Marattiaceae

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Marattiaceae
Temporal range: Carboniferous–Recent
Starr 080326-3723 Angiopteris evecta.jpg
Angiopteris evecta frond
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Subclass: Marattiidae
Klinge [1]
Order: Marattiales
Link [1]
Family: Marattiaceae
Kaulf. [1]
Genera

See text.

Synonyms
  • Angiopteridaceae Fée ex Bommer
  • Christenseniaceae Ching
  • Danaeaceae Agardh
  • Kaulfussiaceae Campb.

Marattiaceae is the only family of extant (living) ferns in the order Marattiales. [1] [2] In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Marattiales is the only order in the subclass Marattiidae. The family has six genera and about 110 species. [1] Many are different in appearance from other ferns, having large fronds and fleshy rootstocks.

Contents

Description

The Marattiaceae diverged from other ferns very early in their evolutionary history and are quite different from many plants familiar to people in temperate zones. Many of them have massive, fleshy rootstocks and the largest known fronds of any fern. The Marattiaceae is one of two groups of ferns traditionally known as eusporangiate ferns, meaning that the sporangium is formed from a group of cells as opposed to a leptosporangium in which there is a single initial cell. At least two genera, Angiopteris and Marattia, have been reported to undergo monoplastidic meiosis rather than polyplastidic meiosis, and are the only known examples within euphyllophytes to do so. [3] [4]

The large fronds characteristic of the group are most readily found in the genus Angiopteris , native to Australasia, Madagascar and Oceania. These fronds may be up to 9 meters long in the species Angiopteris teysmanniana of Java. In the Hawaiian Islands, Costa Rica, and Jamaica, the species Angiopteris evecta is naturalized, having escaped from botanical gardens, and is considered an invasive species. [5] Angiopteris is unique among ferns in having explosively dispersed spores, which may contribute to its ability to spread. [6]

Marattia in the strict sense is found in the neotropics and Hawaii with six recognized species. The genus Eupodium is also neotropical, with three species, and was originally described for the distinctive stalked synangia of some species.

Ptisana is a paleotropical genus, formerly thought to be part of Marattia. These plants are 2-4 times pinnate, with fronds often comparable in size to those found in Angiopteris. Terminal segments usually have a prominent suture where they attach. [7] The sporangia lack the labiate apertures of Marattia and Eupodium, and synangia are deeply cut. The name of the genus derives from the resemblance of the synangia to pearl barley. The king fern, Ptisana salicina , from New Zealand and the South Pacific and known in Māori as "para" now has been placed in this genus. Sometimes called the potato fern, this is a large fern with an edible fleshy rhizome that is used as a food source by some indigenous peoples.

The East-Asian genus Christensenia is named in honor of the Danish pteridologist Carl Christensen is an uncommon fern with distinctive fronds resembling a horse chestnut leaf, hence the species Christensenia aesculifolia , meaning horse-chestnut-leaved Christensenia. Despite the relatively diminutive size of plants in this genus, the stomata of Christensenia are the largest known in the plant kingdom. [8]

The genus Danaea is endemic to the Neotropics. They have bipinnate leaves with opposite pinnae, which are dimorphic, the fertile leaves much contracted, and covered below with sunken, linear synangia dehiscing via pores. [9]

Taxonomy

in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Marattiaceae is the only family in the order Marattiales, which in turn is the only order in the subclass Marattiidae. Marattiidae is one of four subclasses of class Polypodiopsida (ferns), to which it is related as shown in this cladogram, being a sister group to Polypodiidae. [1]

Polypodiopsida

History of classification

In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, the Marattiales formed the single member of the class Marattiopsida. Four genera were recognized. [2] The class was lowered in rank to the subclass Marattiidae in the 2009 classification of Mark W. Chase and James L. Reveal, [10] and subsequent systems such as Christenhusz et al. (2011). [11] [12] The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (2016) classification retains this rank. In that system, Marattiidae is monotypic and has one order, Marattiales, one family, Marattiaceae, six genera, and an estimated 111 species. [1]

