Hairdresser

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Hairdresser washing a woman's hair Frisoerin fcm.jpg
Hairdresser washing a woman's hair

A hairdresser is a person whose occupation is to cut or style hair in order to change or maintain a person's image. This is achieved using a combination of hair coloring, haircutting, and hair texturing techniques. A hairdresser may also be referred to as a 'barber' or 'hairstylist'.

Contents

History

Ancient hairdressing

Hairdressing as an occupation dates back thousands of years. Both Aristophanes and Homer, Greek writers, mention hairdressing in their writings. [1] Many Africans believed that hair is a method to communicate with the Divine Being. It is the highest part of the body and therefore the closest to the divine. Because of this Hairdressers held a prominent role in African communities. [2] The status of hairdressing encouraged many to develop their skills, and close relationships were built between hairdressers and their clients. Hours would be spent washing, combing, oiling, styling and ornamenting their hair. Men would work specifically on men, and women on other women.[ verification needed ] Before a master hairdresser died, they would give their combs and tools to a chosen successor during a special ceremony. [3]

In ancient Egypt, hairdressers had specially decorated cases to hold their tools, including lotions, scissors and styling materials. Barbers also worked as hairdressers, and wealthy men often had personal barbers within their home. With the standard of wig wearing within the culture, wigmakers were also trained as hairdressers. In ancient Rome and Greece household slaves and servants took on the role of hairdressers, including dyeing and shaving. Men who did not have their own private hair or shaving services would visit the local barbershop. Women had their hair maintained and groomed at their homes. Historical documentation is lacking regarding hairstylists from the 5th century until the 14th century. Hair care service grew in demand after a papal decree in 1092 demanded that all Roman Catholic clergymen remove their facial hair. [3]

Europe

A caricature of a French hairdresser at the Academie de Coiffure, working on a large hairstyle, fashionable of the time, in the 18th century. HairAcademy.jpg
A caricature of a French hairdresser at the Académie de Coiffure, working on a large hairstyle, fashionable of the time, in the 18th century.

The first appearance of the word "hairdresser" is in 17th century Europe, and hairdressing was considered a profession. [4] Hair fashion of the period suggested that wealthy women wear large, complex and heavily adorned hairstyles, which would be maintained by their personal maids and other people, who would spend hours dressing the woman's hair. A wealthy man's hair would often be maintained by a valet. It was in France where men began styling women's hair for the first time, and many of the notable hairdressers of the time were men, a trend that would continue into contemporary times. The first famous male hairdresser was Champagne, who was born in Southern France. Upon moving to Paris, he opened his own hair salon and dressed the hair of wealthy Parisian women until his death in 1658. [3]

Women's hair grew taller in style during the 17th century, popularized by the hairdresser Madame Martin. The hairstyle, "the tower," was the trend with wealthy English and American women, who relied on hairdressers to style their hair as tall as possible. Tall piles of curls were pomaded, powdered and decorated with ribbons, flowers, lace, feathers and jewelry. The profession of hairdressing was launched as a genuine profession when Legros de Rumigny was declared the first official hairdresser of the French court. In 1765 de Rumigny published his book Art de la Coiffure des Dames, which discussed hairdressing and included pictures of hairstyles designed by him. The book was a best seller amongst Frenchwomen, and four years later de Rumigny opened a school for hairdressers: Academie de Coiffure. At the school he taught men and women to cut hair and create his special hair designs. [3]

By 1777, approximately 1,200 hairdressers were working in Paris. During this time, barbers formed unions, and demanded that hairdressers do the same. Wigmakers also demanded that hairdressers cease taking away from their trade, and hairdressers responded that their roles were not the same, hairdressing was a service, and wigmakers made and sold a product. de Rumigny died in 1770 and other hairdressers gained in popularity, specifically three Frenchmen: Frederic, Larseueur, and Léonard. Leonard and Larseueur were the stylists for Marie Antoinette. Leonard was her favorite, and developed many hairstyles that became fashion trends within wealthy Parisian circles, including the loge d'opera, which towered five feet over the wearer's head. [3] [5] During the French Revolution he escaped the country hours before he was to be arrested, alongside the king, queen, and other clients. Léonard emigrated to Russia, where he worked as the premier hairdresser for Russian nobility. [3]

