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  31. ↑ "Willi Willi National Park". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  32. ↑ "Barrington Tops National Park". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  33. ↑ "Mount Royal National Park". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.

Attribution

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