The Cladoniaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Lecanorales. With about 560 species distributed amongst 18 genera, it is one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi. Molecular phylogenetics studies have provided new insights into its complex taxonomic history, refining is classification. While Cladoniaceae species are found globally, from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests, they favour humid environments and are intolerant of arid conditions. The reindeer moss and cup lichens (Cladonia) belong to this family. The latter genus, which comprises about 500 species, forms a major part of the diet of large mammals in taiga and tundra ecosystems.
The Pannariaceae are a family of lichens in the order Peltigerales. Species from this family have a widespread distribution, but are especially prevalent in southern temperate regions.
The Baeomycetales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Ostropomycetidae, in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 8 families, 33 genera and about 170 species. As a result of molecular phylogenetics research published in the late 2010s, several orders were folded into the Baeomycetales, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of taxa.
Psoroma is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. The widespread genus contains about 30 species, most of which are found in south temperate regions.
Pannaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. The widespread genus contains an estimated 51 species, found primarily in tropical regions.
A cephalodium (pl. cephalodia) is a small gall-like structure found in some lichens. They occur only lichens which contain both cyanobacterial and green algal partners. Cephalodia can occur within the tissues of the lichen, or on its upper or lower surface. Lichens with cephalodia can fix nitrogen, and may be an important contributor of nitrogen to the ecosystem.
Lepidocollema wainioi is a species of lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It is known from southeast Asia.
Vahliella is a genus of nine species of lichen-forming fungi in the order Peltigerales. It is the only member of Vahliellaceae, a family circumscribed in 2010 to contain this genus. Vahliella was formerly placed in the family Pannariaceae until molecular phylogenetics showed that it did not belong there. Vahliella species are found in the Northern Hemisphere – mainly in North America, but also in Europe and India.
Per Magnus Jørgensen is a Norwegian botanist and lichenologist, and Professor Emeritus of systematic botany at the University of Bergen. He is known for his work on the lichen families Pannariaceae and Collemataceae. Jørgensen was awarded the Acharius Medal in 2021 for his lifetime contributions to lichenology.
Gibbosporina is a genus of 13 species of foliose lichens in the family Pannariaceae. It contains species that molecular phylogenetic analysis clustered together in a clade previously referred to as the "Physma"-group. Despite their morphological differences, this group shares several uniting characteristics. They have ring-like excipular margins around the thallus; strongly amyloid internal ascus structures; well-developed perispores that feature irregular gibbae, but not verrucae ; lacks secondary compounds than can be detected by thin-layer chromatography; and have tropical distributions.
Koerberiaceae is a small family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Peltigerales. It contains 3 genera and 9 species. The family was proposed by Toby Spribille and Lucia Muggia in 2012, after molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of three lineages of lichen-forming fungi in the suborder Peltigerineae of the order Peltigerales. The lineages represented the genera Steinera, Koerberia, and Vestergrenopsis. The latter genus was later folded into synonymy with Tingiopsidium.
Psorophorus is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Pannariaceae. It contains 2 known species.
Pannaria complanata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), squamulose (scaley) to foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 2001 by the Norwegian lichenologist Per Magnus Jørgensen. The type specimen was collected from the Doddabetta peak in the Nilgiri Mountains at an altitude of about 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The lichen makes circular patches typically up to about 5 cm (2 in) in diameter, comprising brownish, flat lobes measuring up to 2 mm wide. The photobiont partner is a member of the cyanobacterial genus Nostoc. The PD+ (orange) chemical spot test reaction indicates the presence of pannarin, a lichen product. The geographic range of the lichen includes India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. In India it is found only in the Western Ghats, having been recorded from Kerala and Tamil Nadu. In this country Pannaria complanata often associates with moss genus Hyophila.
Pannaria ramulosa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), squamulose (scaly) to foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 2001 by the Norwegian lichenologist Per Magnus Jørgensen. Gustaf Einar Du Rietz collected the type specimen in 1927 from the Goenoeng Ardjoena. This rainforest lichen has a rounded thallus up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter with thin, brownish lobes. It does not show any reactions to standard chemical spot tests, and no lichen products were detected using thin-layer chromatography. At the time of its original publication it was only known to occur at the type locality.
Pannaria formosana is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), squamulose (scaley) to foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Pannariaceae. Found in eastern Asia, it was formally described as a new species in 2001 by the Norwegian lichenologist Per Magnus Jørgensen. The type specimen was collected in February, 1965 by Syo Kurokawa from Chinsueiin Pass,.
Fulgidea is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Umbilicariaceae. It has two species of squamulose lichens that grow on bark and on wood.
Hispidopannaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. It comprises two species, both found exclusively in southern South America. The genus is characterised by its large, leafy structures covered with stiff, bristle-like hairs, giving the lichen a fuzzy appearance. These lichens form symbiotic relationships with both green algae and cyanobacteria, allowing them to photosynthesise. Hispidopannaria was established as a distinct genus in 2020, based on DNA analysis that showed it to be genetically distinct from the closely related genus Pannaria. The two known species inhabit different ecological niches: H. hispidula is found in temperate rainforests across Chile and Argentina, primarily growing on tree bark, while H. dasyclada is endemic to Robinson Crusoe Island in Chile, where it grows on rocks and on soil.
Siphulastrum is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. It has five species. The genus was circumscribed by Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1889, with S. triste assigned as the type species.
Phormopsora is a fungal genus in the family Pannariaceae. It comprises a single species, Phormopsora isabellina. The genus was proposed in 2020 based on molecular and morphological studies of a lichen previously classified in the genera Psoroma and Pannaria. Phormopsora is characterised by its large, scale-like structures called squamules that form pale grey rosettes, and by the presence of unique lichen substances not found in other members of its family. The species is primarily found in southern South America, particularly in Chile, where it grows on the trunks of evergreen Nothofagus trees in humid, temperate rainforests. Its distinctive features include well-developed structures containing nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, and spores with a distinctive outer wall that has irregular swellings and thread-like extensions at the tips.
Leptogidium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. It has six species.
