Harrya chromapes

Last updated
Harrya chromapes
Harrya chromapes 359731.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Harrya
Species:
H. chromapes
Binomial name
Harrya chromapes
(Frost) Halling, Nuhn, Osmundson, & Manfr.Binder (2012)
Synonyms [1]
List
  • Boletus chromapesFrost (1874)
  • Ceriomyces chromapes(Frost) Murrill (1909)
  • Krombholzia chromapes(Frost) Singer (1942)
  • Leccinum chromapes(Frost) Singer (1947)
  • Tylopilus chromapes(Frost) A.H.Sm. & Thiers (1968)
  • Tylopilus cartagoensisWolfe & Bougher (1993)
  • Leccinum cartagoense(Wolfe & Bougher) Halling & G.M.Muell. (1999)
Harrya chromapes
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngPores on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgFlat cap icon.svg Cap is convex or flat
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is pinkish-brown
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Harrya chromapes, commonly known as the yellowfoot bolete or the chrome-footed bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The bolete is found in eastern North America, Costa Rica, and eastern Asia, where it grows on the ground, in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous and coniferous trees. Fruit bodies have smooth, rose-pink caps that are initially convex before flattening out. The pores on the cap undersurface are white, aging to a pale pink as the spores mature. The thick stipe has fine pink or reddish dots (scabers), and is white to pinkish but with a bright yellow base. The mushrooms are edible but are popular with insects, and so they are often infested with maggots.

Contents

In its taxonomic history, Harrya chromapes has been shuffled to several different genera, including Boletus , Leccinum , and Tylopilus , and is known in field guides as a member of one of these genera. In 2012, it was transferred to the newly created genus Harrya when it was established that morphological and molecular evidence demonstrated its distinctness from the genera in which it had formerly been placed.

Taxonomy

The species was first described scientifically by American mycologist Charles Christopher Frost as Boletus chromapes. Cataloging the bolete fungi of New England, Frost published 22 new bolete species in that 1874 publication. [2] Rolf Singer placed the species in Leccinum in 1947 due to the scabrous dots on the stipe, [3] even though the spore print color was not typical of that genus. In 1968, Alexander H. Smith and Harry Delbert Thiers thought that Tylopilus was a more appropriate fit as they believed the pinkish-brown spore print—characteristic of that genus—to be of greater taxonomic significance. [4] Other genera to which it has been shuffled in its taxonomic history include Ceriomyces by William Alphonso Murrill in 1909, [5] and Krombholzia by Rolf Singer in 1942; [6] Ceriomyces and Krombholzia have since been subsumed into Boletus and Leccinum, respectively. [7] Additional synonyms include Tylopilus cartagoensis, described by Wolfe & Bougher in 1993, [8] and a later combination based on this name, Leccinum cartagoense. [9]

Molecular analysis of large-subunit ribosomal DNA and translation elongation factor 1α showed that the species belonged to a unique lineage in the family Boletaceae, and the genus Harrya was circumscribed to contain both it (as the type species) and the newly described H. atriceps . Javan species referred to Tylopilus pernanus are sister to the Harrya lineage. [1]

The specific epithet chromapes is Latin for "yellow foot". [10] It is commonly known as the "yellowfoot bolete" [11] or the "chrome-footed bolete". [12]

Description

Harrya chromapes 279859.jpg
The stipe base is chrome yellow.
Harrya chromapes 279857.jpg
The stipe surface has pink or reddish scabers.

The fruit bodies have caps that are initially convex before flattening out in maturity, reaching diameters between 3 and 15 cm (1.2 and 5.9 in). The cap surface is dry to slightly sticky. It is initially pink to rose-colored, fading to tan or pinkish tan in maturity. [12] The cap margin may curl upward in maturity. [13] The flesh is white, and does not stain blue when it is bruised or injured (an important diagnostic feature of many bolete species). It does not have any distinct odor or taste. The pore surface is initially white before becoming pinkish to flesh-colored in age. The individual pores are circular to angular, numbering two or three per millimeter, while the tubes are 8–14 mm (0.3–0.6 in) long. [12] Tubes near the top of the stipe are depressed and almost free from attachment. [14] The stipe measures 4–14 cm (1.6–5.5 in) long by 1–2.5 cm (0.4–1.0 in) thick and is equal in width throughout its length, or with a slight taper in either direction. The stipe surface has a scurfy texture from scabers that are colored white, pink or reddish. The underlying surface color is white or pinkish except for the yellow base. [12] The mushrooms are edible and good, but popular with insects, and so are often infested with maggots. [15]

