IC 3402

Last updated
IC 3402
IC3402 - SDSS DR14.jpg
Sloan Digital Sky Survey of IC 3402
Observation data
Constellation Coma Berenices
Right ascension 12h 28m 59.32s
Declination +28d 51m 43.00s
Redshift 0.02673
Heliocentric radial velocity 7,915 km/s
Distance 371 Mly (113.7 Mpc)
Apparent magnitude  (V)0.082
Apparent magnitude  (B)0.109
Surface brightness 15.6
Characteristics
Type Sbc
Size135,000 ly
Apparent size  (V)1.39' x 0.24'
Other designations
PGC 41100, 2MASX J12285930+285430, UGC 7616, SDSS J122859.32+285142.9, LEDA 41100, 2MFGC 9839, RFGC 2296, FGC 1441, CAIRNS J122859.29+285143.2

IC 3402 is a type Sbc [1] spiral galaxy located 370 million light-years away from the Solar System in the Coma Berenices constellation. [2] [3] IC 3402 has an estimated diameter of 135,000 light-years [3] and was first discovered by a German astronomer Max Wolf on March 23, 1903. [4] It is a member of the Coma Supercluster [5] [6] with recent star formation activity [7] and covering ∼500 deg2 on the sky. [8]

Characteristics

IC 3402 is classified as a thin, [9] disklike edge-on galaxy with a diameter larger compared to a = 40 arcsec and a major-to-minor axis ratio of a/b greater than 7 according to observations made by Palomar Observatory Sky Survey and by the ESO/SERC survey. [10] Moreover, it is also classified as a low-surface brightness galaxy with a V and R local luminosity density of jR=(1.9+/-0.6)×108 Lsolar and jV=(2.2+/-0.7)×108 Lsolar. Researchers who measured its luminosity, found out there is a strong correlation, which color-surface brightness relation is (V-R)0=(-0.11+/-0.05)μR,0+(2.6+/-0.9). [11]

IC 3402 also a box/peanut galaxy making up 22 percent of galaxies with the same morphology, which researchers found the strength of its structure increases slightly by B/T (bulge-to-total flux ratio). [12] In additional, IC 3402 is an isolated late-type galaxy, less massive by 50% and younger (by Hβ) by 20%. [13]

The galaxy is known to host a Type II active galactic nucleus with a luminosity function of 22 μm, which its mid-infrared emission is dominated by its nucleus and not the host galaxy. [14] IC 3402 also has a Tully-Fisher distance, found lying within 15,000 km s-1. Researchers who used the Arecibo Telescope found it has a Hubble Constant value of H0 = 75.1 ± 0.2(stat.), with the potential systematics reaching up to ±3 km s-1 Mpc-1. [15]

IC 3402 is located within 1 Abell radius from the Coma Cluster. The galaxy contains three times lesser of hydrogen levels, indicating there is strong tendency for galaxies like IC 3402, severely H I-depleted to be redder and of earlier Hubble type. [5] Amongst 20% of the galaxies extracted from the ALFALFA 21 cm survey, IC 3402 shows a significant H I profile asymmetry that is 35.2% ± 0.3% single-peaked. This indicates the galaxy has a lower mass. [16]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leo Cluster</span> Galaxy cluster in the constellation of Leo

The Leo Cluster is a galaxy cluster about 330 million light-years distant in the constellation Leo, with at least 70 major galaxies. The galaxy known as NGC 3842 is the brightest member of this cluster. Along with the Coma Cluster, it is one of the two major clusters comprising the Coma Supercluster, which in turn is part of the CfA2 Great Wall, which is hundreds of millions light years long and is one of the largest known structures in the universe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3862</span> Galaxy in the constellation Leo

NGC 3862 is an elliptical galaxy located 300 million light-years away in the constellation Leo. Discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785, NGC 3862 is an outlying member of the Leo Cluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4242</span> Galaxy in constellation Canes Venatici

NGC 4242 is a spiral galaxy in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. The galaxy is about 18 million light years away. It was discovered on 10 April 1788 by William Herschel, and it was described as "very faint, considerably large, irregular, round, very gradually brighter in the middle, resolvable" by John Louis Emil Dreyer, the compiler of the New General Catalogue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coma I</span> Galaxy cluster in constellation Coma Berenices

The Coma I Group is a group of galaxies located about 14.5 Mpc (47.3 Mly) away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The brightest member of the group is NGC 4725. The Coma I Group is rich in spiral galaxies while containing few elliptical and lenticular galaxies. Coma I lies in the foreground of the more distant Coma and Leo clusters and is located within the Virgo Supercluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3860</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo

NGC 3860 is a spiral galaxy located about 340 million light-years away in the constellation Leo. NGC 3860 was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785. The galaxy is a member of the Leo Cluster and is a low-luminosity AGN (LLAGN). Gavazzi et al. however classified NGC 3860 as a strong AGN which may have been triggered by a supermassive black hole in the center of the galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4060</span> Lenticular and LINER galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

NGC 4060 is a lenticular galaxy located 320 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered by astronomer Albert Marth on March 18, 1865 and is a member of the NGC 4065 Group which is part of the Coma Supercluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4061</span> Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

NGC 4061 is an elliptical galaxy located 310 light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785. It was rediscovered by John Herschel on April 29, 1832. It is listed both as NGC 4061 and NGC 4055. NGC 4061 is a member of the NGC 4065 Group and forms an interacting pair with its companion, NGC 4065 as evidenced by distortions in their optical isophotes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4066</span> Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

NGC 4066 is an elliptical galaxy located 340 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785. NGC 4066 is a member of the NGC 4065 Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4074</span> Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

NGC 4074 is a peculiar lenticular galaxy located 310 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785 and is a member of the NGC 4065 Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4076</span> Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

NGC 4076 is a spiral galaxy located 290 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785 and is a member of the NGC 4065 Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4065 Group</span> Group of galaxies in the constellation of Coma Berenices

The NGC 4065 Group is a group of galaxies located about 330 Mly (100 Mpc) in the constellation Coma Berenices. The group's brightest member is NGC 4065 and located in the Coma Supercluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4298</span> Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

NGC 4298 is a flocculent spiral galaxy located about 53 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 8, 1784 and is a member of the Virgo Cluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4324</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Virgo

NGC 4324 is a lenticular galaxy located about 85 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on March 4, 1862. NGC 4324 has a stellar mass of 5.62 × 1010M☉, and a baryonic mass of 5.88 × 1010M☉. The galaxy's total mass is around 5.25 × 1011M☉. NGC 4324 is notable for having a ring of star formation surrounding its nucleus. It was considered a member of the Virgo II Groups until 1999, when its distance was recalculated and it was placed in the Virgo W Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4333</span> Barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 4333 is a barred spiral galaxy with a ring structure located about 330 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 13, 1784, who described it as "F, pS, R, bM, 2nd of 3". NGC 4333 is also classified as a LINER galaxy. Despite being listed in the Virgo Cluster catalog as VCC 637, it is not a member of the Virgo Cluster but instead a background galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IC 4516</span> Galaxy located in Boötes

IC 4516 is a type E elliptical galaxy located in Boötes. Its redshift is 0.045618 which corresponds IC 4516 to be located 667 million light-years from Earth. The galaxy was discovered by Lewis Swift on June 2, 1898, which was his last discovery after spending half a century observing astronomical objects, starting with the observation of the Great Comet in 1843.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IC 3078</span> Galaxy located in Virgo

IC 3078 is a spiral galaxy with a ring structure located in Virgo. Its redshift is 0.066148, meaning IC 3078 is located 905 million light-years from Earth. With an apparent dimension of 0.50 x 0.5 arcmin, IC 3038 is about 133,000 light-years across. It was discovered by Royal Harwood Frost on May 7, 1904 and is listed in the Virgo Cluster catalogue as VCC 174. However, it is not a member of the Virgo Cluster, but instead a background galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OGC 94</span>

OGC 94, also known as PGC 1866064, is a supergiant elliptical galaxy residing as the brightest cluster galaxy in the ZwCI 1305.4+2941 galaxy cluster. It lies in the constellation of Coma Berenices and has a redshift of 0.240, estimating the galaxy to be located 3.3 billion light-years away from Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abell 1576 BCG</span>

Abell 1576 BCG also known as PGC 2651193, is a supergiant elliptical galaxy and is the brightest cluster galaxy in Abell 1576, located in the constellation of Ursa Major. At a redshift of 0.300, the galaxy is about 3.8 billion light-years away from Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abell 68</span>

Abell 68 is massive and rich galaxy cluster located in the constellation of Pisces with a projected co-moving distance of approximately 1124.6 Mpc or 3.668 billion light-years away from Earth. The cluster is especially notable for its gravitational lensing and was first discovered by George O. Abell in 1958.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RIQ J1336+1725</span>

RIQ J1336+1725 also known as PB 4007 and PG 1333+177, is a quasar located in the constellation of Coma Berenices. At a low redshift of 0.55, the object is located 6.5 billion light-years from Earth. This quasar is known to have a Lyman edge region that is formed by its thermally emitting accretion disk.

