The current diplomatic relations between Israel and Serbia started on 27 April 1992, with the founding of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, a rump state of Yugoslavia with Serbia being its main component. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was already immersed in the process of disintegration due to civil war when in January 1992 it restored diplomatic relations between Israel, which were frozen due to the Six-Day War in 1967 as the government sided with the Arab states. After Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and finally Bosnia seceded from Belgrade, Serbia decided to remain in federation with Montenegro and inherited the recognition of Israel made by the Yugoslav government months earlier. Relations continued after the reform of the political structure of the country and its change of name to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. In 2006, Montenegro declared independence after a referendum and Serbia inherited all diplomatic relations the former union had with other countries, including Israel, as the sole legal successor of the state union.
Ever since the 13th century there has been a recorded Jewish community of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews in the city of Belgrade. The first Jews to settle in the city originally arrived from Italy and the city of Dubrovnik, and later on from Hungary and Spain.[1]
The Jewish communities of the Balkans saw significant influx in the 15th and 16th centuries by the arrival of Jewish refugees fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions. Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire welcomed the Jewish refugees into his Empire. Jews became involved in trade between the various provinces in the Ottoman Empire, becoming especially important in the salt trade.[2] In the northern province of Vojvodina, which was under Habsburg rule, Jews settled in the 18th century, particularly after the 1782 Edict of Tolerance by the Emperor Joseph II, which gave Jews a measure of religious freedom.[3] The Government of the Kingdom of Serbia, in exile at the time because of the German-Austrian occupation during the World War I, was the first government to officially endorse the Balfour Declaration, which announced the establishment of the Jewish state in Palestine. Serbian diplomat to the United States and Zionist leader David Albala announced the support for the declaration on 27 December 1917. Milenko Vesnić, Serbian ambassador to Paris from 1907 to 1920, in one document referred to the new Jewish state as "Israel", which was the first official mention of that name in the international politics.[4][5][6]
The Jewish community developed substantially before and after World War I following the religious autonomy they have received, and many Jewish educational institutions and synagogues for both the Ashkenazi and Sephardic communities were established. By the year 1939 there were approximately 10,400 Jews living in Belgrade.[1]
The sculpture "Menorah in Flames" (Menora u plamenu) to the Holocaust victims in Belgrade
Most of the Jews living in Serbia were killed during the Holocaust. During the war, many Jews were given refuge by the Yugoslav Partisans, led by Josip Broz Tito, and many of them fought along their side. Serbian civilians were involved in saving thousands of Yugoslavian Jews during this period.[7] After the war, most of those who survived gradually emigrated to Israel. Until 1952, a total of 7,578 Jews emigrated from Yugoslavia to Israel. During the period, Yugoslavia was mostly neutral in the Arab–Israeli conflict, but maintained ties with Israel, helped by its sizable Jewish emigration.[8] According to the 2022 census, there are 709 declared Jews in Serbia, living mainly in Belgrade and Vojvodina.[9]
Yugoslavia and Israel established diplomatic relations in 1948 with Yugoslavia being the second European country to recognize Israel.[10] Yugoslavia severed all diplomatic relations with Israel following the Six-Day War in 1967, and it was following a pro-Arab policy since. In the middle of the breakup of Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav government restored diplomatic relations with Israel in 31 January 1992, but by that time, Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia had already seceded from Belgrade. This was done to achieve certain international support as the Milošević regime was practically isolated from the international community during the Yugoslav Wars.[8][11]
Tommy Lapid, a Serbian-born Israeli radio and television presenter, playwright, journalist, politician and Minister of Justice
According to professor Igor Primoratz: "Since the beginning of the disintegration of Yugoslavia, Israel's political establishment has taken a pro-Serbian stand. Facts that Israel had an embassy in Belgrade since October 1991 and that Serbia was the first among Yugoslavia's successor states to open the embassy in Israel (though ambassador Budimir Košutić will never submit his credentials to the President of Israel due to the UN Security Council sanctions imposed on Serbia) are just confirming that. Both Israeli public and the press itself as Yad Vashem refused to recognize crimes that Serbs committed in Croatia during the Croatian War of Independence."[12]
It was subsequently reported that Israel had purposely provided weapons to the Serbs during the Bosnian War, possibly due to the pro-Serbian bias of the government of the time,[13] or possibly in exchange for the Sarajevo Jewish community to make aliyah to Israel.[14][15] However, at the time it was not clear how extensive the supply was, or whether they were provided by state or private arms dealers, or whether the Israeli government had even known or approved of such transfers.[16] It has been alleged that the Israeli intelligence service, Mossad was responsible for providing Bosnian Serbs with a substantial supply of artillery shells and mortar bombs in return for the safe passage for the Jewish population out of the besieged town of Sarajevo.[15]
