Haplogroup S-M230

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Haplogroup S-M230 (S1a1b)
Melanesia S ADN-Y.PNG
Possible time of origin28,000-41,000 years before present (Scheinfeldt 2006)
Possible place of origin New Guinea/Indonesia
Ancestor S1a1 (Z42413) [1] [2]
DescendantsS1a1b1 (M254)
Defining mutationsM230, P202
Highest frequencies Ekari 74% (Mona 2007)

Haplogroup S-M230, also known as S1a1b (and previously as S* or K2b1a4), is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is by far the most numerically significant subclade of Haplogroup S1a (and its sole primary subclade, Haplogroup S-P405).

Contents

S-M230 is commonly found among populations of the highlands of Papua New Guinea ( Kayser 2003 ). It is also found at lower frequencies in adjacent parts of Indonesia and Melanesia. [1] (Kayser 2003 Cox 2006)

Origin

Haplogroup S-M230 is thought to have evolved somewhere between 28,000-41,000 years ago. Portions of Northern Melanesia were settled by modern humans at least 42,000 years before present; early populations of Melanesia were hunter-gatherers and introduction of plants from New Zealand suggests outside contact. [3]

Distribution

One study has reported finding haplogroup S-M230 in: 52% (16/31) of a sample from the Papua New Guinea (PNG) Highlands; 21% (7/34) of a sample from the Moluccas; 16% (5/31) of a sample from the Papua New Guinea coast; 12.5% (2/16) of a sample of Tolai from New Britain; 10% (3/31) of a sample from Nusa Tenggara, and; 2% (2/89) of a sample from the West New Guinea lowlands/coast.(Kayser 2003 Cox 2006)

One subclade, Haplogroup S-M226.1 (S1a1b1d1a; previously S1d) has been found at low frequencies in the Admiralty Islands and along the coast of mainland PNG. ( Kayser 2008 ).

Phylogenetics

Structure & position within Haplogroup S

S1a
(Based on the 2017 ISOGG tree, [1] the 2015 ISOGG tree, [4] ) the 2008 YCC tree ( Karafet 2008 ) and other published research.)

History

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)(α)(β)(γ)(δ)(ε)(ζ)(η)YCC 2002 (Longhand)YCC 2005 (Longhand)YCC 2008 (Longhand)YCC 2010r (Longhand)ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
K-M9 26VIII1U25Eu16H5FK*KKK-------

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

2005 YCC tree

2008 YCC tree

From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K5.[ citation needed ]

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA S subclades

  • S-M230

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

  1. 1 2 3 International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2017), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2017 (24 March 2017).
  2. ↑ "Browse Articles | European Journal of Human Genetics". www.nature.com. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  3. ↑ Scheinfeldt, Laura; Friedlaender, Françoise; Friedlaender, Jonathan; Latham, Krista; Koki, George; Karafet, Tatyana; Hammer, Michael; Lorenz, Joseph (2006-08-01). "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1628–1641. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. ISSN   0737-4038.
  4. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

Footnotes

    Works cited

    Sources for conversion tables


    Further reading

    Phylogenetics

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