Grammitis

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Grammitis
Finger Fern Grammitis billardierei - Mt Imlay.jpg
Grammitis billardierei
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Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Polypodiineae
Family: Polypodiaceae
Subfamily: Grammitidoideae
Genus: Grammitis
O. Swartz
Type species
Grammitis marginella
(O. Swartz) O. Swartz
Species

See text

Grammitis (dwarf polypody) is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). [1] It had formerly been placed in the family Grammitidaceae, but this family is no longer recognized by most authors because phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences have shown that it is embedded in Polypodiaceae. [2]

The delimitation of Grammitis was drastically narrowed in the first decade of the 21st century. It now contains about 25 species. In 2003, a study of the distribution of grammitid ferns placed 11 species in the New World, 7 in Africa, and 4 in the Pacific. [3]

The genus Grammitis was established by Olof Swartz around 1801. [4] (sources vary on the exact date). The name is derived from Greek, gramma, grammatos meaning "a line or thread" and refers to the arrangement of the sori in some species. [5] The type species for Grammitis is Grammitis marginella . [6]

The only known fossil of a grammitid fern has been named Grammitis succinea, but it is not clear that it belongs to Grammitis as more recently defined. It was found in Oligocene amber from the Dominican Republic. [7]

Circumscription

In a treatment of Grammitidaceae in 1990, Barbara S. Parris defined Grammitis broadly, to include about 400 species. [8] At that time, she stated that "The treatment of Grammitis here as a large and diverse genus reflects our current lack of knowledge concerning relationships within the family". Other authors at that time circumscribed Grammitis more narrowly, to include about 200 species. [7]

Since about 2003, Grammitis has been understood as a genus of about 25 species with the other species to be eventually transferred to other genera, most of them new or resurrected. [3] Grammitis sensu strictissimo (about 25 species) is distinguished by its black, sclerified leaf margins. [6] It is sister to the monophyletic genus Cochlidium. [6]

In 2004, Grammitis was shown to be polyphyletic if broadly circumscribed. [9] Grammitis tenella had been shown to be closely related to Adenophorus in 2003, [10] and the new combination Adenophorus tenellus was published in 2008. [6] Several species formerly in Grammitis have been transferred to Oreogrammitis . These include Oreogrammitis clemensiae , Oreogrammitis hookeri , and others. [6] [11] The genera Ctenopterella, Dasygrammitis, Radiogrammitis, Tomophyllum , and Xiphopterella were established in 2007 and some of these contain species that were formerly in Grammitis. [11] Lellingeria tomensis was moved out of Grammitis to Lellingeria in 2004. [12] Transfers to other genera have also been made. The classification of Grammitis basalis , Grammitis recondita , and others remains undecided.

Species

The species list is incomplete and may contain synonyms. It was originally based on two very old sources. [13] [14]

Transferred species

Related Research Articles

<i>Pteris</i> Genus of ferns in the subfamily Pteridoideae

Pteris (brake) is a genus of about 300 species of ferns in the subfamily Pteridoideae of the family Pteridaceae. They are native to tropical and subtropical regions, southward to New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa, north to Japan and North America. 78 species are found in China. Some species of Pteris have considerable economic and ecological value, such as Pteris multifida, Pteris ensiformis, Pteris vittata can be used for ornamental purposes; as a hyperaccumulator, Pteris multifida and Pteris vittata can be used to control soil pollution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypodiaceae</span> Family of ferns

Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broader circumscription has also been used, in which the family includes other families kept separate in PPG I. Nearly all species are epiphytes, but some are terrestrial.

<i>Microsorum</i> Genus of ferns

Microsorum is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The species are tropical. Like most ferns, they grow from rhizomes, rather than roots. The genus name is often misspelled "Microsorium" or "Microsoreum". It includes some species that are lithophytic rheophytes.

<i>Adenophorus</i> Genus of plants

Adenophorus is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The genus is endemic to Hawaii.

Calymmodon is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Its known range is Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Malesia, Australia, Micronesia and Polynesia.

Ceradenia is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Xiphopteris is a defunct genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae. The name is derived from two Greek words: xiphos, "sword", and pteris, "fern".