Isaac Herzog, President of Israel, Aleksandar Vučić, President of Serbia, and Idit Ohel, the mother of the abductee to Gaza, Alon Ohel, 2024
In July 2023, Israeli foreign minister Eli Cohen described Serbia as the "strongest ally of the State of Israel in the region".[17]
In April 2024, Israeli ambassador to Serbia, Yahel Wilan, released a statement that Israel would not recognize the Srebrenica massacre as a genocide.[18][19]
Following the October 7th Hamas-led attack on Israel Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić condemned the "horrific attacks", adding that "the Jewish people have endured a history of suffering and Israel deserves to live in peace and security" while also calling for a compromise between Palestinians and Israelis.[20] Media reports have suggested Serbia was a major supplier of weapons and ammunition to Israel during the 2024 Israel–Hamas War, with at least two major shipments sent during the conflict.[21] Serbia's state-owned arms manufacturer, Yugoimport SDPR, exported over 23.1 million euros worth of arms and ammunition to Israel during 2024.[22]
In June 2024, a Serbian-Muslim assailant attacked a police officer outside of the Israeli embassy in Belgrade.[23][24][25]
Israeli stance on Kosovo
Israel refused to support the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, leading to admonishment from the United States.[26]Ariel Sharon criticized NATO's bombing as an act of "brutal interventionism".[27] In the first detailed Israeli response to the NATO campaign against Serbia, Sharon said both Serbia and Kosovo have been victims of violence. He said prior to the current Yugoslav campaign against Kosovo Albanians, Serbians were the targets of attacks in the Kosovo province. "Israel has a clear policy. We are against aggressive actions. We are against hurting innocent people. I hope that the sides will return to the negotiating table as soon as possible." During the crisis, Elyakim Haetzni said the Serbs should be the first to receive Israeli aid. "They are our traditional friends," he told Israel Radio."[28] On Sharon's death, Serbian minister Aleksandar Vulin stated: "The Serbian people will remember Sharon for opposing the 1999 NATO bombing campaign against the former Yugoslavia and advocating respect for sovereignty of other nations and a policy of not interfering with their internal affairs."[29] It was suggested that Israel's pro-Serbian position may have been a result of Serbs saving Jews during the Holocaust, personal memories of which were still present among many older Israeli politicians serving in government at the time such as Tommy Lapid.[30]
On 28 April 2009, Arthur Koll, the Israeli ambassador to Serbia, said that though it had been more than a year since Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, Israel had no intention of recognizing the declaration, and that "Israel is asked from time to time how solid this decision is, but the fact is that Israel's position has not changed throughout this time. The Serbian people and government should appreciate Israel's position, which also demonstrates the friendship between the two states."[31][32] This decision is regarded in part due to the possibility of the Palestinian Authority using such a recognition to justify their own unilateral declaration of independence.[33] In September 2009, during an official visit to Belgrade, Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman also reaffirmed that Israel would not recognise Kosovo, but hoped the issue would be resolved peacefully.[34]
Israel recognized the Republic of Kosovo as an independent sovereign state on 4 September 2020 and the two agreed to establish formal diplomatic relations.[35][36][37][38][39][40] On 21 September 2000 the ambassador of Israel to Serbia, Yahel Vilan, confirmed that Israel had formally recognized Kosovo on 4 September 2020 saying "there is no doubt whether Israel will recognize Kosovo or not, because Israel already recognized Kosovo on 4 September".[41][42]
Serbian stance on Palestine
In 2011 Serbia voted to recognize Palestine as UNESCO's 195th member, against Israel's stated position. Belgrade declared that it would not have opposed a resolution recognizing Palestinian sovereignty, had one come before the UN General Assembly.[43]
Economic relations
Trade between two countries amounted to $112 million in 2023; Israel's merchandise export to Serbia were about $36 million; Serbian exports were standing at $76 million.[44] Israel's export to Serbia includes herbicides and fuel oil, while Serbia's export to Israel includes mainly tobbacco and tires.
The Israeli carrier Arkia operates flights between Belgrade and Tel Aviv.
Since the abolition of visa restrictions between the two countries in 2009, increased tourist traffic between two countries is registered. In 2011, 4,700 Serbians visited Israel as tourists.[45] In 2023, some 55,000 Israeli tourists visited Serbia.[46]
Serbia has an embassy in Tel Aviv. In 2020 Serbia agreed to move its embassy to Jerusalem but decided not to after Israeli recognition of Kosovo independence.[47][48]
Foreign relations of Serbia are formulated and executed by the Government of Serbia through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Serbia established diplomatic relations with most world nations – 188 states in total – starting with the United Kingdom (1837) and ending most recently with Guyana (2024). Serbia has friendly relations with following neighboring countries: Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, and Hungary. It maintains colder, more tense relations with Albania and Croatia and to a lesser degree with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria due to historic nation-building conflict and differing political ideologies.