19th century

A hairdresser cutting a child's hair, March 26, 1866 DV307 no.153 A Barber curring hair March 26 1866.png
A hairdresser cutting a child's hair, March 26, 1866

Parisian hairdressers continued to develop influential styles during the early 19th century. Wealthy French women would have their favorite hairdressers style their hair from within their own homes, a trend seen in wealthy international communities. Hairdressing was primarily a service affordable only to those wealthy enough to hire professionals or to pay for servants to care for their hair. In the United States, Marie Laveau was one of the most famous hairdressers of the period. Laveau, located in New Orleans, began working as a hairdresser in the early 1820s, maintaining the hair of wealthy women of the city. She was a voodoo practitioner, called the "Voodoo Queen of New Orleans," and she used her connections to wealthy women to support her religious practice. She provided "help" to women who needed it for money, gifts and other favors. [3]

French hairdresser Marcel Grateau developed the "Marcel wave" in the late part of the century. His wave required the use of a special hot hair iron and needed to be done by an experienced hairdresser. Fashionable women asked to have their hair "marceled." During this period, hairdressers began opening salons in cities and towns, led by Martha Matilda Harper, who developed one of the first retail chains of hair salons, the Harper Method. [3]

A Dutch hairstylist gives a woman the "Coup Sixty-One" hairstyle. After completing the look, he then shows that his styling can withstand the elements, with a watering can demonstration.

20th century

Beauty salons became popularized during the 20th century, alongside men's barbershops. These spaces served as social spaces, allowing women to socialize while having their hair done and other services such as facials. Wealthy women still had hairdressers visit their home, but, the majority of women visited salons for services, including high-end salons such as Elizabeth Arden's Red Door Salon. [3]

Major advancements in hairdressing tools took place during this period. Electricity led to the development of permanent wave machines and hair dryers. These tools allowed hairdressers to promote visits to their salons, over limited service in-home visits. New coloring processes were developed, including those by Eugène Schueller in Paris, which allowed hairdressers to perform complicated styling techniques. After World War I, the bob cut and the shingle bob became popular, alongside other short haircuts. In the 1930s complicated styles came back into fashion, alongside the return of the Marcel wave. Hairdressing was one of the few acceptable professions during this time for women, alongside teaching, nursing and clerical work. [3]

Modern hairdressing

Specialties

A picture of a hairstylist coloring her client's hair Haircoloring.jpg
A picture of a hairstylist coloring her client's hair

Some hairstylists specialize in particular services, such as colorists, who specialize in coloring hair. [6] [7]

By country

United States

Shelf with a great number of different hair colours, each having a colour code printed on the packaging, at a hairdresser in Germany. In practice, often two or more colours are mixed with each other to achieve a certain intermediate colour tone, which requires significant experience. Shelve with various hair colours (hair dyes) in a hairdresser shop in Germany (2023).jpg
Shelf with a great number of different hair colours, each having a colour code printed on the packaging, at a hairdresser in Germany. In practice, often two or more colours are mixed with each other to achieve a certain intermediate colour tone, which requires significant experience.

Occupationally, hairdressing is expected to grow faster than the average for all other occupations, at 20%. A state license is required for hairdressers to practice, with qualifications varying from state to state. Generally a person interested in hairdressing must have a high school diploma or GED, be at least 16 years of age, and have graduated from a state-licensed barber or cosmetology school. Full-time programs often last 9 months or more, leading to an associate degree. After students graduate from a program, they take a state licensing exam, which often consists of a written test, and a practical test of styling or an oral exam. Hairdressers must pay for licenses, and occasionally licenses must be renewed. Some states allow hairdressers to work without obtaining a new license, while others require a new license. About 44% of hairdressers are self-employed, often putting in 40-hour work weeks, and even longer among the self-employed. In 2008, 29% of hairstylists worked part-time, and 14% had variable schedules. As of 2008, people working as hairdressers totaled about 630,700, with a projected increase to 757,700 by 2018. [8]