Spores are smooth and translucent, measuring up to 17 um long Harrya chromapes 223007.jpg
Spores are smooth and translucent, measuring up to 17 µm long

The spore print has been reported as ranging in color from pinkish, to pinkish-brown, [12] to rosy brown, to vinaceous-fawn. The variation in spore print color results in part from differences in moisture content when recorded. [16] Spores are roughly oblong to oval, smooth, hyaline (translucent) to pale brown, and measure 11–17 by 4–5.5  µm. [12] They are covered in a gelatinous sheath. [16] The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, two- and four-spored, thin-walled, and measure 25–35 by 10–14 µm. Pleurocystidia (found on the tube walls) are roughly cylindrical to fuse-shaped with rounded tips, and measure 37–50 by 5–8 µm. Cheilocystidia (on the tube edges) are fuse-shaped with a central swelling, thin-walled, and measure 23–40 by 6–8 µm. Caulocystidia at the top of the stipe have various shapes and dimensions of 25–45 by 10–15 µm; at the stipe base, the caulocystidia are 30–40 by 7–23 µm and are mostly club-shaped to roughly spherical to tear-shaped. The cap cuticle comprises a single layer of tangled hyphae that are 4–6 µm thick. [17]

Several chemical tests can be used to confirm the identify of the mushroom. A drop of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) on the flesh turns it greenish, while potassium hydroxide (KOH) turns it brown. The cap cuticle turns yellow with nitric acid (HNO3), and yellow with ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH). [17]

Similar species

Fruit bodies of Harrya chromapes are readily identified in the field by their rosy color, bright yellow stipe base, and reddish scabers on the stipe. Tylopilus subchromapes is a similar species found in Australia. [8] Tylopilus ballouii has a more orangish cap and lacks the distinctive chrome-yellow stipe base. [13] Harrya atriceps is a closely related rare species from Costa Rica. In contrast to its more common relative, it lacks reddish color in its stipe scabers and has a black cap, although it has a similar yellow stipe base. [1]

Habitat and distribution

Harrya chromapes is an ectomycorrhizal species, [18] and its fruit bodies grow singly to scattered on soil. They are usually found in forests containing conifers, Betulaceae and oak in North America. The North American distribution includes eastern Canada south to Georgia and Alabama, [1] including Mexico. [19] It extends west to Michigan and Mississippi. [1] The fruit season extends from late spring to late summer. [13] In Costa Rica, where the species associates with oak, it has been recorded from the Cordillera Talamanca, the Poás and Irazu Volcano. [1] It is also in Guatemala. [20] In Asia, it is known from India (West Bengal), [21] Taiwan, [22] Japan, [23] and in China, where it associates with trees from the beech and pine families. [1]

Fruit bodies can be parasitized by the molds Sepedonium ampullosporum , S. laevigatum , and S. chalcipori . In Sepedonium infections, a white to powdery yellow mold covers the surface of the fruit body. [24] The mushrooms are a food source and rearing habitat for several insect species, including the fungus gnats Mycetophila fisherae and M. signatoides , and flies such as Pegomya winthemi and species of the genera Sciophila and Mydaea . [25] The cottontail rabbit species Sylvilagus brasiliensis has been recorded feeding on the mushrooms in Costa Rica. [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boletaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Boletaceae are a family of mushroom-forming fungi, primarily characterised by small pores on the spore-bearing hymenial surface, instead of gills as are found in most agarics. Nearly as widely distributed as the agarics, the family is renowned for hosting some prime edible species highly sought after by mushroom hunters worldwide, such as the cep or king bolete . A number of rare or threatened species are also present in the family, that have become the focus of increasing conservation concerns. As a whole, the typical members of the family are commonly known as boletes.

<i>Caloboletus calopus</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Asia, Northern Europe and North America

Caloboletus calopus, commonly known as the bitter beech bolete or scarlet-stemmed bolete, is a fungus of the bolete family, found in Asia, Northern Europe and North America. Appearing in coniferous and deciduous woodland in summer and autumn, the stout fruit bodies are attractively coloured, with a beige to olive cap up to 15 cm (6 in) across, yellow pores, and a reddish stipe up to 15 cm (6 in) long and 5 cm (2 in) wide. The pale yellow flesh stains blue when broken or bruised.

