| Heracleum sibiricum | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | Heracleum |
| Species: | H. sibiricum |
| Binomial name | |
| Heracleum sibiricum | |
| Synonyms [2] | |
Homotypic synonyms
Heterotypic synonyms
| |
Heracleum sibiricum is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae. [2] It is native to Europe and western Asia, ranging from France and Italy to western Siberia and Mongolia.
Heracleum sibiricum is a herbaceous, perennial, flowering plant with flowers arranged in an umbel. Each flower has five yellowish-green petals. Individual flowers may be bisexual (with a pistil and five stamens), pistillate (with no functional stamens), or staminate (with no functioning pistil). [3] The pistil is bicarpellate and syncarpous, that is, it has two carpels fused together. The ovary is glabrous (hairless) and the stylopodium (at the base of the styles) is almost always green. The fruit is composed of two mericarps, each with a single seed.
Heracleum sibiricum is similar in appearance to Heracleum sphondylium , a very close relative. The following table emphasizes the differences between the two species: [4] [5]
| Heracleum sphondylium | Heracleum sibiricum | |
|---|---|---|
| Flower color | White, rarely yellowish, greenish, or pink | Greenish-yellow or greenish, never white |
| Floral symmetry | The outer petals of the marginal flowers of a secondary umbel are enlarged, often two or more times longer than the inner petals; the outer petals are deeply incised at apex | The outer petals of the marginal flowers of a secondary umbel are not enlarged or only very slightly enlarged; the outer petals are either not incised at the apex or only slightly incised |
| Ovary | Overgrown with soft, spreading hairs with blunt tips | Glabrous |
| Stylopodium | Almost always whitish | Almost always greenish |
The marginal flowers of Heracleum sphondylium are typically zygomorphic (with bilateral symmetry), whereas the marginal flowers of Heracleum sibiricum are actinomorphic (with radial symmetry) or nearly so. Occasionally the marginal flowers of Heracleum sphondylium will be actinomorphic, however.
Both species are variable with respect to the pilosity (hairiness) of the ovary. An atypical form of Heracleum sphondylium may appear to be glabrous to the naked eye but in fact it has short, stiff, ascending hairs with pointy tips. An atypical form of Heracleum sibiricum has similar but even shorter hairs.
Heracleum sibiricum is one of five species of Heracleum described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753 (the other four being H. alpinum, H. austriacum, H. panaces, and H. sphondylium). [6] The specific name sibiricum suggests the taxon occurs in Siberia, a fact mentioned by Linnaeus in his description. In 1887, the Hungarian botanist Lajos Simonkai reduced its taxonomic rank to a subspecies of Heracleum sphondylium. [7] As of August 2023 [update] , Plants of the World Online (and a few other authorities) accept Heracleum sibiricumL., [2] [8] but most authorities still recognize Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sibiricum(L.) Simonk. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]
In 1926, the Swiss botanist Albert Thellung described Heracleum sphondylium var. chaetocarpum, [14] a variety of Heracleum sibiricum. Thellung described the taxon as a variety of Heracleum sphondylium (not Heracleum sibiricum) since he recognized Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sibiricum(L.) Simonk. (not Heracleum sibiricumL.). [15] The typical form of Heracleum sibiricum has a glabrous ovary, whereas that of var. chaetocarpum has short, stiff, ascending hairs with pointy tips. The hairs are so short and sparse, they may not be visible to the naked eye. In 1961, the Polish botanist Maria Gawłowska described Heracleum sibiricum f. rarum, [16] a form of var. chaetocarpum with elongated leaf lobes. [17]
Heracleum sibiricum is native to Europe and western Asia, ranging from France and Italy to western Siberia and Mongolia. [2] For example, it occurs in northern and northeastern Poland but much less so in other parts of the country. [18] Some authors claim its native range extends into Great Britain, [19] while other sources suggest the taxon has been introduced in Britain. [10] Authorities claim the taxon is widely introduced throughout North America, [2] [12] but as of August 2023 [update] , the presence of Heracleum sibiricum in eastern Canada and New England has not been confirmed. [20] [21] [22] [23]
Heracleum sibiricum is most commonly a polycarpic perennial (not a biennial as often claimed), but approximately one-fourth of individuals are monocarpic. On average, first flowering requires 6–7 years of vegetative growth and may be delayed for up to 10 years. Although two or three (up to eight) subsequent flowerings are expected, most individuals do not flower in successive seasons. Estimates of average life span range from 12 to 16 years with a maximum age of 25 years. [24]
As of August 2023 [update] , the global conservation status of Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sibiricum (a synonym for Heracleum sibiricum) is unranked. [13]
Trillium erectum, the red trillium, also known as wake robin, purple trillium, bethroot, or stinking benjamin, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. The plant takes its common name "wake robin" by analogy with the European robin, which has a red breast heralding spring. Likewise Trillium erectum is a spring ephemeral plant whose life-cycle is synchronized with that of the forests in which it lives. It is native to the eastern United States and eastern Canada from northern Georgia to Quebec and New Brunswick.