Occupational health hazards

Like many occupations, hairdressing is associated with potential health hazards stemming from the products workers use on the job as well as the environment they work in. [9] Exposure risks are highly variable throughout the profession due to differences in the physical workspace, such as use of proper ventilation, as well as individual exposures to various chemicals throughout one's career. Hairdressers encounter a variety of chemicals on the job due to handling products such as shampoos, conditioners, sprays, chemical straighteners, permanent curling agents, bleaching agents, and dyes. [10] While the U.S. Food and Drug Administration does hold certain guidelines over cosmetic products, such as proper labeling and provisions against adulteration, the FDA does not require approval of products prior to being sold to the public. [11] This leaves opportunity for variations in product formulation, which can make occupational exposure evaluation challenging. However, there are certain chemicals that are commonly found in products used in hair salons and have been the subject of various occupational hazard studies.

Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is a chemical used in various industries and has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer or IARC as “carcinogenic to humans”. [12] The presence of formaldehyde and methylene glycol, a formaldehyde derivative, have been found in hair smoothing products, such as the Brazilian Blowout. [13] The liquid product is applied to the hair, which is then dried using a blow dryer. Simulation studies as well as observational studies of working salons have shown formaldehyde levels in the air that meet and exceed occupational exposure limits. [13] [14] Variations in observed levels are a function of ventilation used in the workplace as well as the levels of formaldehyde, and its derivatives, in the product itself. [13] [14]

Aromatic amines

Aromatic amines are a broad class of compounds containing an amine group attached to an aromatic ring. IARC has categorized most aromatic amines as known carcinogens. Their use spans several industries including use in pesticides, medications, and industrial dyes. [15] Aromatic amines have also been found in oxidative (permanent) hair dyes; however due to their potential for carcinogenicity, they were removed from most hair dye formulations and their use was completely banned in the European Union. [16]

Phthalates

Phthalates are a class of compounds that are esters of phthalic acid. Their main use has been as plasticizers, additives to plastic products to change certain physical characteristics. They have also been widely used in cosmetic products as preservatives, including shampoos and hair sprays. [17] Phthalates have been implicated as endocrine disrupting chemicals, compounds that mimic the body's own hormones and can lead to dysregulation of the reproductive and neurologic systems as well as changes in metabolism and cell proliferation. [17]

Health considerations

Reproductive

Most hairdressers are women of childbearing age, which lends to additional considerations for potential workplace exposures and the risks they may pose. [9] There have been studies linking mothers who are hairdressers with adverse birthing outcomes such as low birth weight, preterm delivery, perinatal death, and neonates who are small for gestational age. [9] [18] [19] However, these studies failed to show a well-defined association between individual risk factors and adverse birthing outcomes. Other studies have also indicated a correlation between professional hairdressing and menstrual dysfunction as well as subfertility. [20] [21] However, subsequent studies did not show similar correlations. [22] Due to such inconsistencies, further research is required.

Oncologic

The International Agency for Research on Cancer or IARC, has categorized occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers to chemical agents found in the workplace as “probably carcinogenic to humans” or category 2A in their classification system. [12] This is due in part to the presence of chemical compounds historically found in hair products that have exhibited mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in animal and in vitro studies. [12] However, the same consistent effects have yet to be fully determined in humans. There have been studies showing a link between occupational exposure to hair dyes and increased risk of bladder in male hairdressers but not females. [12] [23] Other malignancies such as ovarian, breast and lung cancers have also been studied in hairdressers, but the outcomes of these studies were either inconclusive due to potential confounding or did not exhibit an increase in risk. [12]