<i>Tylopilus</i> Genus of fungi

Tylopilus is a genus of over 100 species of mycorrhizal bolete fungi separated from Boletus. Its best known member is the bitter bolete, the only species found in Europe. More species are found in North America, such as the edible species T. alboater. Australia is another continent where many species are found. All members of the genus form mycorrhizal relationships with trees. Members of the genus are distinguished by their pinkish pore surfaces.

<i>Tylopilus felleus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus felleus, commonly known as the bitter bolete or the bitter tylopilus, is a fungus of the bolete family. Its distribution includes east Asia, Europe and eastern North America, extending south into Mexico and Central America. A mycorrhizal species, it grows in deciduous and coniferous woodland, often fruiting under beech and oak. Its fruit bodies have convex to flat caps that are some shade of brown, buff or tan and typically measure up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. The pore surface is initially white before turning pinkish with age. Like most boletes it lacks a ring and it may be distinguished from Boletus edulis and other similar species by its unusual pink pores and the prominent dark-brown net-like pattern on its stalk.

<i>Bothia</i> Genus of fungi

Bothia is a fungal genus in the family Boletaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Bothia castanella, a bolete mushroom first described scientifically in 1900 from collections made in New Jersey. Found in the eastern United States, Costa Rica, China, and Taiwan, it grows in a mycorrhizal association with oak trees. Its fruit body is chestnut brown, the cap is smooth and dry, and the underside of the cap has radially elongated tubes. The spore deposit is yellow-brown. The edibility of the mushroom is unknown. Historically, its unique combination of morphological features resulted in the transfer of B. castanella to six different Boletaceae genera. Molecular phylogenetic analysis, published in 2007, demonstrated that the species was genetically unique enough to warrant placement in its own genus.

<i>Exsudoporus frostii</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in North America

Exsudoporus frostii, commonly known as Frost's bolete or the apple bolete, is a bolete fungus first described scientifically in 1874. A member of the family Boletaceae, the mushrooms produced by the fungus have tubes and pores instead of gills on the underside of their caps. Exsudoporus frostii is distributed in the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia, and in the southwest from Arizona extending south to Mexico and Costa Rica. A mycorrhizal species, its fruit bodies are typically found growing near hardwood trees, especially oak.

<i>Aureoboletus mirabilis</i> Species of fungus

Aureoboletus mirabilis, commonly known as the admirable bolete, the bragger's bolete, and the velvet top, is an edible species of fungus in the Boletaceae mushroom family. The fruit body has several characteristics with which it may be identified: a dark reddish-brown cap; yellow to greenish-yellow pores on the undersurface of the cap; and a reddish-brown stem with long narrow reticulations. Aureoboletus mirabilis is found in coniferous forests along the Pacific Coast of North America, and in Asia. Unusual for boletes, A. mirabilis sometimes appears to fruit on the wood or woody debris of Hemlock, suggesting a saprobic lifestyle. Despite occasional appearances to the contrary, Aureoboletus mirabilis is mycorrhizal, and forms close mutualistic associations with hemlock roots.

<i>Leccinum manzanitae</i> Species of fungus

Leccinum manzanitae is an edible species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1971, it is commonly known as the manzanita bolete for its usual mycorrhizal association with manzanita trees. Its fruit bodies (mushrooms) have sticky reddish to brown caps up to 20 cm (8 in), and its stipes are up to 16 cm (6.3 in) long and 3.5 cm (1.4 in) thick. They have a whitish background color punctuated with small black scales known as scabers. Found only in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada, it is the most common Leccinum species in California. The mushroom is edible, although opinions vary as to its quality. L. manzanitae can be usually distinguished from other similar bolete mushrooms by its large size, reddish cap, dark scabers on a whitish stipe, and association with manzanita and madrone.

<i>Leccinum versipelle</i> Species of fungus

Leccinum versipelle, also known as Boletus testaceoscaber, dark-stalked bolete, or orange birch bolete, is a common species of mushroom that may be edible when given the right preparation. It is found below birches from July through to November, and turns black when cooked.

Zangia is a genus of bolete fungi in the family Boletaceae. The genus, circumscribed in 2011, contains six species found in China. Zangia species grow in forests dominated by Fagaceae mixed with Pinaceae (pines).