The history of the Jews in Serbia is some two thousand years old. The Jews first arrived in the region during Roman times. The Jewish communities of the Balkans remained small until the late 15th century, when Jews fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions found refuge in the Ottoman-ruled areas, including Serbia.
The history of the Jews in Kosovo largely mirrors that of the history of the Jews in Serbia, except during the Second World War, when Kosovo, as part of Kingdom of Albania, was under Italian control and later under German control. The other exception is following the Kosovo War of 1999, when the province began its political separation from Serbia.
British – Serbian relations are foreign relations between the United Kingdom and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1837. The UK has an embassy and consulate in Belgrade and Serbia has an embassy in London. The Serbian ambassador to the United Kingdom is dr Dejan Popović and the British ambassador to Serbia is Sian MacLeod.
French-Serbian relations are foreign relations between France and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1839, between the Kingdom of France and the Principality of Serbia.
China and Serbia maintain diplomatic relations established between People's Republic of China and SFR Yugoslavia in 1955. In recent decades, the two countries have held a very close relationship raising it to the level of strategic partnership since 2009.
The nations of Mexico and Serbia originally established diplomatic relations in 1946 when Serbia was part of Yugoslavia. Since the dissolution of Yugoslavia, both countries have continuously maintained diplomatic relations. Both nations were founding members of the Group of 77 and the United Nations.
Italy–Serbia relations are diplomatic relations between Italy and Serbia. The Kingdom of Italy established formal bilateral relations with the Principality of Serbia on 18 January 1879. The strategic partnership between the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Italy was established in Rome on 13 November 2009. Italy is one of the member states of the European Union which strongly support Accession of Serbia to the European Union. Both countries are members of the Central European Initiative, OSCE, Council of Europe and the World Trade Organization.
Portuguese-Serbian relations date back to 1882. Portugal has an embassy in Belgrade, and Serbia has an embassy in Lisbon. Despite support by Portugal for the independence of Kosovo, Serbian Prime Minister Mirko Cvetković was keen to improve bilateral cooperation. Also, Portugal is backing Serbia's accession to the European Union (EU).
Serbia-Spain relations are foreign relations between Serbia and Spain. Both countries established diplomatic relations on October 14, 1916. Serbia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Belgrade. Both countries are member states of the UN, Interpol, COE and OSCE. Spain is member state of the EU since 1986 and Serbia is a candidate country since 2012 negotiating its future membership which Spain is strongly supporting. In relation to third parties, both countries supported position of Argentina in its Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute with the United Kingdom in the past.
Relations between Albania and Serbia have been complex and largely unfriendly due to a number of historical and political events.
Serbian–Turkish relations are foreign relations between Serbia and Turkey. Serbia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Belgrade. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). Turkey is a member of NATO, while Serbia is not. Their relationship is strong, but there has been issues with recognition of Kosovo.
Serbia and Venezuela maintain diplomatic relations established between SFR Yugoslavia and Venezuela in 1951.
Israel–Kosovo relations refer to bilateral relations between Israel and Kosovo. Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008. Israel and Kosovo agreed on 4 September 2020, as part of negotiations for the Kosovo and Serbia Economic Normalization agreements, to mutually recognize each other. It was initially reported that the mutual recognition had not yet gone into effect at that point, and Israel's recognition of Kosovo was expected to be formally declared "in the coming weeks". However, on 21 September the ambassador of Israel to Serbia, Yahel Vilan, confirmed that Israel had indeed recognized Kosovo on 4 September 2020. The two countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 2021. On 14 March 2021 Kosovo officially opened its embassy in Jerusalem.
The Palestinian–Serbian relations are bilateral relations between the State of Palestine and the Republic of Serbia. Relations between Serbia and Palestine have been very close and friendly.
Balkan Jews refers to Jews who live or lived in the Balkans.
The Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements, informally known as the Washington Agreement, are a pair of documents in which Kosovo and Serbia agreed to facilitate economic normalization among themselves. The documents were signed by the Prime Minister of Kosovo Avdullah Hoti and the President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić on September 4, 2020, at the White House, in the presence of the President of the United States Donald Trump.
Turkey–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Turkey and now broken up Yugoslavia.
Israel–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Israel and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Positive initial relations between the two states were subsequently negatively affected by the Arab–American conflict and close relations between Yugoslavia and some Arab states, particularly Yugoslav relations with Egypt. Despite cancelation of the formal relations after the Six-Day War informal, commercial and cultural exchanges continued throughout the Cold War period.
The Embassy of the United States in Belgrade is the diplomatic mission of the United States of America in Serbia. Serbia, being at a crucial geographic and strategic juncture in the Balkans, has maintained its significance to U.S. foreign policy.
↑ Slobodan Kljakić (4 June 2018). "Албале и њихове три дипломатске мисије" [The Albalas and their three diplomatic missions]. Politika (in Serbian). p.06.
↑ Why is Israel waffling on Kosovo?, by LARRY DERFNER, and GIL SEDAN
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