Respiratory

Volatile organic compounds have been shown to be the largest inhalation exposure in hair salons, with the greatest concentrations occurring while mixing hair dyes and with use of hair sprays. [12] [24] Other notable respiratory exposures included ethanol, ammonia, and formaldehyde. [12] The concentration of exposure was generally found to be a function of the presence or absence of ventilation in the area in which they were working. [14] [24] Studies have exhibited an increased rate of respiratory symptoms experienced such as cough, wheezing, rhinitis, and shortness of breath among hairdressers when compared to other groups. [25] [26] Decreased lung function levels on spirometry have also been demonstrated in hairdressers when compared to unexposed reference groups. [25]

Dermal

Contact dermatitis is a common dermatological diagnosis affecting hairdressers. [27] [28] Allergen sensitization has been considered the main cause for most cases of contact dermatitis in hairdressers, as products such as hair dyes and bleaches, as well as permanent curling agents contain chemicals that are known sensitizers. [28] [29] Hairdressers also spend a significant amount of time engaging in wet work with their hands being directly immersed in water or by handling of wet hair and tools. Overtime, this type of work has also been implicated in increased rate of irritant dermatitis among hairdressers due to damage of the skins natural protective barrier [30]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carcinogen</span> Substance, radionuclide, or radiation directly involved in causing cancer

A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens, but their carcinogenic activity is attributed to the radiation, for example gamma rays and alpha particles, which they emit. Common examples of non-radioactive carcinogens are inhaled asbestos, certain dioxins, and tobacco smoke. Although the public generally associates carcinogenicity with synthetic chemicals, it is equally likely to arise from both natural and synthetic substances. Carcinogens are not necessarily immediately toxic; thus, their effect can be insidious.

Coal tar is a thick dark liquid which is a by-product of the production of coke and coal gas from coal. It is a type of creosote. It has both medical and industrial uses. Medicinally it is a topical medication applied to skin to treat psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff). It may be used in combination with ultraviolet light therapy. Industrially it is a railroad tie preservative and used in the surfacing of roads. Coal tar was listed as a known human carcinogen in the first Report on Carcinogens from the U.S. Federal Government, issued in 1980.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Formaldehyde</span> Organic compound (H–CHO); simplest aldehyde

Formaldehyde ( for-MAL-di-hide, fər-) (systematic name methanal) is an organic compound with the formula CH2O and structure H−CHO. The compound is a pungent, colourless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde. It is stored as aqueous solutions (formalin), which consists mainly of the hydrate CH2(OH)2. It is the simplest of the aldehydes (R−CHO). As a precursor to many other materials and chemical compounds, in 2006 the global production of formaldehyde was estimated at 12 million tons per year. It is mainly used in the production of industrial resins, e.g., for particle board and coatings. Small amounts also occur naturally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barber</span> Person who cuts, dresses, grooms, styles and shaves males hair or beards

A barber is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave hair or beards. A barber's place of work is known as a barbershop or the barber's. Barbershops have been noted places of social interaction and public discourse since at least classical antiquity. In some instances, barbershops were also public forums. They were the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aniline</span> Organic compound (C₆H₅NH₂); simplest aromatic amine

Aniline is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2. Consisting of a phenyl group attached to an amino group, aniline is the simplest aromatic amine. It is an industrially significant commodity chemical, as well as a versatile starting material for fine chemical synthesis. Its main use is in the manufacture of precursors to polyurethane, dyes, and other industrial chemicals. Like most volatile amines, it has the odor of rotten fish. It ignites readily, burning with a smoky flame characteristic of aromatic compounds. It is toxic to humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hair coloring</span> Practice of changing the hair color

Hair coloring, or hair dyeing, is the practice of changing the color of the hair on humans' heads. The main reasons for this are cosmetic: to cover gray or white hair, to alter hair to create a specific look, to change a color to suit preference or to restore the original hair color after it has been discolored by hairdressing processes or sun bleaching.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cosmetology</span> Study and application of beauty treatment

Cosmetology is the study and application of beauty treatment. Branches of specialty include hairstyling, skin care, cosmetics, manicures/pedicures, non-permanent hair removal such as waxing and sugaring, and permanent hair removal processes such as electrology and intense pulsed light (IPL).

