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| Indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories | |||||||||||||||||
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Indigenous inhabitants are people descended through the male line from a person who was in 1898,before Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory was signed,a resident of an established village in the New Territories of Hong Kong. [1]
Indigenous inhabitants have special rights to preserve their customs. When the sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China in 1997,these special rights were preserved under the Hong Kong Basic Law.
Article 40 of the Basic Law
- The lawful traditional rights and interests of the indigenous inhabitants of the "New Territories" shall be protected by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
Special rights are restricted to the village that the indigenous inhabitant is from. In order to protect the tradition of villages,male indigenous inhabitants have the right to apply for small house ,known as Ting Uk (Chinese :丁屋;Hong Kong Hakka:Den1 Vuk5). Properties are only inherited by male members of a village. The interests of indigenous inhabitants are represented by the Heung Yee Kuk (Chinese :鄉議局;Hong Kong Hakka:Hiong1 Ngi4 Kiuk6).
In 2021,the Liber Research Community found sites of suspected of illegal collusion between developers and villagers,and additionally found villager land that could otherwise be used for housing in Hong Kong,contrary to the government's claim that the land was "unfit" for development. [2] [ better source needed ]
 | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008) |
People have been living on boats in the New Territories for generations,and they do not usually own land or houses. They have no special rights because the Hong Kong government since 1898 only recognises established villages (Chinese :認可鄉村;Hong Kong Hakka:Ngin4ko3 Hiong1con1).
| | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008) |
As a result of a large influx of non-indigenous inhabitants into the rural villages,conflicts between indigenous and non-indigenous inhabitants are surfacing. Because the management of a village was only in the hand of indigenous inhabitants,non-indigenous inhabitants could not participate in the matters of the village.
The indigenous inhabitants of Hong Kong spoke Tanka,Hakka,Hoklo (closer to Teochew dialect than Hokkien,which is usually called "Hoklo" as well) and Yue Chinese Weitou dialect which is different from the newcomers who spoke contemporary standard Cantonese.
"Internally,inter-village feuds were common. They amounted to mini-wars,often lasting for years and marked by deaths in armed struggles and the destruction of houses and crops. The causes of strife were often rooted in access to,or protection of,precious water for irrigation,and other economic assets,such as the control of ferries and markets. Disputes over fung-shui of settlements or ancestral graves were not uncommon because the belief of sitings being directly linked with prosperity or adversity. Superior geomantic skills were in demand,since they could be used to injure the fung-shui of another village,lineage,branch lineage or family,or even to drive out earlier settlers." (Hayes,2012)
The Hakka,sometimes also referred to as Hakka Han,or Hakka Chinese,or Hakkas,are a southern Han Chinese subgroup whose principal settlements and ancestral homes are dispersed widely across the provinces of southern China and who speak a language that is closely related to Gan,a Han Chinese dialect spoken in Jiangxi province. They are differentiated from other southern Han Chinese by their dispersed nature and tendency to occupy marginal lands and remote hilly areas. The Chinese characters for Hakka literally mean "guest families".
Most of the walled villages of Hong Kong are located in the New Territories.
Grass Island or Tap Mun is an island in Hong Kong,located in the northeastern part of the territory. Its area is 1.69 km2 (0.65 sq mi). Administratively,it is part of the Tai Po District. There are about 100 people living on the island,and feral cattle are known on the island.
Huizhou is a city in central-east Guangdong Province,China,forty-three miles north of Hong Kong. Huizhou borders the provincial capital of Guangzhou to the west,Shenzhen and Dongguan to the southwest,Shaoguan to the north,Heyuan to the northeast,Shanwei to the east,and Daya Bay of the South China Sea to the south. As of the 2020 census,the city has about 6,042,852 inhabitants and is administered as a prefecture-level city. Huizhou's core metropolitan area,which is within Huicheng and Huiyang Districts,is home to around 2,090,578 inhabitants.
The Hoklo people are a Han Chinese subgroup who speak Hokkien,a Southern Min language,or trace their ancestry to southeastern Fujian in China,and known by various related terms such as Banlam people,Minnan people,or more commonly in Southeast Asia as the Hokkien people. The Hokkien people are found in significant numbers in mainland China,Taiwan,Singapore,Malaysia,Philippines,Indonesia,Brunei,Myanmar,the United States,Hong Kong,and Macau. The Hokkien people have a distinct culture and architecture,including Hokkien shrines and temples with tilted sharp eaves,high and slanted top roofs,and finely detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain. The Hokkien language,which includes Taiwanese Hokkien,is the mainstream Southern Min,which is partially mutually intelligible to the Teochew language,Hainanese,Leizhou Min,and Haklau Min.
