IC 3528

Last updated
IC 3528
IC3528 - SDSS DR14.jpg
SDSS image of IC 3528. Below the image is NGC 4540
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation Coma Berenices
Right ascension 12h 34m 55.90s
Declination +15d 33m 56.20s
Redshift 0.04582 0.00004
Heliocentric radial velocity 13,773 km/s
Distance 657 Mly (201.43 Mpc)
Apparent magnitude  (V)14.6
Apparent magnitude  (B)15.4
Characteristics
Type SAB(r)b, Sy 1.5
Size0.40' x 0.4'
Notable features Seyfert Galaxy
Other designations
PGC 41882, GSC 01446-00639, 2MASX J12345592+1533561, VCC 1593, Z 99-95, NVSS B123244+155026, ALFALFA 1-358, AGC 220811, SDSS J123455.90+153356.2, FAUST 3256, [HB91] 1232+158, LEDA 41882

IC 3528 is spiral galaxy located 660 million light-years [1] away in the constellation of Coma Berenices. [2] It lies near to another spiral galaxy NGC 4540, although the two of them are quite far. [3] [4] The object was discovered by Royal Harwood Frost on May 7, 1904. [5] Although listed as a member in the Virgo Cluster Catalogue [6] as VCC 1593, it is not a member of the Virgo cluster but a background galaxy. [7]

Contents

Physical characteristics

IC 3528 is classified a narrow-line Seyfert 1.5 type galaxy. [8] [9] Containing X-ray emission, [10] the galaxy shows strong evidence of non-gravitational outflow kinematics in its [O III] λ5007 emission feature. [11] In addition, IC 4528 contains broad emission lines with widths measuring Hβ FWHM ≤ 2000 km s−1 and is a type-1 active galactic nucleus (AGN) hosted inside a lower-luminosity galaxy that is found having a higher incidence of pseudo-bulges, with barred morphology, and considered less disturbed. This suggests narrow-line Type 1 AGNs like in the case of IC 3528, experiences a more quiescent evolutionary history that is driven primarily by internal secular evolution rather than external dynamical perturbations. [12]

Starburst activity

IC 3528 has an estimated star formation rate of ≳6 M⊙ yr−1 [13] It is a dusty starburst galaxy exhibiting a strong Hδ line in absorption and modest [O II] emission, whom researchers found the galaxy is affected by reddening. Based on star formation rates derived from the FIR luminosities with the estimates based on the Hα line, they found the values obtained from these optical emission lines in IC 3528 are a factor of 10-70 (Hα) and 20-140 ([O II]) lower than the FIR estimates (50-300 Msolar yr−1). [14]

Metallicity

IC 3528 has a low gas fraction and higher oxygen abundance, making a it gas-poor galaxy and metal-rich, which demonstrates the idea that removal of gas from the outskirts of spirals increases the observed average metallicity by ~0.1 dex. [15]

Supernova

SN 2001Z, a Type II supernova was discovered in IC 3528 [16] [17] by astronomers Modjaz and Li, whom they saw it on an unfiltered image taken with KAIT on Mar. 3.5 UT. The supernova was located at R.A. = 12h34m55s.87, Decl. = +15o34'07".5 (equinox 2000.0), which was located 0".5 west and 11".2 north of the nucleus. [18] SN 2001Z was also captured by other astronomers named Phillips, Martin and Valladares who obtained its spectrum on Mar. 5.37 UT with the Baade telescope. They found the spectrum has a weak, relatively narrow H-alpha and H-beta emission lines on a strong, blue continuum and consistent with a type-II supernova caught at a very early epoch. The redshift of the emission lines is z = 0.045. [19]

Black hole

Initially having an estimated range between 105.1- 1010.3 {M}⊙ with an Eddington ratio varying from -3.3 to 1.3 in logarithmic scale, [20] IC 3528 has a low-mass black hole (BH) of BH masses M BH ~ 106-108 M⊙, powered by accretion matter. [21] Similar to IC 750, the budge-mass and stellar mass is found to be (7.3 ± 2.7) × 108 M⊙ and 1.4 × 1010 M⊙ respectively, which the mass upper limit of the BH decreses by two orders of magnitude below the MBH-σ* relation and roughly one order of magnitude below the MBH-MBulge and MBH-M* relations. This is found larger than the relations' intrinsic scatters of 0.58 ± 0.09 dex, 0.69 dex, and 0.65 ± 0.09 dex. [22]