<i>Tylopilus tabacinus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus tabacinus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is characterized by a tawny-brown cap measuring up to 17.5 cm (6.9 in) in diameter, and a reticulated stem up to 16.5 cm (6.5 in) long by 6 cm (2.4 in) thick. A characteristic microscopic feature is the distinctive crystalline substance encrusted on the hyphae in the surface of the cap. The species is known from the eastern United States from Florida north to Rhode Island, and west to Mississippi, and from eastern Mexico. It is a mycorrhizal species, and associates with oak and beech trees.

<i>Leccinum arenicola</i> Species of fungus

Leccinum arenicola is a species of bolete mushroom in the family Boletaceae. Described in 1979, the fruit bodies (mushrooms) grow in sand dunes from New Brunswick south to Cape Cod.

<i>Phylloporus arenicola</i> Species of fungus

Phylloporus arenicola is a species of bolete mushroom in the family Boletaceae. It is found in the Pacific Northwest region of western North America, where it grows in sand dunes in a mycorrhizal association with pine trees. It is one of only three North American Boletaceae species that occur in coastal sand dunes.

<i>Xerocomus illudens</i> Species of fungus

Xerocomus illudens is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1898, it is found in Asia and North America, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with oak.

<i>Tylopilus rhoadsiae</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus rhoadsiae, commonly known as the pale bitter bolete, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to the eastern United States.

Harrya atriceps is a rare species of bolete fungus. Described as new to science in 2012, it is found in the Cordillera Talamanca of Costa Rica, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with the oak species Quercus copeyensis and Quercus seemannii. Compared to its much more common and widespread relative, Harrya chromapes, H. atriceps has a black cap and lacks pinkish colors in its stipe scabers, but it does have a yellowish stipe base. Its smooth, fusoid spores measure 9.1–11.9 by 4.2–6.3 μm.

<i>Tylopilus sordidus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus sordidus is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It was originally described in 1874 by Charles Christopher Frost as a species of Boletus. Alexander H. Smith and Harry Thiers transferred it to the genus Tylopilus in 1968. Fruit bodies of the fungus have a convex to flattened cap measuring 4.5–13 cm (1.8–5.1 in) in diameter. The brownish cap surface is initially tomentose to felt-like, but develops cracks in age. All parts of the mushrooms bruise dark blue to greenish when injured. The spore print is reddish brown; spores are smooth, roughly elliptical, and measure 10–14 by 4–6 µm. The bolete is found in North America, where it grows on the ground under oaks and conifers. Its edibility was recently unknown, but it is now considered inedible.

<i>Leccinum holopus</i> Species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae

Leccinum holopus, commonly known as the white birch bolete, white bog bolete, or ghost bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae found in northern Asia, Europe, and northeastern North America. It associates with birch trees and is typically found in boggy or swampy areas, often growing among sphagnum moss.

<i>Leccinellum rugosiceps</i> Species of fungus

Leccinellum rugosiceps, commonly known as the wrinkled Leccinum, is a species of bolete fungus. It is found in Asia, North America, Central America, and South America, where it grows in an ectomycorrhizal association with oak. Fruitbodies have convex, yellowish caps up to 15 cm (5.9 in) in diameter. In age, the cap surface becomes wrinkled, often revealing white cracks. The stipe is up to 10 cm (3.9 in) long and 3 cm (1.2 in) wide, with brown scabers on an underlying yellowish surface. It has firm flesh that stains initially pinkish to reddish and then to grayish or blackish when injured. The pore surface on the cap underside is yellowish. Fruitbodies are edible, although opinions vary as to their desirability.

