Polypodiaceae

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Polypodiaceae
PolypodCarpet.jpg
Pleopeltis polypodioides fronds on an oak limb
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Polypodiineae
Family: Polypodiaceae
Subfamilies and genera

See text.

Synonyms
  • Drynariaceae Ching 1978
  • Grammitidaceae Newman 1840
  • Gymnogrammitidaceae Ching 1966
  • Loxogrammaceae Ching ex Pichi-Sermolli 1975
  • Platyceriaceae Ching 1940
  • Pleurisoriopsidaceae Kurita & Ikebe ex Ching 1978

Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. [1] A broader circumscription has also been used, in which the family includes other families kept separate in PPG I. Nearly all species are epiphytes, but some are terrestrial. [2]

Contents

Description

Stems of Polypodiaceae range from erect to long-creeping. The fronds are entire, pinnatifid, or variously forked or pinnate. The petioles lack stipules. The scaly rhizomes are generally creeping in nature. Polypodiaceae species are found in wet climates, most commonly in rain forests. In temperate zones, most species tend to be epiphytic or epipetric. [2]

Notable examples of ferns in this family include the resurrection fern ( Pleopeltis polypodioides ) and the golden serpent fern ( Phlebodium aureum ). [2]

Taxonomy

Two distinct circumscriptions of the family are in use. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) uses a circumscription of Polypodiaceae in which the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I), along with eight other families. The relationship between the families is shown in the consensus cladogram below. [1]

Polypodiineae  (eupolypods I)

Didymochlaenaceae

Hypodematiaceae

Dryopteridaceae

Nephrolepidaceae

Lomariopsidaceae

Tectariaceae

Oleandraceae

Davalliaceae

Polypodiaceae

An alternative approach treats the suborder Polypodiineae as the family Polypodiaceae sensu lato, and reduces the families to subfamilies, so that the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto becomes the subfamily Polypodioideae. [3] The broader circumscription is used by Plants of the World Online, as of August 2019; for example, the Dryopteridaceae, shown above as a separate family, is included in its Polypodiaceae. [4] The broadly defined Polypodiaceae has been described as an "unwieldy megafamily". [5]

Subfamilies

Molecular phylogenetic analysis has led to the division of the Polypodiaceae into six subfamilies, and to the inclusion of genera that have at various times been placed in other families, including the Drynariaceae, Grammitidaceae, Gymnogrammitidaceae, Loxogrammaceae, Platyceriaceae, and Pleurisoriopsidaceae. [1] [6] The following cladogram shows a possible phylogenetic relationship between the subfamilies based on an analysis published in 2008; at the time, Grammitidoideae was not separated from Polypodioideae. [7] [8]

Polypodiaceae

Loxogrammoideae Schneid. 2011

Drynarioideae Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel 1975

Platycerioideae Nayar 1970

Microsoroideae

Thylacoptereae Chen & Schneider 2019

Goniophlebieae Chen & Schneider 2019

Lecanopterideae Chen & Schneider 2019

Microsoreae Tu 1981

Lepisoreae Ching ex Hennipman, Veldhoen & Kramer 1990

Polypodioideae Sweet 1826

Campyloneuroideae Zhang & Wei 2022

Adetogrammoideae Zhang & Wei 2022

Serpocauloideae Zhang & Wei 2022

Grammitidoideae Link 1841

The subfamilies are treated as tribes in other systems. Mabberley, in 2008, treated all of Polypodiaceae except for the Platycerioideae ( Platycerium and Pyrrosia ) and the grammitid ferns, which he placed in Grammitidaceae, as the subfamily Polypodioideae, which he then divided into six tribes, four of which correspond to PPG I subfamilies (Drynarieae, Loxogrammeae, Microsoreae and Polypodieae) and others of which have been submerged (Selligueeae, now within Drynarioideae, and Lepisoreae, now within Microsoroideae). [9] Other systems also treat the subfamilies as tribes. [3] The equivalence is shown in the following table.

