Gymnosporangium

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Gymnosporangium
Gymnosporangium juniperii telial form.jpg
Gymnosporangium juniperi
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Pucciniomycetes
Order: Pucciniales
Family: Gymnosporangiaceae
Genus: Gymnosporangium
R.Hedw. ex DC. (1805)
Type species
Gymnosporangium fuscum
DC. (1805)

Gymnosporangium is a genus of heteroecious plant-pathogenic fungi which alternately infect members of the family Cupressaceae, primarily species in the genus Juniperus (junipers), and members of the family Rosaceae in the subfamily Amygdaloideae (apples, pears, quinces, shadbush, hawthorns, rowans and their relatives). The common name cedar-apple rusts has been used for these fungi. [1] According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), there was 57 species in the genus. [2] In 2023, Species Fungorum lists up to 74 species. [3]

Contents

In junipers (the primary hosts, see photo), some species form a ball-like gall about 2–4 cm in diameter which produces a set of orange tentacle-like spore tubes called telial horns. These horns expand and have a jelly like consistency when wet. In other species, such as in G. clarvariforme, the telia are produced directly from the bark of the juniper with no obvious gall formation or swelling. [4] The basidiospores are released and travel on the wind until they infect an apple, pear, hawthorn or suitable tree.

On the secondary hosts, the fungus produces yellowish depressions on the leaves. It also infects the fruit, which grows whitish tubes like a Medusa head. These are the spore tubes. These aeciospores must then infect a juniper to complete the life cycle. All the types of spores can spread over long distances. [5]

The fungus does not cause serious damage to junipers, but apple and pear trees can suffer serious loss of fruit production due to the effects of the fungus. Although the genus has a worldwide distribution, its impact depends on availability of its two host plant species. Individual species are found in Northern and Central America, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. [5]

Due to the economic impacts of the rusts in some areas where orchards are of commercial importance, some regions have attempted to ban the planting of and/or eradicate the coniferous hosts. [6]

In 2020, the monotypic family Gymnosporangiaceae was proposed to accommodate Gymnosporangium. [7] As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020. [8]

Selected species and hosts

SpeciesPrimary hostSecondary hostCommon name
Gymnosporangium amelanchieris Juniperus sect. JuniperusAmelanchier
Gymnosporangium clavariiforme Juniperus sect. JuniperusAmelanchier, Crataegus, PyrusTongues of Fire [9]
Gymnosporangium clavipes JuniperusCrataegus, CydoniaCedar-quince rust, quince rust [10]
Gymnosporangium confusum JuniperusCrataegus, Cydonia, Mespilus, Pyrus
Gymnosporangium cornutum Juniperus sect. JuniperusSorbus subgen. SorbusMountain ash juniper rust [10]
Gymnosporangium cupressi CupressusAmelanchier
Gymnosporangium dobroznakovii Juniperus sect. JuniperusPyrus
Gymnosporangium fusisporum Juniperus sect. SabinaCotoneaster
Gymnosporangium gaeumannii Juniperus communis(not known)
Gymnosporangium globosum JuniperusCrataegusCedar-hawthorn rust, American hawthorn rust [10] [11]
Gymnosporangium gracile JuniperusAmelanchier, Crataegus, Cydonia
Gymnosporangium harknessianum JuniperusAmelanchier
Gymnosporangium inconspicuum JuniperusAmelanchier
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae JuniperusMalusCedar-apple rust [10]
Gymnosporangium kernianum JuniperusAmelanchierKern's pear rust [11]
Gymnosporangium libocedri (Now Gymnotelium blasdaleanum, Pucciniaceae family)CalocedrusAmelanchierPacific Coast pear rust, [11] Incense cedar broom rust [10]
Gymnosporangium malyi (not known)Crataegus
Gymnosporangium multiporum Juniperus(not known)
Gymnosporangium nelsonii JuniperusAmelanchierWitches broom rust, [10] Rocky Mountain pear [11]
Gymnosporangium nidus-avis Juniperus sect. SabinaCrataegus, Cydonia, MalusJuniper witches' broom rust [10]
Gymnosporangium sabinae JuniperusPyrus, Malus, CrataegusPear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust [10]
Gymnosporangium torminalis-juniperinum Juniperus sect. JuniperusSorbus torminalis
Gymnosporangium tremelloides Juniperus sect. JuniperusCydonia, Malus, Sorbus
Gymnosporangium yamadae JuniperusMalusJapanese apple rust [12]

Full list of species

As accepted by Species Fungorum; [3]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heteroecious</span> Several-host parasite

A heteroecious parasite is one that requires at least two hosts. The primary host is the host in which the parasite spends its adult life; the other is the secondary host. Both hosts are required for the parasite to complete its life cycle. This can be contrasted with an autoecious parasite which can complete its life cycle on a single host species. Many rust fungi have heteroecious life cycles:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rust (fungus)</span> Order of fungi

Rusts are fungal plant pathogens of the order Pucciniales causing plant fungal diseases.