The Tankas or boat people are a sinicised ethnic group in Southern China who traditionally lived on junks in coastal parts of Guangdong,Guangxi,Fujian,Hainan,Shanghai,Zhejiang and along the Yangtze river,as well as Hong Kong,and Macau. The boat people are referred to with other different names outside of Guangdong. Though many now live onshore,some from the older generations still live on their boats and pursue their traditional livelihood of fishing. Historically,the Tankas were considered outcasts. Since they were boat people who lived by the sea,they were sometimes referred to as "sea gypsies" by both Chinese and British. Tanka origins can be traced back to the native ethnic minorities of southern China known historically as the Baiyue who may have taken refuge on the sea and gradually assimilated into Han Chinese culture. However,Tanka have preserved many of their native traditions not found in Han culture.
Kuk Po is an area situated in the north eastern New Territories of Hong Kong,to the south of the Starling Inlet,opposite the town of Sha Tau Kok.
Fung Hang is a village in the north eastern New Territories of Hong Kong,to the south west of the Sha Tau Kok Hoi or Starling Inlet,opposite the town of Sha Tau Kok. It is a single-clan Hakka village of the Cheung (張) Clan located between Luk Keng and Kuk Po.
The Han Chinese people can be defined into subgroups based on linguistic,cultural,ethnic,genetic,and regional features. The terminology used in Mandarin to describe the groups is:"minxi",used in mainland China or "zuqun",used in Taiwan. No Han subgroup is recognized as one of People's Republic of China's 56 official ethnic groups,in Taiwan only three subgroups,Hoklo,Hakka and Waishengren are recognized.
Punti is a Cantonese endonym referring to the native Cantonese people of Guangdong and Guangxi. Punti designates Weitou dialect-speaking locals in contrast to other Yue Chinese speakers and others such as Taishanese people,Hoklo people,Hakka people,and ethnic minorities such as the Zhuang people of Guangxi and the boat-dwelling Tanka people,who are both descendants of the Baiyue –although the Tanka have largely assimilated into Han Chinese culture.
Kam Tin,or Kam Tin Heung,is an area in the New Territories,Hong Kong. It lies on a flat alluvial plain north of Tai Mo Shan mountain and east of Yuen Long town. It was formerly known as Sham Tin (岑田). Administratively,it is part of Yuen Long District.
The Weitou dialect is a dialect of Yue Chinese. It forms part of the Guan–Bao branch of Yuehai. It is spoken by older generations in Luohu and Futian districts in Shenzhen,and by those in the New Territories,Hong Kong.
The Convention between the United Kingdom and China,Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory,commonly known as the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory or the Second Convention of Peking,was a lease and unequal treaty signed between Qing China and the United Kingdom in Peking on 9 June 1898,leasing to the United Kingdom for 99 years,at no charge,the New Territories and northern Kowloon,including 235 islands.
The languages of Taiwan consist of several varieties of languages under the families of Austronesian languages and Sino-Tibetan languages. The Formosan languages,a geographically designated branch of Austronesian languages,have been spoken by the Taiwanese indigenous peoples for thousands of years. Owing to the wide internal variety of the Formosan languages,research on historical linguistics recognizes Taiwan as the Urheimat (homeland) of the whole Austronesian languages family. In the last 400 years,several waves of Han emigrations brought several different Sinitic languages into Taiwan. These languages include Taiwanese Hokkien,Hakka,and Mandarin,which have become the major languages spoken in present-day Taiwan.
Lai Chi Wo is a Hakka village near Sha Tau Kok,in the northeastern New Territories of Hong Kong. It is described as a "walled village" by some sources. Lai Chi Wo is located within Plover Cove Country Park and near Yan Chau Tong Marine Park.
Benshengren,are ethnic Hoklo or Hakka Taiwanese nationals who settled on the island prior to or during the Japanese colonization of Taiwan. Its usage is to differentiate the different culture,customs,and political sentiments within contemporary Taiwan between those who lived through World War II on the island and later migrants from Mainland China,who are known as Waishengren. Hoklo and Hakka people who migrated to Taiwan after 1945,especially those who migrated with the retreat of the Nationalist-Led Chinese Government to Taiwan in 1949 are not included in this term.
Hongkongers,Hong Kongers,Hong Kongese,Hongkongese,Hong Kong citizens and Hong Kong people are demonyms that refer to a resident of Hong Kong,although they may also refer to others who were born and/or raised in the territory.
The Small House Policy was introduced in 1972 in Hong Kong. The objective was to improve the then prevailing low standard of housing in the rural areas of the New Territories. The Policy allows an indigenous male villager who is 18 years old and is descended through the male line from a resident in 1898 of a recognized village in the New Territories,an entitlement to one concessionary grant during his lifetime to build one house.
The lands inhabited by indigenous peoples receive different treatments around the world. Many countries have specific legislation,definitions,nomenclature,objectives,etc.,for such lands. To protect indigenous land rights,special rules are sometimes created to protect the areas they live in. In other cases,governments establish "reserves" with the intention of segregation. Some indigenous peoples live in places where their right to land is not recognised,or not effectively protected.
During the martial law period in Taiwan,a Mandarin monolingual policy was implemented in Taiwan by the Kuomintang. The policy was formulated as a political goal to unite the island. However,the demotion of prior local languages into "dialects" across cultural and educational landscapes resulted in a pushback of the policy and eventually rescinded as Taiwan democratized.
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