Related Research Articles

An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that emits a significant amount of energy across the electromagnetic spectrum, with characteristics indicating that this luminosity is not produced by the stars. Such excess, non-stellar emissions have been observed in the radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an active galaxy. The non-stellar radiation from an AGN is theorized to result from the accretion of matter by a supermassive black hole at the center of its host galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3227</span> Galaxy in the constellation Leo

NGC 3227 is an intermediate spiral galaxy that is interacting with the dwarf elliptical galaxy NGC 3226. The two galaxies are one of several examples of a spiral with a dwarf elliptical companion that are listed in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies. Both galaxies may be found in the constellation Leo. It is a member of the NGC 3227 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Leo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the right edge of the Virgo Supercluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intracluster medium</span> Superheated plasma that permeates a galaxy cluster

In astronomy, the intracluster medium (ICM) is the superheated plasma that permeates a galaxy cluster. The gas consists mainly of ionized hydrogen and helium and accounts for most of the baryonic material in galaxy clusters. The ICM is heated to temperatures on the order of 10 to 100 megakelvins, emitting strong X-ray radiation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4388</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 4388 is an active spiral galaxy in the equatorial constellation of Virgo. It was discovered April 17, 1784 by Wilhelm Herschel. This galaxy is located at a distance of 57 million light years and is receding with a radial velocity of 2,524km/s. It is one of the brightest galaxies of the Virgo Cluster due to its luminous nucleus. NGC 4388 is located 1.3° to the west of the cluster center, which translates to a projected distance of ≈400 kpc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 7469</span> Galaxy located in the constellation Pegasus

NGC 7469 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pegasus. NGC 7469 is located about 200 million light-years away from Earth, which means, given its apparent dimensions, that NGC 7469 is approximately 90,000 light-years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on November 12, 1784.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4636</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 4636 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Virgo. It is a member of the NGC 4753 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster. It is located at a distance of about 55 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 4636 is about 105,000 light years across.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 5728</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Libra

NGC 5728 is an active barred spiral galaxy located 146 million light years away in the southern constellation of Libra. It was discovered on May 7, 1787 by William Herschel. The designation comes from the New General Catalogue of J. L. E. Dreyer, published in 1888. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 13.40 and spans an angle of 3.4 arcminutes. The galaxy shows a red shift of 0.00935 and has a heliocentric radial velocity of 2,803 km/s. It has an estimated mass of 72 billion times the mass of the Sun and stretches around 30 kpc across.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4324</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Virgo

NGC 4324 is a lenticular galaxy located about 85 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on March 4, 1862. NGC 4324 has a stellar mass of 5.62 × 1010M☉, and a baryonic mass of 5.88 × 1010M☉. The galaxy's total mass is around 5.25 × 1011M☉. NGC 4324 is notable for having a ring of star formation surrounding its nucleus. It was considered a member of the Virgo II Groups until 1999, when its distance was recalculated and it was placed in the Virgo W Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3516</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major

NGC 3516 is a barred lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major. NGC 3516 is located about 150 million light years away from Earth, which means, given its apparent dimensions, that NGC 3516 is approximately 100,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on April 3, 1785.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Markarian 590</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Cetus

Markarian 590, also known as NGC 863, NGC 866, and NGC 885, is an unbarred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Cetus. It is located at a distance of about 300 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 863 is about 110,000 light years across. It is a change looking Seyfert galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 5135</span> Galaxy in the constellation Hydra

NGC 5135 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Hydra. It is located at a distance of about 200 million light years from Earth. It was discovered by John Herschel on May 8, 1834. It is a Seyfert galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3786</span> Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major

NGC 3786 is an spiral galaxy located 107.5 million light-years away in the northern constellation of Ursa Major. It was discovered by English astronomer John Herschel on April 10, 1831. This object appears to form a close pair with its peculiar neighbor to the north, NGC 3788. They show some indications of interaction, such as minor distortion of the disk or tidal features.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Extended emission-line region</span> Interstellar clouds

An extended emission-line region (EELR) is a giant interstellar cloud ionized by the radiation of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) inside a galaxy or photons produced by the shocks associated with the radio jets. An EELR can appear as a resolved cloud in relative nearby galaxies and as narrow emission lines in more distant galaxies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IRAS F11119+3257</span> Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major

IRAS F11119+3257 or simply as F11119+3257, is a galaxy located in constellation Ursa Major. With a redshift of 0.187580, it has a light travel time distance of 2.5 billion light-years and is considered an ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4325</span> Galaxy

NGC 4325 is an elliptical galaxy located about 330 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on April 15, 1865, who described it as "vF, vS, iR, nf of 2". Despite being listed in the Virgo Cluster catalog as VCC 616, it is not a member of the Virgo Cluster but instead a background galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Markarian 463</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Boötes