There have long been four traditional extant genera ( Angiopteris , Christensenia , Danaea and Marattia ), but phylogenetic analysis has determined the genus Marattia to be paraphyletic, and the genus has been split into three genera, Marattia in the strict sense, Eupodium , and Ptisana . [7] [11] Christenhusz and Chase placed Danaea in subfamily Danaeoideae and the remaining genera in subfamily Marattioideae, [12] but this subfamilial classification was not taken up by PPG I. [1]

This fern group has a long fossil history with many extinct taxa ( Psaronius , Asterotheca , Scolecopteris , Eoangiopteris , Qasimia , Marantoidea , Danaeites , Marattiopsis , Ptychocarpus , etc.).

Genera

Exploring the phylogeny of the marattialean ferns [7] [13] Fern Tree of Life [14] [15]

Six genera are accepted in the PPG I classification: [1]

Several other genera have been named in the Marattiaceae, namely: Archangiopteris, Clementea, Macroglossum, Protangiopteris, Protomarattia and Psilodochea. These are currently treated as synonyms of Angiopteris. [1]

Evolutionary history

Marattiaceae are considered one of the most primitive living lineages of ferns. The earliest members of the family appeared during the Carboniferous, over 300 million years ago. The group has an extensive fossil record extending from the Carboniferous into the Jurassic, but post-Jurassic records are scarce. [16]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fern</span> Class of vascular plants

The ferns are a group of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients, and in having life cycles in which the branched sporophyte is the dominant phase.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ophioglossaceae</span> Family of ferns

Ophioglossaceae, the adder's-tongue family, is a small family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, it is the only family in the order Ophioglossales, which together with the Psilotales is placed in the subclass Ophioglossidae. The Ophioglossidae are one of the groups traditionally known as eusporangiate ferns. Members of the family differ from other ferns in a number of ways. Many have only a single fleshy leaf at a time. Their gametophytes are subterranean and rely on fungi for energy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Equisetales</span> Order of ferns

Equisetales is an order of subclass Equisetidae with only one living family, Equisetaceae, containing the genus Equisetum (horsetails), as well as a variety of extinct groups, including the tree-like Calamitaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salviniales</span> Order of plants

The order Salviniales is an order of ferns in the class Polypodiopsida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gleicheniales</span> Order of ferns

Gleicheniales is an order of ferns in the subclass Polypodiidae. The Gleicheniales have records potentially as early as the Carboniferous, but the oldest unambiguous records date to the Permian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pteridophyte</span> Group of plants that reproduce by spores

A pteridophyte is a vascular plant that reproduces by means of spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as "cryptogams", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blechnaceae</span> Family of ferns

Blechnaceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales, with a cosmopolitan distribution. Its status as a family and the number of genera included have both varied considerably. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, the family has 24 genera, and excludes genera placed in the separate family Onocleaceae. The family is divided into three subfamilies, including Blechnoideae s.s. Alternatively, the entire family may be treated as the subfamily Blechnoideae s.l. of a very broadly defined family Aspleniaceae, and include genera others place in Onocleaceae.

<i>Danaea</i> Genus of ferns

Danaea is a fern genus of approximately 50 species in the eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae. They are small to intermediately large ferns with erect or creeping rhizomes and usually once-pinnate leaves with opposite pinnae. The fertile leaves are contracted, acrostichoid and covered below with sunken, linear synangia. The genus Danaea has a neotropical distribution, occurring from southern Mexico through Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America to Bolivia, Paraguay and the Mata Atlantica in Brazil and Northern Argentina. There is also a population on Isla del Coco in the Pacific.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eusporangiate fern</span> Common name for a group of ferns

Eusporangiate ferns are vascular spore plants, whose sporangia arise from several epidermal cells and not from a single cell as in leptosporangiate ferns. Typically these ferns have reduced root systems and sporangia that produce large amounts of spores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leptosporangiate fern</span> Subclass of ferns

The Polypodiidae, commonly called leptosporangiate ferns, formerly Leptosporangiatae, are one of four subclasses of ferns, the largest of these being the largest group of living ferns, including some 11,000 species worldwide. The group has also been treated as the class Pteridopsida or Polypodiopsida, although other classifications assign them a different rank. Older names for the group include Filicidae and Filicales, although at least the "water ferns" were then treated separately.