Heracleum is a genus of biennial and perennial herbs in the carrot family Apiaceae. They are found throughout the temperate northern hemisphere and in high mountains as far south as Ethiopia. Common names for the genus or its species include hogweed and cow parsnip.
Heracleum maximum, commonly known as cow parsnip, is the only member of the genus Heracleum native to North America. It is also known as American cow-parsnip, Satan celery, Indian celery, Indian rhubarb, poison turnip or pushki.
Arisaema triphyllum, the Jack-in-the-pulpit, is a species of flowering plant in the arum family Araceae. It is a member of the Arisaema triphyllum complex, a group of four or five closely related taxa in eastern North America. The specific name triphyllum means "three-leaved", a characteristic feature of the species, which is also referred to as Indian turnip, bog onion, and brown dragon.
Lamium galeobdolon, the yellow archangel, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae. It is native to Europe and western Asia but it is widely introduced in North America and elsewhere. It is the only species in the genus Lamium with yellow flowers. Another common name for this species is golden dead-nettle. In New Zealand, it is called the aluminium plant or artillery plant. The common names archangel and dead-nettle have been in use for hundreds of years, dating back to at least the 16th century.
Eriophorum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cyperaceae, the sedge family. They are found in the cool temperate, alpine, and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, primarily in the middle latitudes of North America, Europe, and Asia.
Heracleum sphondylium, commonly known as hogweed or common hogweed, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, which includes fennel, cow parsley, ground elder and giant hogweed. It is native to most of Europe, western Asia and northern Africa, but is introduced in North America and elsewhere. Other common names include cow parsnip. The flowers provide a great deal of nectar for pollinators.
Tiarella cordifolia, the heart-leaved foamflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Saxifragaceae. The specific name cordifolia means "with heart-shaped leaves", a characteristic shared by all taxa of Tiarella in eastern North America. It is also referred to as Allegheny foamflower, false miterwort, and coolwort.
Tiarella, the foamflowers, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Saxifragaceae. The generic name Tiarella means "little turban", which suggests the shape of the seed capsules. Worldwide there are seven species, one each in eastern Asia and western North America, plus five species in eastern North America. As of October 2022, the taxonomy of Tiarella in eastern North America is in flux.
In botanical nomenclature, autonyms are automatically created names, as regulated by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants that are created for certain subdivisions of genera and species, those that include the type of the genus or species. An autonym might not be mentioned in the publication that creates it as a side-effect. Autonyms "repeat unaltered" the genus name or species epithet of the taxon being subdivided, and no other name for that same subdivision is validly published. For example, Rubus subgenus Eubatus is not validly published, and the subgenus is known as Rubus subgen. Rubus.
Trillium ovatum, the Pacific trillium, also known as the western wakerobin, western white trillium, or western trillium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is the most widespread and abundant trillium in western North America. Its type specimen was gathered by Meriwether Lewis during the return trip of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1806.
Trillium sessile is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. The specific epithet sessile means "attached without a distinct stalk", an apparent reference to its stalkless flower. It is commonly known as toadshade or toad trillium. It is also called sessile trillium or sessile-flowered wake-robin, however it is not the only member of the genus with a sessile flower.
Tiarella trifoliata, the three-leaf foamflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Saxifragaceae. The specific name trifoliata means "having three leaflets", a characteristic of two of the three recognized varieties. Also known as the laceflower or sugar-scoop, the species is found in shaded, moist woods in western North America.
Salvia canescens, the hoary sage, is a herbaceous perennial that is endemic to the Caucasus Mountains. The specific epithet, canescens, refers to the off-white hairs covering the leaves.
Pouzolzia australis, synonyms including Boehmeria australis and Boehmeria calophleba, is a species of large shrub or small tree in the plant family Urticaceae. It is endemic to small islands belonging to Australia and New Zealand – Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, and the Kermadec Islands. The population on Norfolk island, sometimes treated as a distinct subspecies, is critically endangered. In the Kermadec Islands, it was described in 2018 as "threatened – nationally endangered".
Symphyotrichum patens, commonly known as late purple aster or spreading aster, is a perennial, herbaceous plant found in the eastern United States.
Androsace vitaliana is a species of plant in the primrose family, Primulaceae. It was previously known by the synonym Vitaliana primuliflora. Native to the high mountains of Europe, it is cultivated as an alpine garden plant, being considered easy to grow in well drained soil in a sunny position.
Cardamine incisa is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family Brassicaceae.
Heracleum dissectum is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae. It is found in Siberia and adjoining regions of northern Asia.
Eriophorum virginicum, the tawny cottongrass, is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family Cyperaceae. It is native to eastern North America but was introduced into British Columbia in western Canada. It is most common in eastern Canada, New England, and the Great Lakes region. It is the only species of Eriophorum in North America that occurs in the southeastern United States, where it is uncommon. The common name refers to the tawny color of its fruiting head. Despite the name, it is a sedge, not a grass, and it is sometimes called tawny cottonsedge to emphasize this fact.