PPG I [1] Christenhusz & Chase (2014) [3]
Family PolypodiaceaeJ.Presl & C.PreslSubfamily Polypodioideae B.K.Nayar
     Subfamily Loxogrammoideae H.Schneid.      Tribe Loxogrammeae R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon
     Subfamily Platycerioideae B.K.Nayar      Tribe Platycerieae Christenh.
     Subfamily Drynarioideae Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel      Tribe Drynarieae Chandra
     Subfamily Microsoroideae B.K.Nayar      Tribe Microsoreae V.N.Tu
     Subfamily Polypodioideae Sweet      Tribe Polypodieae Hook. & Lindl. ex Duby
     Subfamily Grammitidoideae Parris & Sundue

Genera

In the list that follows, the taxa shown with the "(=)" prefix are considered to be synonyms for the accepted subfamily name that they follow. However, this does not necessarily imply that the subfamily contains all of the synonym's previous genera. [1] [6]

Phylogeny of Polypodiaceae [10] [11]
Loxogrammoideae

Dictymia

Loxogramme

Platycerioideae

Hovenkampia

Platycerium

Pyrrosia

Microsoroideae
Thylacoptereae

Thylacopteris

Goniophlebieae

Goniophlebium

Lecanopterideae
⊞
⊟
Microsoreae

Microsorum

Microsorum species-group 2

Leptochilus

Lepisoreae
⊞
⊟
Drynarioideae

Syngramma

Drynaria

Selliguea

Polypodioideae
⊞
⊟
Campyloneuroideae

Microgramma

Niphidium

Campyloneurum

Adetogrammoideae

Adetogramma

Serpocauloideae

Serpocaulon

Grammitidoideae
⊞
⊟
Selliguea hastata Crypsinus hastatus mitudeurabosi01.jpg
Selliguea hastata
Grammitis billardierei Finger Fern Grammitis billardierei - Mt Imlay.jpg
Grammitis billardierei
Dictymia mckeei Strap fern dictymia mckeei tindale.jpg
Dictymia mckeei
Lacks sclerenchyma (supporting tissue) in plant body, except in the roots. [9]
Microsorum pteropus Microsorum pteropus.jpg
Microsorum pteropus
Platycerium elephantotis Platycerium elephantotis - Leveasarvisaniainen, (Alghornsbraken) IMG 3432 C.JPG
Platycerium elephantotis
Fronds with stellate hairs (star-shaped, radiating from center). [9]
Polypodium appalachianum Polypodium appalachianum1.jpg
Polypodium appalachianum

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dryopteridaceae</span> Family of ferns

The Dryopteridaceae are a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. They are known colloquially as the wood ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Dryopteridoideae of a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato.

<i>Microsorum</i> Genus of ferns

Microsorum is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The species are tropical. Like most ferns, they grow from rhizomes, rather than roots. The genus name is often misspelled "Microsorium" or "Microsoreum". It includes some species that are lithophytic rheophytes.

Ceradenia is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

<i>Leptochilus</i> (plant) Genus of ferns

Leptochilus is a fern genus in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

<i>Neocheiropteris</i> Genus of ferns

Neocheiropteris is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

<i>Lecanopteris</i> Genus of ferns

Lecanopteris is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). They have swollen hollow rhizomes that provide homes for symbiotic ants. All are epiphytic plants that naturally occur from Southeast Asia to New Guinea. Several species are in commerce, being grown as houseplants and greenhouse curiosities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microsoroideae</span> Subfamily of ferns

Microsoroideae is a subfamily in the fern family Polypodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The subfamily is also treated as the tribe Microsoreae within a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato. In either treatment, it includes the previously separated tribe Lepisoreae.