<i>Saccoloma</i> Genus of ferns

Saccoloma is a fern genus in family Saccolomataceae. It is the only genus in the family in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, but further investigation is needed. It is pantropical and its species are found in wet, shaded forest areas. Saccoloma species are characterized by an omega-shaped (Ω) vascular bundle in the cross-sections of their petioles. The common name soralpouch fern is used for Saccoloma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saccolomataceae</span> Family of ferns

Saccolomataceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales with about 19 species. It has been formerly treated as part of the Dennstaedtiaceae, however it has been classified as its own family according to Smith et al. (2006) The genus Saccoloma has been classified to include Orthiopteris, but the phylogeny of the group not yet fully understood. The family includes a dozen known species.

<i>Didymochlaena</i> Genus of ferns

Didymochlaena is a genus of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, it is the only genus in the family Didymochlaenaceae. Alternatively, the family may be placed in a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato as the subfamily Didymochlaenoideae.

<i>Ptisana</i> Genus of ferns

Ptisana is a genus in the eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae, comprising species historically treated in the genus Marattia. The establishment of this genus follows the 2008 work by Andrew G. Murdock, which supported recognition of this group on the basis of genetic analysis and morphology. Ptisana can be distinguished from Marattia by the presence of distinct sutures at the point of leaflet attachment, deeply cut synangia, and the absence of labiate sporangial apertures. The name Ptisana is derived from the Latin word for pearl barley, an allusion to the shape of the synangia.

<i>Eupodium</i> Genus of ferns

Eupodium is a genus of ferns in the family Marattiaceae native to the Neotropics. Traditionally, many taxonomists have included Eupodium within the genus Marattia. However, molecular phylogenetic studies and morphological studies of extant and fossil taxa support the recognition of Eupodium as a lineage distinct from Marattia. Morphologically, Eupodium was thought to be distinct among the Marattiaceae in only having one frond at a time, bearing awns along veins, and having stalked synangia. However, recent phylogenetic work found that an additional species native to Brazil, Eupodium cicutifolium, which lacks these characters, is also genetically in Eupodium, making the genus challenging to distinguish morphologically. Eupodium cicutifolium does occasionally have short-stalked synangia, and has spinulose spores like the other Eupodium species, but is otherwise easily mistaken for a Marattia or Ptisana. The genus currently has four recognized species.

<i>Marattia</i> Genus of ferns

Marattia is a small genus of primitive, large, fleshy eusporangiate ferns. It is the type genus of the family Marattiaceae, order Marattiales and class Marattiopsida. Formerly considered to be a much larger genus, genetic analysis has shown that Marattia in the broad sense was paraphyletic, and subsequently the genera Ptisana and Eupodium were split off. Except for one species in Hawaii, the genus is neotropical.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tectariaceae</span> Family of ferns

Tectariaceae is a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Tectarioideae of a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato. The family comprises seven genera, of which Tectaria is by far the largest.

<i>Metaxya</i> Genus of ferns

Metaxya is a neotropical genus of ferns in the order Cyatheales. It is the only genus in the family Metaxyaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016. Alternatively, the genus may be placed in the subfamily Metaxyoideae of a more broadly defined family Cyatheaceae, the family placement used in Plants of the World Online as of November 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ophioglossidae</span> Subclass of ferns

Ophioglossidae is one of the four subclasses of Polypodiopsida (ferns). This subclass consists of the ferns commonly known as whisk ferns, grape ferns, adder's-tongues and moonworts. It is equivalent to the class Psilotopsida in previous treatments, including Smith et al. (2006). The subclass contains two orders, Psilotales and Ophioglossales, whose relationship was only confirmed by molecular phylogenetic studies.