<i>Sutorius eximius</i> Species of fungus

Sutorius eximius, commonly known as the lilac-brown bolete, is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. This bolete produces fruit bodies that are dark purple to chocolate brown in color with a smooth cap, a finely scaly stipe, and a reddish-brown spore print. The tiny pores on the cap underside are chocolate to violet brown. It is widely distributed, having been recorded on North America, South America, and Asia, where it grows in a mycorrhizal relationship with both coniferous and deciduous trees.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Halling RE, Nuhn M, Osmundson T, Fechner N, Trappe JM, Soytong K, Arora D, Hibbett DS, Binder M (2012). "Affinities of the Boletus chromapes group to Royoungia and the description of two new genera, Harrya and Australopilus". Australian Systematic Botany. 25 (6): 418–31. doi:10.1071/SB12028. S2CID   86131274.
  2. ↑ Frost CC. (1874). "Catalogue of boleti of New England, with descriptions of new species". Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 2: 100–5.
  3. ↑ Singer R. (1947). "The Boletoideae of Florida. The Boletineae of Florida with notes on extralimital species III". The American Midland Naturalist. 37 (1st ed.). Weinheim, Germany: Cramer: 1–135 (see p. 124).{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ↑ Smith AH, Thiers HD (1968). "Notes on Boletes: 1. The generic position of Boletus subglabripes and Boletus chromapes 2. A comparison of four species of Tylopilus". Mycologia. 60 (4): 943–54. doi:10.2307/3757396. JSTOR   3757396.
  5. ↑ Murrill WA. (1909). "The Boletaceae of North America – 2". Mycologia. 1 (4): 140–60. doi:10.2307/3753125. JSTOR   3753125.
  6. ↑ Singer R. (1942). "Das System der Agaricales. II". Annales Mycologici (in German). 40 (1–2): 1–132 (seep. 34).
  7. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. pp. 128, 355. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  8. 1 2 Wolfe CB, Bougher NL (1993). "Systematics, mycogeography, and evolutionary history of Tylopilus subg. Roseoscarbra in Australia elucidated by comparison with Asian and American species". Australian Systematic Botany. 6 (3): 187–213. doi:10.1071/SB9930187.
  9. ↑ Halling RE. (1999). "New Leccinum species from Costa Rica". Kew Bulletin. 54 (3): 747–53. doi:10.2307/4110871. JSTOR   4110871.
  10. ↑ Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 360. ISBN   978-0-226-72117-0.
  11. ↑ "English names for fungi 2013". British Mycological Society. June 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2000). North American Boletes. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 9, 261–2. ISBN   978-0-8156-0588-1.
  13. 1 2 3 McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. 121. ISBN   978-0-395-91090-0.
  14. ↑ Groves C. (1979). Edible and Poisonous Mushroom of Canada. Ottawa, Canada: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. p. 226. ISBN   9780660101361.
  15. ↑ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi . Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. pp.  533–4. ISBN   978-0-89815-169-5.
  16. 1 2 Thiers HD, Smith AH (1971). The Boletes of Michigan. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp.  92–3. ISBN   0-472-85590-5.
  17. 1 2 Grund DW, Harrison KA (1976). Nova Scotian Boletes. Bibliotheca Mycologia. Vol. 47. Lehre, Germany: J. Cramer. pp. 194–6. ISBN   978-3-7682-1062-1.
  18. ↑ Roody WC. (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 339. ISBN   978-0-8131-9039-6.
  19. ↑ Villarreal L, Gomez A (1997). "Inventory and monitoring wild edible mushrooms in México". In Palm ME, Chapela IH (eds.). Mycology in Sustainable Development: Expanding Concepts, Vanishing Borders. Parkway Publishers. p. 104. ISBN   978-1-887905-01-5.
  20. ↑ Martínez-Carrera D, Curvetto N, Sobal P, Morales P, Mora VM (2010). Hacia un Desarrollo Sostenible del Sistema de Producción-Consumo de los Hongos Comestibles y Medicinales en Latinoamérica: Avances y Perspectivas en el Siglo XXI (in Spanish). Pueblo, Mexico: Red Latinoamericana de Hongos Comestibles y Medicinales. p. 459. ISBN   978-970-9752-01-4.
  21. ↑ De AB. (2006). "Two new additions to Indian Boletaceae". Journal of Natural History. 2 (1): 11–16. ISSN   0973-6166.
  22. ↑ Yeh K-W, Chen Z-C (1983). "Boletes of Taiwan 4". Taiwania. 28: 122–7. ISSN   0372-333X.
  23. ↑ Hongo T. (1980). "Tylopilus spp. of western Japan". Memoirs of the Faculty of Education Shihga University Natural Science (in Japanese) (30): 63–7. ISSN   0488-6291.
  24. ↑ Sahr T, Ammer H, Besl H, Fischer M (1999). "Infrageneric classification of the boleticolous genus Sepedonium: Species delimitation and phylogenetic relationships". Mycologia. 91 (6): 935–43. doi:10.2307/3761625. JSTOR   3761625.
  25. ↑ Bruns T. (1984). "Insect mycophagy in the Boletales: Fungivore diversity and the mushroom habitat" . In Wheeler Q, Blackwell M (eds.). Fungus-Insect Relationships: Perspectives in Ecology and Evolution. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.  91–129. ISBN   978-0-231-05694-6.
  26. ↑ Wainwright M, Arias O (2007). The Mammals of Costa Rica: A Natural History and Field Guide. Comstock. p. 239. ISBN   978-0-8014-4589-7.

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