Markarian 463 known as UGC 8850, is a galaxy merger located in the constellation Boötes. It is located 706 million light years from Earth. It is classified a double nucleus Seyfert galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IC 1481</span> Galaxy in the constellation Pisces

IC 1481 is a spiral galaxy located in the Pisces constellation. It is located 289 million light years from Earth and was discovered by Austrian astronomer, Rudolf Spitaler on October 6, 1891. The galaxy has an approximate diameter of 65,000 light years with a surface brightness of 12.8 square arcmin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Markarian 1018</span> Galaxy in the constellation Cetus

Markarian 1018, also known as UGC 1597, is a lenticular galaxy with a peculiar structure located in the constellation Cetus. It is located at an approximate distance of 607 million light years from Earth and has an apparent dimensions of 0.99 by 0.52 arcmin. It is classified as a change looking Seyfert galaxy and galaxy merger.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RX J1633.3+4718</span> Narrow-line Seyfert galaxy located in the constellation Hercules

RX J1633.3+4718 known as RXS J16333+4718 according to VLBI Network observations, is a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy, located in the constellation of Hercules. It has a redshift of (z) 0.116 and is located 1.75 billion light years from Earth. The first known reference to this galaxy comes from a radio source which was identified in 1995 in the IRAS catalogue as F16319+4725.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IC 5063</span> Galaxy in the constellation Indus

IC 5063 is a post-merger system and is a Seyfert 2 galaxy. This active galactic nucleus (AGN) produces on the one hand interactions with the interstellar medium (ISM) and large radio outflows. On the other hand, the accretion disk around the supermassive black hole, produces crepuscular rays. It is the first discovered case of a black hole disk producing such rays, but circumstellar disks around some young stars are already known to produce similar shadows. The crepuscular rays were first noted in an image by Judy Schmidt, who posted her image of IC 5063 on the social media platform Twitter.