Ctenopteris is a defunct genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae. The name is derived from two Greek words: ktenos, "comb", and pteris, "fern".

<i>Lellingeria</i> Genus of ferns

Lellingeria is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Leucotrichum is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is one of about 26 genera of "grammitids". The name of the genus refers to the white hairs that are usually present on the underside of the frond.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypodioideae</span> Subfamily of ferns

Polypodioideae is a subfamily belonging to the fern family Polypodiaceae, which is a member of the suborder Polypodiineae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the subfamily may be treated as the tribe Polypodieae within a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grammitidoideae</span> Subfamily of ferns

Grammitidoideae is a subfamily of the fern family Polypodiaceae, whose members are informally known as grammitids. It comprises a clade of about 750 species. They are distributed over higher elevations in both the Old and New World. This group was previously treated as a separate family, Grammitidaceae until molecular phylogenies showed it to be nested within the Polypodiaceae. It has since been treated as an unranked clade within subfamily Polypodioideae, and, most recently, as a separate subfamily.

<i>Goniophlebium</i> Genus of ferns

Goniophlebium is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Ctenopterella is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is known from Africa through southeast Asia and Oceania to Polynesia.

Dasygrammitis is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is known from Sri Lanka through southeast Asia and the Philippines to Polynesia.

Archigrammitis is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is known from Malesia and Polynesia.

Mycopteris is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is known from the American tropics.

<i>Terpsichore</i> (plant) Genus of ferns

Terpsichore is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

References

  1. ↑ PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi: 10.1111/jse.12229 . S2CID   39980610.
  2. ↑ Harald Schneider, Hans-Peter Krier, Rosemary Wilson, and Alan R. Smith. 2006. "The Synammia Enigma: Evidence for a Temperate Lineage of Polygrammoid Ferns (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiidae) in Southern South America". Systematic Botany31(1):31-41.
  3. 1 2 Barbara S. Parris. 2003. "The distribution of Grammitidaceae (Filicales) inside and outside Malesia". Telopea10(2):451-466.
  4. ↑ Olof Swartz. about 1801. "Genera et Species Filicum" In: Schrader's Journal für die Botanik. page 17. (see External links below).
  5. ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume II. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN   978-0-8493-2676-9 (vol II). (see External links below).
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Tom A. Ranker. 2008. "A New Combination in Adenophorus (Polypodiaceae)". American Fern Journal98(3):170-177.
  7. 1 2 David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN   978-0-521-82071-4
  8. ↑ Barbara S. Parris. 1990. "Grammitidaceae" pages 153-157. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor); Karl U. Kramer and Peter S. Green (volume editors) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume I. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN   978-0-387-51794-0
  9. ↑ Tom A. Ranker, Alan R. Smith, Barbara S. Parris, Jennifer M.O. Geiger, Christopher H. Haufler, Shannon C.K. Straub, and Harald Schneider. 2004. "Phylogeny and evolution of grammitid ferns (Grammitidaceae): a case of rampant morphological homoplasy". Taxon53(2):415-428.
  10. ↑ Tom A. Ranker, Jennifer M.O. Geiger, S.C. Kennedy, Alan R. Smith, Christopher H. Haufler, and Barbara S. Parris. 2003. "Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of the endemic Hawaiian genus Adenophorus (Grammitidaceae)" Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution26(3):337-347.
  11. 1 2 Barbara S. Parris. 2007. "Five new genera and three new species of Grammitidaceae (Filicales) and the re-establishment of Oreogrammitis". Gardens' Bulletin. Singapore58(2):233-274.
  12. ↑ Barbara S. Parris. 2004. "New combinations in Acrosorus, Lellingeria, Prosaptia, and Themelium (Grammitidaceae: Filicales)" Kew Bulletin59(2):223-225.
  13. ↑ Edwin B. Copeland. 1956. Key to Subgenus Melanoloma page 253. In: "Grammitis" pages 93-278. In: Philippine Journal of Science 80(2).
  14. ↑ L. Earl Bishop. 1977. "The American Species of Grammitis Sect. Grammitis". American Fern Journal67(4):101-106.
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