<i>p</i>-Phenylenediamine Chemical compound

p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NH2)2. This derivative of aniline is a white solid, but samples can darken due to air oxidation. It is mainly used as a component of engineering polymers and composites like kevlar. It is also an ingredient in hair dyes and is occasionally used as a substitute for henna.

A relaxer is a type of lotion or cream generally used by people with tight curls or very curly hair which makes hair easier to straighten by chemically "relaxing" the natural curls. The active agent is usually a strong alkali, although some formulations are based on ammonium thioglycolate or formaldehyde.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azo dye</span> Class of organic compounds used as dye

Azo dyes are organic compounds bearing the functional group R−N=N−R′, in which R and R′ are usually aryl and substituted aryl groups. They are a commercially important family of azo compounds, i.e. compounds containing the C-N=N-C linkage. Azo dyes are synthetic dyes and do not occur naturally. Most azo dyes contain only one azo group but there are some that contain two or three azo groups, called "diazo dyes" and "triazo dyes" respectively. Azo dyes comprise 60-70% of all dyes used in food and textile industries. Azo dyes are widely used to treat textiles, leather articles, and some foods. Chemically related derivatives of azo dyes include azo pigments, which are insoluble in water and other solvents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethylenediamine</span> Chemical compound

Ethylenediamine (abbreviated as en when a ligand) is the organic compound with the formula C2H4(NH2)2. This colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor is a basic amine. It is a widely used building block in chemical synthesis, with approximately 500,000 tonnes produced in 1998. Ethylenediamine is the first member of the so-called polyethylene amines.

4-Aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5C6H4NH2. It is an amine derivative of biphenyl. It is a colorless solid, although aged samples can appear colored. 4-Aminobiphenyl was commonly used in the past as a rubber antioxidant and an intermediate for dyes. Exposure to this aryl-amine can happen through contact with chemical dyes and from inhalation of cigarette smoke. Researches showed that 4-aminobiphenyl is responsible for bladder cancer in humans and dogs by damaging DNA. Due to its carcinogenic effects, commercial production of 4-aminobiphenyl ceased in the United States in the 1950s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DNA adduct</span> Segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical

In molecular genetics, a DNA adduct is a segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical. This process could lead to the development of cancerous cells, or carcinogenesis. DNA adducts in scientific experiments are used as biomarkers of exposure. They are especially useful in quantifying an organism's exposure to a carcinogen. The presence of such an adduct indicates prior exposure to a potential carcinogen, but it does not necessarily indicate the presence of cancer in the subject animal.

Brazilian hair straightening is a semi-permanent hair straightening method done by temporarily sealing a liquid solution consisting of formaldehyde or a formaldehyde derivative and a preservative solution into the hair with a hair iron.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DMDM hydantoin</span> Chemical compound

DMDM hydantoin is an antimicrobial formaldehyde releaser preservative with the trade name Glydant. DMDM hydantoin is an organic compound belonging to a class of compounds known as hydantoins. It is used in the cosmetics industry and found in products like shampoos, hair conditioners, hair gels, and skin care products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hair bleaching</span> Practice of lightening the natural hair color

Hair bleaching, is the practice of lightening the hair color mainly for cosmetic purposes using bleaching agents. Bleaching can be done alone, combined with a toner, or as a step for further hair coloring. The most common commercial bleaching agents in use are hydrogen peroxide and persulfate salts, but historically other agents such as sulfuric acid, wood ash, lye and hypochlorite bleach were used. Hair can also become bleached unintentionally, such as through sun exposure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman hairstyles</span> Hairstyles in ancient Rome

Hairstyle fashion in Rome was ever changing, and particularly in the Roman Imperial Period there were a number of different ways to style hair. As with clothes, there were several hairstyles that were limited to certain people in ancient society. Styles are so distinctive they allow scholars today to create a chronology of Roman portraiture and art; we are able to date pictures of the empresses on coins or identify busts depending on their hairstyles.