<i>Metarhizium robertsii</i> Species of fungus

Metarhizium robertsii – formerly known as M. anisopliae, and even earlier as Entomophthora anisopliae (basionym) – is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasitoid. Ilya I. Mechnikov named it after the insect species from which it was originally isolated – the beetle Anisoplia austriaca. It is a mitosporic fungus with asexual reproduction, which was formerly classified in the form class Hyphomycetes of the phylum Deuteromycota.

<i>Gymnosporangium globosum</i> Species of fungus

Gymnosporangium globosum is a fungal plant pathogen that causes cedar-hawthorn rust.

<i>Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae</i> Species of fungus

Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae is a plant pathogen that causes cedar-apple rust. In virtually any location where apples or crabapples (Malus) and Eastern red cedar coexist, cedar apple rust can be a destructive or disfiguring disease on both the apples and cedars. Apples, crabapples, and eastern red cedar are the most common hosts for this disease. Similar diseases can be found on Quince and hawthorn and many species of juniper can substitute for the eastern red cedars.

<i>Gymnosporangium sabinae</i> Species of fungus

Gymnosporangium sabinae is a species of rust fungus in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Known as pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust, it is a heteroecious plant pathogen with Juniperus sabina as the main primary (telial) host and Pyrus communis as the main secondary (aecial) host.

Thecaphora is a genus of basidiomycote fungus which contains several species of plant pathogens. The widespread genus contained about 57 species in 2008. and held 61 species in 2020.

Broomella is a genus of fungi in the family Sporocadaceae.

<i>Pucciniastrum</i> Genus of fungi

Pucciniastrum is a genus of Basidiomycota fungi. Pucciniastrum species, like all rust fungi, are obligate plant parasites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Telium</span> Structure produced by rust fungi as part of the reproductive cycle

Telium, plural telia, are structures produced by rust fungi as part of the reproductive cycle. They are typically yellow or orange drying to brown or black and are exclusively a mechanism for the release of teliospores which are released by wind or water to infect the alternate host in the rust life-cycle. The telial stage provides an overwintering strategy in the life cycle of a parasitic heteroecious fungus by producing teliospores; this occurs on cedar trees. A primary aecial stage is spent parasitizing a separate host plant which is a precursor in the life cycle of heteroecious fungi. Teliospores are released from the telia in the spring. The spores can spread many kilometers through the air, however most are spread near the host plant.

<i>Gymnosporangium clavariiforme</i> Species of fungus

Gymnosporangium clavariiforme is a species of rust fungus which alternately infects Juniperus and hawthorns.

Maravalia is a genus of rust fungi in the Chaconiaceae family. The widespread genus contains about 35 species that grow on angiosperms.

<i>Chrysomyxa</i> Genus of fungi

Chrysomyxa is a genus of rust fungi in the family Coleosporiaceae. The genus, widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, contains about 23 species. Rust fungi in the genus Chrysomyxa occur in boreal forests of the northern hemisphere on Pinaceae,, and most species alternate to angiosperm hosts in the Ericaceae.

<i>Pandora</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Pandora is a genus of fungi within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<i>Monochaetia</i> Genus of fungi

Monochaetia is a genus of fungi in the family Sporocadaceae. Species in the genus are typically plant parasites and saprobes, and cause leaf spot diseases on various hosts.

Zoophthora is a genus of fungi in the family Entomophthoraceae. Like other taxa in this family, Zoophthora species cause disease in insects and as such are considered entomopathogenic fungi.

Farysia is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Anthracoideaceae.

<i>Moesziomyces</i> Genus of fungi

Moesziomyces is a fungal genus in the family Ustilaginaceae.

<i>Furia</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Furia is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

References

  1. ↑ Kern, Frank D (1973). Revised Taxonomic Account of Gymnosporangium. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 136. ISBN   978-0271011059.
  2. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p.  298. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  3. 1 2 "Species Fungorum - Search Page - Gymnosporangium". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  4. ↑ Brand, Bert; Brand, Gill; Shattock, Richard (October 2006). "Sorting out Gymnosporangium species – the aecial stage". Field Mycology. 7 (4): 123–127. doi: 10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60574-9 .
  5. 1 2 "Diagnostics - Gymnosporangium spp. (non-European)". OEPP/EPPO Bulletin. 36: 41–446. 2006.
  6. ↑ "Cedar Apple Rust - Plant of the Week". Archived from the original on 2006-09-26. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
  7. ↑ Zhao, P.; Qi, X.; Crous, P.; Duan, W.; Cai, L. (2020). "Gymnosporangium species on Malus: species delineation, diversity and host alternation". Persoonia. 45 (1): 68–100. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.03. hdl: 2263/80904 .
  8. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .
  9. ↑ Gymnosporangium cornutum/clavariforme, Scottish Fungi
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 FullFungi List, Widely Prevalent Fungi of the United States
  11. 1 2 3 4 Diseases of Pear, APS
  12. ↑ Gymnosporangium yamadae Archived 2015-06-04 at the Wayback Machine , Data sheets on Quaranteen Pests

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