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The history of Internet in Sweden can be considered to have begun in 1984, when the first Swedish network was connected to the Internet in Gothenburg. In the past, however, were data links between some colleges and universities with access via modem and UUCP to the European part of the Internet.
The Internet's predecessor ARPANET took its start around 1969 in California, USA. Patrick Falstrom was a mathematics student in Stockholm in the early 1980s when he was hired to help build and test the infrastructure for the ARPA Internet. [1]
A UUCP link was established via EUnet in 1982 connecting Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark and the United Kingdom. [2]
Although Sweden had connected to the internet in 1984, it was not until 1988 that this access was considered significant, when the higher education network SUNET was able to connect with the USA. Internet access became available to the Swedish public in 1994 when Kuai Connection and later Algonet as the first operators connected the Swedish Internet with the Swedish telephone network via modem pools. [3] [4] The usage costs were made up of a fixed monthly fee and per minute charges as with any other telephone call. In 1996 Internet access became available for a flat monthly fee in Ängelholm where the local cable TV company began to offer connectivity via Cable TV modems with an Ethernet interface. A big change started in 1999 when Bredbandsbolaget concluded a Framework Agreement with housing movement HSB and a large number of condominium apartments were given access to the Internet. This led Telia to come up with a similar offer, and soon a market was created where Bredbandsbolaget and Telia were just two of several players. In 2001, ADSL was made available, in beginning only from Telia who decided over the existing copper cables.
The timeline of the history of the Internet in Sweden:
1962 The first modem for the telephone lines was made commercially available, with a transmission speed of 300 bit/s.
1971 Televerket (later Telia) abolished the monopoly on mobile (radio) terminals. [5]
1978 The first electronic discussion forum (BBS) were started in Sweden by Stockholms Datamaskincentral (QZ).
1979-1993 Televerket run their Datavision service that people connected to with a modem and a special software and subscription. It was offered commercially in 1982. Many larger companies embraced the service, but it did not become widespread elsewhere. Steve Jobs declared in 1984 that the service were "too single minded". [6] It was shut down later. But even during their active time resistance arose to electronic alternatives: "The association of newspaper publishers to the government asserted a strong concern about the competition Videotex would entail for the newspapers. An inquiry majority proposed a ban on advertising." [7] (But it didn't became like that) this service did anyway cost the equivalent of 0.55 SEK/minute - 0.14 US$/minute. [8] [6]
1979-1988 The network of Swedish universities (Sunet) used Televerket X.25 but did later leave this inefficient protocol behind permanently in favor of leased direct connections. [9]
1980 The first volunteer-driven electronic discussion forum (BBS) which were available via modem connection was started by the club for ABC-computers. [10] [11]
1983 The exclusive right for the state monopoly Televerket to supply a modems for speeds up to 1200 bit/s ceased. [12]
1983 Björn Eriksen linked a VAX 780 computer in Sweden with the UUCP protocol and a 1200 bit/s [9] as a UUCP node in the European segment of the Internet.
1983 Some Swedish Social Democrats tried to get a tax on the use of computers, [13] see motion "1983/84:596 av Kurt Ove Johansson (s) och Stig Gustafsson (s) I molionen yrkas atl riksdagen hos regeringen begär en utredning om alt beskatta eller avgiftsbelägga användningen av datorer." (sic!) ("1983/84: 596 Kurt Ove Johansson (s) and Stig Gustafsson (s) in the motion claims insist that the parliament to the government request an investigation into taxing or charging for the use of computers"). [14] [15]
1984 The very first Swedish network 192.5.50.0 [16] was connected to the Internet by Ulf Bilting at Chalmers University of Technology. [17]
1988 The Swedish University Network (Sunet) was created with X.25 links domestically at 9.6 kbit/s [9] and were connected via Nordunet created that same year to the United States with a 56 kbit/s link to Princeton University. [9] [18] this got most university- and Högskole students access to the Internet for real. The choice of IP as the network protocol was not settled or clear: "many networkers within the nordunet community never really regarded osi as an option, but were from the start determined to build a tcp/ip network. osi remained in the nordunet plans only because it was pushed so strongly by the European Commission." [18]
2020 Swedish regulators banned the use of networking equipment from Huawei and ZTE its 5G network. [19]
A bulletin board system (BBS), also called a computer bulletin board service (CBBS), was a computer server running software that allowed users to connect to the system using a terminal program. Once logged in, the user can perform functions such as uploading and downloading software and data, reading news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users through public message boards and sometimes via direct chatting. In the early 1980s, message networks such as FidoNet were developed to provide services such as NetMail, which is similar to internet-based email.
This article covers telecommunications in Sweden.
Telia Company AB is a Swedish multinational telecommunications company and mobile network operator present in Sweden, Finland, Norway, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a connection to an Internet service provider (ISP) by dialing a telephone number on a conventional telephone line. Dial-up connections use modems to decode audio signals into data to send to a router or computer, and to encode signals from the latter two devices to send to another modem at the ISP.