References

  1. ↑ "Your NED Search Results". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  2. ↑ "Revised IC Data for IC 3528". spider.seds.org. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  3. ↑ "Galaxies IC 3528 & NGC 4540 - Supernova 2001z". www.kopernik.org. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  4. ↑ Keel, William C. (1996-02-01). "Seyfert Galaxies With Companions: Orbital and Kinematic Clues to AGN Triggering". The Astronomical Journal. 111: 696. Bibcode:1996AJ....111..696K. doi:10.1086/117816. ISSN   0004-6256.
  5. ↑ "Index Catalog Objects: IC 3500 - 3549". cseligman.com. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  6. ↑ "The Virgo Cluster". www.atlasoftheuniverse.com. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  7. ↑ Binggeli, B.; Sandage, A.; Tammann, G. A. (1985-09-01). "Studies of the Virgo cluster. II. A catalog of 2096 galaxies in the Virgo cluster area". The Astronomical Journal. 90: 1681–1758. Bibcode:1985AJ.....90.1681B. doi:10.1086/113874. ISSN   0004-6256.
  8. ↑ Grünwald, G.; Boller, Th.; Rakshit, S.; Buchner, J.; Dauser, Th.; Freyberg, M.; Liu, T.; Salvato, M.; Schichtel, A. (2023-01-01). "The first look at narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies with eROSITA". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 669: A37. arXiv: 2211.06184 . Bibcode:2023A&A...669A..37G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244620. ISSN   0004-6361.
  9. ↑ Lipovetsky, V. A.; Neizvestny, S. I.; Neizvestnaya, O. M. (1988-01-01). "A catalogue of Seyfert galaxies". Soobshcheniya Spetsial'noj Astrofizicheskoj Observatorii. 55: 5–133. Bibcode:1988SoSAO..55....5L.
  10. ↑ Anderson, Scott F.; Margon, Bruce; Voges, Wolfgang; Plotkin, Richard M.; Syphers, David; Haggard, Daryl; Collinge, Matthew J.; Meyer, Jillian; Strauss, Michael A.; Agüeros, Marcel A.; Hall, Patrick B.; Homer, L.; Ivezić, Željko; Richards, Gordon T.; Richmond, Michael W. (2007-01-01). "A Large, Uniform Sample of X-Ray-emitting Active Galactic Nuclei from the ROSAT All Sky and Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: The Data Release 5 Sample". The Astronomical Journal. 133 (1): 313–329. arXiv: astro-ph/0609458 . Bibcode:2007AJ....133..313A. doi:10.1086/509765. ISSN   0004-6256.
  11. ↑ Sexton, Remington O.; Matzko, William; Darden, Nicholas; Canalizo, Gabriela; Gorjian, Varoujan (2021-01-01). "Bayesian AGN Decomposition Analysis for SDSS spectra: a correlation analysis of [O III] λ5007 outflow kinematics with AGN and host galaxy properties". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 500 (3): 2871–2895. arXiv: 2010.09748 . Bibcode:2021MNRAS.500.2871S. doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa3278 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  12. ↑ Kim, Minjin; Ho, Luis C.; Peng, Chien Y.; Barth, Aaron J.; Im, Myungshin (2017-10-01). "Stellar Photometric Structures of the Host Galaxies of Nearby Type 1 Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 232 (2): 21. arXiv: 1710.02194 . Bibcode:2017ApJS..232...21K. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/aa8a75 . ISSN   0067-0049.
  13. ↑ Lutz, D.; Shimizu, T.; Davies, R. I.; Herrera-Camus, R.; Sturm, E.; Tacconi, L. J.; Veilleux, S. (2018-01-01). "Local Swift-BAT active galactic nuclei prefer circumnuclear star formation". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 609: A9. arXiv: 1709.00857 . Bibcode:2018A&A...609A...9L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731423. ISSN   0004-6361.
  14. ↑ Poggianti, Bianca M.; Wu, Hong (2000-01-01). "Optical Spectral Signatures of Dusty Starburst Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 529 (1): 157–169. arXiv: astro-ph/9908180 . Bibcode:2000ApJ...529..157P. doi:10.1086/308243. ISSN   0004-637X.
  15. ↑ Hughes, T. M.; Cortese, L.; Boselli, A.; Gavazzi, G.; Davies, J. I. (2013-02-01). "The role of cold gas and environment on the stellar mass-metallicity relation of nearby galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 550: A115. arXiv: 1207.4191 . Bibcode:2013A&A...550A.115H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201218822. ISSN   0004-6361.
  16. ↑ "Bright Supernovae - 2001". www.rochesterastronomy.org. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  17. ↑ Hakobyan, A. A.; Adibekyan, V. Zh.; Aramyan, L. S.; Petrosian, A. R.; Gomes, J. M.; Mamon, G. A.; Kunth, D.; Turatto, M. (2012-08-01). "Supernovae and their host galaxies. I. The SDSS DR8 database and statistics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 544: A81. arXiv: 1206.5016 . Bibcode:2012A&A...544A..81H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219541. ISSN   0004-6361.
  18. ↑ Li, W. D.; Modjaz, M.; Schwartz, M. (2001-03-01). "Supernova 2001Z in IC 3528". International Astronomical Union Circular (7592): 2. Bibcode:2001IAUC.7592....2L. ISSN   0081-0304.
  19. ↑ Phillips, M.; Martin, G.; Valladares, G. (2001-03-01). "Supernova 2001Z in IC 3528". International Astronomical Union Circular (7593): 4. Bibcode:2001IAUC.7593....4P. ISSN   0081-0304.
  20. ↑ Liu, He-Yang; Liu, Wen-Juan; Dong, Xiao-Bo; Zhou, Hongyan; Wang, Tinggui; Lu, Honglin; Yuan, Weimin (2019-08-01). "A Comprehensive and Uniform Sample of Broad-line Active Galactic Nuclei from the SDSS DR7". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 243 (2): 21. arXiv: 1906.05597 . Bibcode:2019ApJS..243...21L. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab298b . ISSN   0067-0049.
  21. ↑ Viswanath, Gayathri; Stalin, C. S.; Rakshit, Suvendu; Kurian, Kshama S.; Ujjwal, K.; Gudennavar, Shivappa B.; Kartha, Sreeja S. (2019-08-01). "Are Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies Powered by Low-mass Black Holes?". The Astrophysical Journal. 881 (1): L24. arXiv: 1907.02683 . Bibcode:2019ApJ...881L..24V. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab365e . ISSN   0004-637X.
  22. ↑ Zaw, Ingyin; Rosenthal, Michael J.; Katkov, Ivan Yu.; Gelfand, Joseph D.; Chen, Yan-Ping; Greenhill, Lincoln J.; Brisken, Walter; Noori, Hind Al (2020-07-01). "An Accreting, Anomalously Low-mass Black Hole at the Center of Low-mass Galaxy IC 750". The Astrophysical Journal. 897 (2): 111. arXiv: 2006.01114 . Bibcode:2020ApJ...897..111Z. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab9944 . ISSN   0004-637X.
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