References

  1. ↑ "HyperLeda -object description". atlas.obs-hp.fr. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  2. ↑ "IC 3402". spider.seds.org. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  3. 1 2 "Your NED Search Results". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  4. ↑ "Index Catalog Objects: IC 3400 - 3449". cseligman.com. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  5. 1 2 Gavazzi, Giuseppe (1987-09-01). "21 Centimeter Study of Spiral Galaxies in the Coma Supercluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 320: 96. Bibcode:1987ApJ...320...96G. doi:10.1086/165526. ISSN   0004-637X.
  6. ↑ Gavazzi, G.; Trinchieri, G.; Boselli, A. (1990-11-01). "Near infrared observations of galaxies in the Coma supercluster and in the Cancer cluster. II". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 86: 109. Bibcode:1990A&AS...86..109G. ISSN   0365-0138.
  7. ↑ Gavazzi, G.; Trinchieri, G. (1989-07-01). "Near-Infrared Observations of Galaxies in the Coma Supercluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 342: 718. Bibcode:1989ApJ...342..718G. doi:10.1086/167632. ISSN   0004-637X.
  8. ↑ Mahajan, Smriti; Singh, Ankit; Shobhana, Devika (2018-08-01). "Ultraviolet and optical view of galaxies in the Coma supercluster". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 478 (4): 4336–4347. arXiv: 1805.09029 . Bibcode:2018MNRAS.478.4336M. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1370. ISSN   0035-8711.
  9. ↑ Karachentsev, I. D.; Karachentseva, V. E.; Kudrya, Yu. N.; Sharina, M. E.; Parnovskij, S. L. (1999-01-01). "The revised Flat Galaxy Catalogue". Bulletin of the Special Astrophysics Observatory. 47: 5–185. arXiv: astro-ph/0305566 . Bibcode:1999BSAO...47....5K.
  10. ↑ Karachentsev, I. D.; Karachentseva, V. E.; Parnovskij, S. L. (1993-05-01). "Flat galaxies catalogue". Astronomische Nachrichten. 314 (3): 97–222. Bibcode:1993AN....314...97K. doi:10.1002/asna.2113140302. ISSN   0004-6337.
  11. ↑ Brown, Warren R.; Geller, Margaret J.; Fabricant, Daniel G.; Kurtz, Michael J. (2001-08-01). "V- and R-band Galaxy Luminosity Functions and Low Surface Brightness Galaxies in the Century Survey". The Astronomical Journal. 122 (2): 714–728. arXiv: astro-ph/0105186 . Bibcode:2001AJ....122..714B. doi:10.1086/321176. ISSN   0004-6256.
  12. ↑ Yoshino, Akira; Yamauchi, Chisato (2015-02-01). "Box/peanut and bar structures in edge-on and face-on nearby galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey - I. Catalogue". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 446 (4): 3749–3767. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.446.3749Y. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2249. ISSN   0035-8711.
  13. ↑ Khim, Hong-geun; Park, Jongwon; Seo, Seong-Woo; Lee, Jaehyun; Smith, Rory; Yi, Sukyoung K. (2015-09-01). "Demographics of Isolated Galaxies along the Hubble Sequence". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 220 (1): 3. arXiv: 1507.04069 . Bibcode:2015ApJS..220....3K. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/3. ISSN   0067-0049.
  14. ↑ Toba, Y.; Oyabu, S.; Matsuhara, H.; Malkan, M. A.; Gandhi, P.; Nakagawa, T.; Isobe, N.; Shirahata, M.; Oi, N.; Ohyama, Y.; Takita, S.; Yamauchi, C.; Yano, K. (2014-06-01). "Luminosity and Redshift Dependence of the Covering Factor of Active Galactic Nuclei viewed with WISE and Sloan Digital Sky Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 788 (1): 45. arXiv: 1404.4937 . Bibcode:2014ApJ...788...45T. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/788/1/45. ISSN   0004-637X.
  15. ↑ Kourkchi, Ehsan; Tully, R. Brent; Eftekharzadeh, Sarah; Llop, Jordan; Courtois, Hélène M.; Guinet, Daniel; Dupuy, Alexandra; Neill, James D.; Seibert, Mark; Andrews, Michael; Chuang, Juana; Danesh, Arash; Gonzalez, Randy; Holthaus, Alexandria; Mokelke, Amber (2020-10-01). "Cosmicflows-4: The Catalog of ∼10,000 Tully-Fisher Distances". The Astrophysical Journal. 902 (2): 145. arXiv: 2009.00733 . Bibcode:2020ApJ...902..145K. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abb66b . ISSN   0004-637X.
  16. ↑ Yu, Niankun; Ho, Luis C.; Wang, Jing; Li, Hangyuan (2022-08-01). "Statistical Analysis of H I Profile Asymmetry and Shape for Nearby Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 261 (2): 21. arXiv: 2203.13404 . Bibcode:2022ApJS..261...21Y. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ac626b . ISSN   0067-0049.
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