4,4′-Methylenedianiline (MDA) is an organic compound with the formula CH2(C6H4NH2)2. It is a colorless solid, although commercial samples can appear yellow or brown. It is produced on an industrial scale, mainly as a precursor to polyurethanes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heterocyclic amine formation in meat</span>

Heterocyclic amines are a group of chemical compounds, many of which can be formed during cooking. They are found in meats that are cooked to the "well done" stage, in pan drippings and in meat surfaces that show a brown or black crust. Epidemiological studies show associations between intakes of heterocyclic amines and cancers of the colon, rectum, breast, prostate, pancreas, lung, stomach, and esophagus, and animal feeding experiments support a causal relationship. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service labeled several heterocyclic amines as likely carcinogens in its 13th Report on Carcinogens. Changes in cooking techniques reduce the level of heterocyclic amines.

Margaret Vinci Heldt was an American hairstylist, best known as the creator of the beehive hairstyle.

References

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  2. ↑ Oshhaa, M. D. (2022-08-04). "African Hairstyles' Social Importance and Spiritual Significance". Africa Facts Zone. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Victoria Sherrow (2006). Encyclopedia of hair: a cultural history. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 161–164. ISBN   978-0-313-33145-9 . Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  4. ↑ "Definition of HAIRDRESSER". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  5. ↑ Brown-Paynter, R. (1894–1895). "Freaks of Fashion". Atalanta . 8: 163.
  6. ↑ Baptista, Penny (2009). Hair to Dye For: A Hair Colorist's Secrets Revealed. iUniverse. ISBN   978-0-595-52483-9.
  7. ↑ Krupp, Charla (2008-01-02). How Not to Look Old: Fast and Effortless Ways to Look 10 Years Younger, 10 Pounds Lighter, 10 Times Better. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN   978-0-446-51106-3.
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  16. ↑ Bolt, Hermann M.; Golka, Klaus (January 2007). "The Debate on Carcinogenicity of Permanent Hair Dyes: New Insights". Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 37 (6): 521–536. doi:10.1080/10408440701385671. ISSN   1040-8444. PMID   17661215. S2CID   23915716.
  17. 1 2 Kolena, B; Petrovičová, I; Šidlovská, M; Pilka, T; Neuschlová, M; Valentová, I; Rybanský, L'; Trnovec, T (October 2017). "Occupational phthalate exposure and health outcomes among hairdressing apprentices". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 36 (10): 1100–1112. doi:10.1177/0960327116678295. ISSN   0960-3271. PMID   27852937. S2CID   21682547.
  18. ↑ Rylander, L (2002-08-01). "Reproductive outcome among female hairdressers". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 59 (8): 517–522. doi:10.1136/oem.59.8.517. PMC   1740337 . PMID   12151607.
  19. ↑ Quach, Thu; Von Behren, Julie; Goldberg, Debbie; Layefsky, Michael; Reynolds, Peggy (October 2015). "Adverse birth outcomes and maternal complications in licensed cosmetologists and manicurists in California". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 88 (7): 823–833. doi:10.1007/s00420-014-1011-0. ISSN   0340-0131. PMID   25501563. S2CID   13005915.
  20. ↑ Ronda, Elena; García, Ana Maria; Sánchez-Paya, José; Moen, Bente E. (November 2009). "Menstrual disorders and subfertility in Spanish hairdressers". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 147 (1): 61–64. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.07.020. PMID   19713029.