<i>Lellingeria</i> Genus of ferns

Lellingeria is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Leucotrichum is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is one of about 26 genera of "grammitids". The name of the genus refers to the white hairs that are usually present on the underside of the frond.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypodioideae</span> Subfamily of ferns

Polypodioideae is a subfamily belonging to the fern family Polypodiaceae, which is a member of the suborder Polypodiineae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the subfamily may be treated as the tribe Polypodieae within a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grammitidoideae</span> Subfamily of ferns

Grammitidoideae is a subfamily of the fern family Polypodiaceae, whose members are informally known as grammitids. It comprises a clade of about 750 species. They are distributed over higher elevations in both the Old and New World. This group was previously treated as a separate family, Grammitidaceae until molecular phylogenies showed it to be nested within the Polypodiaceae. It has since been treated as an unranked clade within subfamily Polypodioideae, and, most recently, as a separate subfamily.

<i>Goniophlebium</i> Genus of ferns

Goniophlebium is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Pronephrium is a genus of ferns in the family Thelypteridaceae in the family Thelypteridaceae, subfamily Thelypteridoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016. Other sources sink Pronephrium into a very broadly defined genus Thelypteris. Some species were split off into the genera Abacopteris, Grypothrix and Menisciopsis in 2021 as a result of a phylogenetic study of the family Thelypteridaceae.

The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group, or PPG, is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the classification of pteridophytes that reflects knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies. In 2016, the group published a classification for extant pteridophytes, termed "PPG I". The paper had 94 authors.

<i>Lemmaphyllum</i> Genus of ferns

Lemmaphyllum is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Tricholepidium is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Thylacopteris is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

<i>Lepisorus</i> Genus of ferns

Lepisorus is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

<i>Dendroconche</i> Genus of ferns

Dendroconche is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, erected in 2019. As of February 2020, the genus was not accepted by some sources.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi: 10.1111/jse.12229 . S2CID   39980610.
  2. 1 2 3 Panigrahi, G. & Patnaik, S.N. (1961). "Cytology of Some Genera of Polypodiaceae in Eastern India". Nature. 191 (4794): 1207–1208. Bibcode:1961Natur.191.1207P. doi:10.1038/1911207a0. S2CID   4177788.
  3. 1 2 3 Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC   3936591 . PMID   24532607.
  4. ↑ "DryopteridaceaeHerter". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
  5. ↑ Sundue, Michael A.; Parris, Barbara S.; Ranker, Tom A.; Smith, Alan R.; Fujimoto, Erin L.; Zamora-Crosby, Delia; Morden, Clifford W.; Chiou, Wen-Liang; Chen, Cheng-Wei; Rouhan, Germinal; Hirai, Regina Y. & Prado, Jefferson (2014). "Global phylogeny and biogeography of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 81: 195–206. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.017. PMID   25173566. S2CID   21098484.
  6. 1 2 Christenhusz, Maarten; Zhang, Xian-Chun & Schneider, Harald (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns". Phytotaxa. 19: 7–54. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2 . Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  7. ↑ Schuettpelz, Eric & Pryer, Kathleen M. (2008). "Fern phylogeny" (PDF). In Ranker, Tom A. & Haufler, Christopher H. (eds.). Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
  8. ↑ Chen, Chi-Chuan; Hyvönen, Jaakko; Schneider, Harald (2020). "Exploring phylogeny of the microsoroid ferns (Polypodiaceae) based on six plastid DNA markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 143: 106665. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106665. hdl: 10138/321115 . PMID   31704235. S2CID   207948290.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Mabberley, D.J. (2008). Mabberley's plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. Cambridge University Press. p. 690. ISBN   978-0-521-82071-4.
  10. ↑ Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.909768 . PMC   9449725 . PMID   36092417.
  11. ↑ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.3.0. 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  12. ↑ Testo, Weston L.; Field, Ashley R.; Sessa, Emily B. & Sundue, Michael (2019). "Phylogenetic and Morphological Analyses Support the Resurrection of Dendroconche and the Recognition of Two New Genera in Polypodiaceae Subfamily Microsoroideae" (PDF). Systematic Botany. 44 (4): 737–752. doi:10.1600/036364419X15650157948607. S2CID   208176686 . Retrieved 2020-02-11.
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