Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, opposite Estonia. Finland covers an area of 338,145 square kilometres (130,559 sq mi) and has a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. The official languages are Finnish and Swedish; 84.9 percent of the population speak the first as their mother tongue and 5.1 percent the latter. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to boreal in the north. The land cover is predominantly boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
The Treaty of Fredrikshamn, or the Treaty of Hamina, was a peace treaty concluded between Sweden and Imperial Russia on 17 September 1809. The treaty concluded the Finnish War and was signed in the Finnish town of Hamina. Russia was represented by Nikolay Rumyantsev and David Alopaeus, while Sweden by Infantry General Kurt von Stedingk and Colonel Anders Fredrik Skjöldebrand.
European route E16 is the designation of a main west-east road through Northern Ireland, Scotland, Norway and Sweden, from Derry to Gävle, via Belfast, Glasgow, Edinburgh, previously by ferry to Bergen, Voss, through the Gudvanga Tunnel and the Lærdal Tunnel, Lærdal, over Filefjell to Fagernes, Hønefoss, Gardermoen and Kongsvinger. In Sweden, it passes Malung, Falun and ends in Gävle.
Kulosaari is an island and an East Helsinki suburb in Helsinki, Finland. It is also the 42nd neighbourhood of the city. Construction of villas on the island started in the beginning of the 20th century, and a bridge from Sörnäinen was opened in 1919. Kulosaari was an independent municipality since 1922 until 1946, when it was merged to Helsinki.
Roihuvuori is a quarter, part of Herttoniemi neighbourhood in Helsinki, Finland. The population of Roihuvuori is approximately 8,000 and its area is 1.47 km2. There is a church, two schools, shops and restaurants in Roihuvuori. There is also a water tower, Japanese style garden, playground Tuhkimo and Kirsikkapuisto where a Hanami festival is held.
The Kingdom of Finland was a failed attempt to establish a monarchy in Finland in the aftermath of the Finnish Declaration of Independence from Russia in December 1917 and the Finnish Civil War from January to May 1918. The victorious Whites in the Parliament of Finland began the process of turning Finland into a kingdom and creating a monarchy. Although the country was legally a kingdom headed by a regent for over a year, the king-elect Friedrich Karl never reigned nor came to Finland following Germany's defeat in World War I. Republican victories in subsequent elections resulted in the country becoming a republic.
Santahamina is an island and neighbourhood of Eastern Helsinki, Finland. At present it is a military base housing the Guard Jaeger Regiment, making access restricted. The Finnish National Defence University (NDU) is also located on the island.
Kivikko is a quarter of Helsinki, the capital of Finland. Part of the Mellunkylä district, it was built during the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s. The quarter is located on the west side of Kontula, an important subregional centre and will have a population of 5000 once completed.
The South Mainland of the Shetland Islands is the southern peninsula of Mainland island. It lies south of Hellister. The greater southern part of the peninsula belongs to the civil parish of Dunrossness. The rest belongs to the parishes of Lerwick and Tingwall. St Ninian's Isle is a tidal island off its west coast.
Marjaniemi is a seaside residential area in eastern Helsinki, Finland, with a population of approximately 2,000. Administratively it forms a quarter in the neighbourhood of Vartiokylä.
Åland is an autonomous and demilitarised region of Finland. Receiving its autonomy by a 1920 decision of the League of Nations, it is the smallest region of Finland by both area (1,580 km2) and population (30,129), constituting 0.51% of Finland's land area and 0.54% of its population. Its only official language is Swedish and the capital city is Mariehamn.
Jakomäki is a quarter, part of Suurmetsä neighbourhood in Helsinki, Finland. It has an area of 1.92 km2 and a population of 5,481 (2005).
Haltiala (Finnish), Tomtbacka (Swedish) is a northwestern neighborhood of Helsinki, Finland.
Siltamäki is a northern neighborhood of Helsinki, Finland.
Kurkimäki (Finnish), Tranbacka (Swedish) is an eastern neighborhood of Helsinki, Finland.
Meri-Rastila (Finnish), Havsrastböle (Swedish) is an eastern neighborhood of Helsinki, Finland.
Konala (Finnish), Kånala (Swedish) is a subdistrict of Helsinki, Finland. Konala is situated in north-western Helsinki, north of the road Ring I and Pitäjänmäki, west of Malminkartano and Kannelmäki. Its southern boundary is the Ring I, while the eastern boundary is a green belt which separates the industrial area along the road Vihdintie from Malminkartano. In the west, Konala borders Espoo.
Suurmetsä (Finnish), Storskog (Swedish) is a subdistrict of Helsinki, Finland.
Canyon Glacier is a narrow glacier, 35 nautical miles long, flowing to the Ross Ice Shelf. It drains the northwest slopes of Mount Wexler and moves northward between steep canyon walls of the Separation Range and Hughes Range to join the ice shelf immediately west of Giovinco Ice Piedmont. The glacier was observed from nearby Mount Patrick by the New Zealand Alpine Club Antarctic Expedition (1959–60) who gave the descriptive name.
The Skagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province (SCLIP), also known as the European-Northwest African Large Igneous Province (EUNWA), and Jutland LIP, is a 300 million year old (Ma) large igneous province (LIP) centered on what is today the Skagerrak strait in north-western Europe. It was named by Torsvik et al. 2008.
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