  21. ↑ Blatter, B.M.; Zielhuis, G.A. (1993). "Menstrual disorders due to chemical exposure among hairdressers". Occupational Medicine. 43 (2): 105–106. doi:10.1093/occmed/43.2.105. ISSN   0962-7480. PMID   8495000.
  22. ↑ Hougaard, K.S.; Hannerz, H.; Bonde, J.P.; Feveile, H.; Burr, H. (December 2006). "The risk of infertility among hairdressers. Five-year follow-up of female hairdressers in a Danish national registry". Human Reproduction. 21 (12): 3122–3126. doi: 10.1093/humrep/del160 . ISSN   1460-2350. PMID   17012331.
  23. ↑ Harling, M.; Schablon, A.; Schedlbauer, G.; Dulon, M.; Nienhaus, A. (2010-05-01). "Bladder cancer among hairdressers: a meta-analysis". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 67 (5): 351–358. doi:10.1136/oem.2009.050195. ISSN   1351-0711. PMC   2981018 . PMID   20447989.
  24. 1 2 Tsigonia, Alexandra; Lagoudi, Argyro; Chandrinou, Stavroula; Linos, Athena; Evlogias, Nikos; Alexopoulos, Evangelos C. (2010-01-26). "Indoor Air in Beauty Salons and Occupational Health Exposure of Cosmetologists to Chemical Substances". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 7 (1): 314–324. doi: 10.3390/ijerph7010314 . ISSN   1660-4601. PMC   2819791 . PMID   20195448.
  25. 1 2 Heibati, Behzad; Jaakkola, Maritta S.; Lajunen, Taina K.; Ducatman, Alan; Bamshad, Zahra; Eslamizad, Samira; Shafee, Fatemeh; Karimi, Ali; Jaakkola, Jouni J. K. (2021-01-18). "Occupational exposures and respiratory symptoms and lung function among hairdressers in Iran: a cross-sectional study". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 94 (5): 877–887. doi:10.1007/s00420-020-01645-z. ISSN   0340-0131. PMC   8238693 . PMID   33459872. S2CID   231634447.
  26. ↑ Brisman, Jonas; Albin, Maria; Rylander, Lars; Mikoczy, Zoli; Lillienberg, Linnéa; Höglund, Anna Dahlman; Torén, Kjell; Meding, Birgitta; Diab, Kerstin Kronholm; Nielsen, Jørn (December 2003). "The incidence of respiratory symptoms in female Swedish hairdressers: Respiratory Symptoms in Hairdressers". American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 44 (6): 673–678. doi:10.1002/ajim.10293. PMID   14635244.
  27. ↑ Hougaard, Majken G.; Winther, Lone; Søsted, Heidi; Zachariae, Claus; Johansen, Jeanne D. (January 2015). "Occupational skin diseases in hairdressing apprentices – has anything changed?". Contact Dermatitis. 72 (1): 40–46. doi:10.1111/cod.12315. PMID   25381756. S2CID   13019391.
  28. 1 2 Warshaw, Erin M.; Wang, Michael Z.; Mathias, C.G. Toby; Maibach, Howard I.; Belsito, Donald V.; Zug, Kathryn A.; Taylor, James S.; Zirwas, Matthew J.; Fransway, Anthony F.; DeLeo, Vincent A.; Marks, James G. (November 2012). "Occupational Contact Dermatitis in Hairdressers/Cosmetologists: Retrospective Analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 1994 to 2010". Dermatitis. 23 (6): 258–268. doi:10.1097/DER.0b013e318273a3b8. ISSN   1710-3568. PMID   23169207. S2CID   5255739.
  29. ↑ Handa, Sanjeev; De, Dipankar; Mahajan, Rahul (2012). "Contact dermatitis to hair dye: An update". Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 78 (5): 583–590. doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.100556 . ISSN   0378-6323. PMID   22960813.
  30. ↑ Jung, Pil Kyun; Lee, June-Hee; Baek, Ji Hye; Hwang, Jungho; Won, Jong-Uk; Kim, Inah; Roh, Jaehoon (December 2014). "The Effect of Work Characteristics on Dermatologic Symptoms in Hairdressers". Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 26 (1): 13. doi: 10.1186/2052-4374-26-13 . ISSN   2052-4374. PMC   4097089 . PMID   25028609.
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