The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish on the classification of pteridophytes that reflects knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies. In 2016, the group published a classification for extant pteridophytes, termed "PPG I". The paper had 94 authors . The classification was presented as a consensus classification supported by the community of fern taxonomists, but it has been partially exclusive and is highly contested. Alternative classifications of ferns exist and are preferred by more general taxonomists.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi: 10.1111/jse.12229 . S2CID   39980610.
  2. 1 2 Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald & Wolf, Paul G. (2006). "A classification for extant ferns" (PDF). Taxon. 55 (3): 705–731. doi:10.2307/25065646. JSTOR   25065646. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-26.
  3. ↑ Brown, Roy C.; Lemmon, BE (2001). "Sporogenesis in Eusporangiate Ferns: I. Monoplastidic Meiosis in Angiopteris (Marattiales)". Journal of Plant Research. 114 (3): 223–235. Bibcode:2001JPlR..114..223B. doi:10.1007/PL00013986.
  4. ↑ Brown, Roy C.; Lemmon, Betty E. (1997-03-01). "The quadripolar microtubule system in lower land plants". Journal of Plant Research. 110 (1): 93–106. Bibcode:1997JPlR..110...93B. doi:10.1007/BF02506848. ISSN   1618-0860. PMID   27520049.
  5. ↑ Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Toivonen, Tuuli K. (2008-12-01). "Giants invading the tropics: the oriental vessel fern, Angiopteris evecta (Marattiaceae)". Biological Invasions. 10 (8): 1215–1228. Bibcode:2008BiInv..10.1215C. doi:10.1007/s10530-007-9197-7. ISSN   1573-1464.
  6. ↑ Hovenkamp, Peter H.; Van Der Ham, Raymond W. J. M.; Van Uffelen, Gerda A.; Van Hecke, Martin; Dijksman, Joshua A.; Star, Wim (2009-06-10). "Spore movement driven by the spore wall in an eusporangiate fern". Grana. 48 (2): 122–127. Bibcode:2009Grana..48..122H. doi:10.1080/00173130902804331. ISSN   0017-3134.
  7. 1 2 3 Murdock, Andrew G. (2008). "A taxonomic revision of the eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae, with description of a new genus Ptisana". Taxon. 57 (3): 737–755. doi:10.1002/tax.573007. ISSN   1996-8175.
  8. ↑ Bell, Peter (2000). Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 177. ISBN   978-0-521-64109-8.
  9. ↑ Christenhusz, M.J.M. (2010). "Danaea (Marattiaceae) revisited: biodiversity, a new classification and ten new species of a neotropical fern genus". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 163 (3): 360–385. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01061.x .
  10. ↑ Chase, Mark W. & Reveal, James L. (2009). "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 122–127. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x .
  11. 1 2 Christenhusz, Maarten; Zhang, Xian-Chun & Schneider, Harald (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns". Phytotaxa. 19: 7–54. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2 . Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  12. 1 2 Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC   3936591 . PMID   24532607.
  13. ↑ Lehtonen, Samuli; Poczai, Péter; Sablok, Gaurav; Hyvönen, Jaakko; Karger, Dirk N.; Flores, Jorge (26 May 2020). "Exploring the phylogeny of the marattialean ferns". Taxon. 36 (6): 569–593. doi: 10.1111/cla.12419 . PMID   34618987. S2CID   219058070.
  14. ↑ Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.909768 . PMC   9449725 . PMID   36092417.
  15. ↑ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.4.0 [GenBank release 253]. 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  16. ↑ Vera, Ezequiel I.; Césari, Silvia N. (December 2016). "Marattiaceae synangia from the Lower Cretaceous of Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 235: 6–10. Bibcode:2016RPaPa.235....6V. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.09.007. hdl: 11336/46831 .
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