UUCP is a suite of computer programs and protocols allowing remote execution of commands and transfer of files, email and netnews between computers.
The Minitel, officially known as TELETEL, was an interactive videotex online service accessible through telephone lines. It was the world's first and most successful mass-market online service prior to the World Wide Web. It was developed in Cesson-Sévigné, Brittany by government-owned France Télécom.
SUNET is the Swedish University Computer Network. SUNET provides high-speed Internet access to academic institutions in Sweden. The current incarnation of the network, Sunet C, provides 100 Gbit/s links between the cities hosting universities. It replaces the older network, OptoSunet, based mainly on 10 and 40 Gbit/s links. SUNET's upstream network is the Nordic NORDUnet. SUNET is governed by a board appointed by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet). In addition to the board there is a technical reference group and a development group, as well as people working at the participating universities.
Hayes Microcomputer Products was a US-based manufacturer of modems. The company is known for the Smartmodem, which introduced a control language for operating the functions of the modem via the serial interface, in contrast to manual operation with front-panel switches. This smart modem approach dramatically simplified and automated operation. Today almost all modems use a variant of the Hayes command set.
.dk is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Denmark. The supervision of the .dk top-level domain is handled exclusively by Punktum dk. Any new .dk domain name has to be applied for via an approved registrar. Then the domain name applicant can ask the registrar to manage their domain name or have it managed directly by the Punktum dk. Registrations of domain names with the characters æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, é, and ẞ are also allowed.
FUNET is the Finnish University and Research Network, a backbone network providing Internet connections for Finnish universities and polytechnics as well as other research facilities. It is governed by the state-owned CSC – IT Center for Science Ltd. The FUNET project started in December 1983 and soon gained international connectivity via EARN with DECnet as the dominant protocol. FUNET was connected to the greater Internet through NORDUnet in 1988. The FUNET FTP service went online in 1990, hosting the first versions of Linux in 1991.
The Bell 212A modulation scheme defined a standard method of transmitting full-duplex asynchronous serial data at 1200 bits per second (bit/s) over analogue transmission lines. The equivalent, but incompatible ITU-T standard is V.22.
Netnod AB is a private limited company based in Stockholm, Sweden, that operates Internet exchange points and manages one of the thirteen root name servers for the Domain Name System (DNS). It also distributes the official Swedish time through the Network Time Protocol (NTP). It is fully owned by the nonprofit foundation TU-stiftelsen / TU-foundation.
Com Hem was a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB which supplied Triple Play services that included cable television, broadband internet and fixed-line telephone.
In an international context Denmark is viewed as a somewhat peculiar country when it comes to internet access. The former state owned telephone company TDC owns the entire last mile infrastructure in terms of copper telephone lines and the vast majority of the coaxial cable infrastructure as well. Even though the Danish telecommunications infrastructure is very heavily dominated by one company, Danish internet customers still enjoy fair prices and a wide availability of different next generation access internet connections in comparison with most other EU countries. Furthermore, TDCs de facto monopoly on last mile infrastructure has come under attack. In the last decade regional power companies have formed national business alliances aimed at implementing FTTH for private and business end users.
Sublink Network was a non-profit association founded in Italy in 1989 to allow cost-sharing access to the Internet. Sublink Network was registered with the sublink.org domain. Sublink Network had its own sublink.* newsgroup hierarchy and a gateway with the Italian branch of FidoNet.
Iceland is among the top countries in the world in terms of Internet deployment and use. 99.68% of Icelanders used in the internet in 2021.
Televerket was a Swedish State authority acting as a state-owned corporation, responsible for telecommunications in Sweden from 1853 until 1993. Originally it was named Kongl. Elektriska Telegraf-Werket, which was founded in 1853. Its name changed to Kongl. Telegrafverket in 1871, Kungl. Telegrafverket in 1903, the prefix Kungl. was dropped in 1946 and the name was further modernised to Televerket in 1953. Televerket continued on with its telecommunications monopoly until corporatisation in 1993, when it was renamed Telia, now part of Telia Company.
A mobile broadband modem, also known as wireless modem or cellular modem, is a type of modem that allows a personal computer or a router to receive wireless Internet access via a mobile broadband connection instead of using telephone or cable television lines. A mobile Internet user can connect using a wireless modem to a wireless Internet Service Provider (ISP) to get Internet access.
Comviq is since 2009 a Swedish prepaid and postpaid mobile phone flanker brand, fully owned by Tele2. The original Comvik operation is the predecessor to two listed companies: Tele2 and Millicom.
The European Academic and Research Network (EARN) was a computer network connecting universities and research institutions across Europe, and was connected in 1983 via transatlantic circuits and a gateway funded by IBM to BITNET, its peer in the United States.
1979 US Dollar = 16,107 Swedish Krona
Att Televerket dessutom hade monopol på att leverera modem med hastigheter på upp till 1200 baud fram till 1983 framstår idag som närmast vansinnigt, men så var det på den tiden.
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