Parmeliella

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Parmeliella
Parmeliella triptophylla 83390.jpg
Parmeliella triptophylla
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Peltigerales
Family: Pannariaceae
Genus: Parmeliella
Müll.Arg. (1862)
Type species
Parmeliella triptophylla
(Ach.) Müll.Arg. (1862)

Parmeliella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. It occurs mainly in the tropics and subtropics, with species found in Africa, Asia, Australasia and South America. [1] These lichens form small, leaf-like or crusty patches that are often anchored by blue-black fibres, and they partner with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. The genus was established in 1862 by the Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis, who distinguished it from related genera by the structure of its fruiting bodies.

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by the Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1862. In his original description, Müller Argoviensis distinguished Parmeliella from the genus Pannaria primarily by the structure of the fruiting bodies (apothecia). He noted that Parmeliella species have apothecia with a proper margin that lacks photobiont cells ( gonidia ) from the beginning and becomes somewhat sunken into the thallus as it ages, contrasting with the swollen, photobiont-rich margins typical of Pannaria. The spores were described as hyaline (colourless) and simple in structure. Müller Argoviensis initially included two species in the genus: P. triptophylla and P. turgida , both found in the high forests of the Dôle region near Geneva, particularly on Sorbus aucuparia (rowan trees) and less commonly on beech and fir trunks. [2]

Description

Parmeliella produces a thallus that may be leaf-like (foliose), composed of minute overlapping scales (squamulose, or form a thin crust (crustose). Whatever the growth form, the thallus is often anchored by a blue to blue-black felt of hyphae (the hypothallus ) that can show at the margins. The upper surface ranges from grey-blue to almost black and may carry powdery soredia, cylindrical isidia, or leaf-like phyllidia , which all serve as propagules for vegetative reproduction. On the thallus underside the texture varies: some species bear a fine woolly covering ( tomentum ), whereas others develop sparse root-like rhizines, and the tissue is usually pale. The photobiont is a filamentous cyanobacterium of the genus Nostoc , giving the lichen its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. [3]

Sexual reproduction takes place in sessile fruiting bodies (apothecia), most of which are biatorine in form—that is, they lack a rim of thallus tissue and instead show a red-brown to black disc bordered only by the exciple . This true exciple is thick and pseudoparenchymatous , the cells rounded to oblong and roughly 15–20 micrometres across. Threads of unbranched paraphyses weave through the hymenium; their tips are barely swollen, and their external pigment stains blue in iodine solution (I+). Each ascus contains eight ascospores and displays a deeply blue-staining ring when treated with potassium iodide, a feature diagnostic of the Pannaria type. The spores are colourless, single-celled and ellipsoidal, often terminating in one or two pointed tips, and their outer wall is minutely warted or ridged. asexual propagules are produced only rarely in minute pycnidia and appear as straight, rod-shaped conidia. Thin-layer chromatography rarely detects secondary metabolites in the genus, although fresh thalli of some species release an antiseptic odour when moistened, and some members can contain pannarin, which results in PD+ (orange-red) spot test reaction. [3]

Species

As of July 2025, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 42 species of Parmeliella. [4]

Parmeliella appalachensis Parmeliella appalachensis - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg
Parmeliella appalachensis

References

  1. ↑ Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Kirika, Paul M.; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Mugambi, George; Orock, Elizabeth A.; Leavitt, Steven D.; Gatheri, Grace W. (2016). "Phylogenetic studies uncover a predominantly African lineage in a widely distributed lichen-forming fungal species". MycoKeys (14): 1–16. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.14.8971 .
  2. ↑ Müller, J. (1862). "Principes de classification des lichens et énumeration des lichens de Genève" [Principles of lichen classification and enumeration of the lichens of Geneva]. Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève (in French). 16 (2): 343–433 [376].
  3. 1 2 Cannon, P.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2021). Peltigerales: Pannariaceae, including the genera Fuscopannaria, Leptogidium, Nevesia, Pannaria, Parmeliella, Pectenia, Protopannaria and Psoroma (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 9. p. 13. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  4. ↑ "Parmeliella". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
  5. 1 2 Jørgensen, P.M. (1999). "Studies in the lichen family Pannariaceae VIII. Seven new parmelielloid lichens from New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 37 (2): 257–268. Bibcode:1999NZJB...37..257J. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512632 .
  6. 1 2 3 4 Jørgensen, P.M.; Kashiwadani, H. (2001). "Notes on the lichen genus Parmeliella in Japan". Journal of Japanese Botany. 76 (5): 288–296.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Jørgensen, P.M.; Arvidsson, L. (2004). "The lichen family Pannariaceae in Ecuador". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. 34 (1): 113–132.
  8. ↑ Jørgensen, Per M. (2000). "Survey of the lichen family Pannariaceae on the American continent, north of Mexico". The Bryologist. 103 (4): 670–704. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0670:SOTLFP]2.0.CO;2.
  9. 1 2 Jørgensen, P.M. (2000). "New or interesting Parmeliella species from the andes and central America". The Lichenologist. 32 (2): 139–147. Bibcode:2000ThLic..32..139J. doi:10.1006/lich.1999.0259.
  10. 1 2 Müller, J. (1893). "Lichenes exotici II". Hedwigia (in Latin). 32 (2): 120–136.
  11. ↑ Jørgensen, Per M. (2001). "Two remarkable additions to the pannariaceous flora of South America". The Bryologist. 104 (2): 260–262. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2001)104[0260:trattp]2.0.co;2.
  12. ↑ Jørgensen, Per M.; Palice, Zdeněk (2010). "Additions to the lichen family Pannariaceae in Ecuador". Nordic Journal of Botany. 28 (5): 623–628. Bibcode:2010NorJB..28..623J. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2010.00773.x.
  13. 1 2 Jørgensen, Per M. (2003). "Notes on African Pannariaceae (lichenized ascomycetes)". The Lichenologist. 35 (1): 11–20. Bibcode:2003ThLic..35...11J. doi:10.1006/lich.2002.0424.
  14. 1 2 Jørgensen, Per M. (2003). "Notes on some misunderstood, subtropical Parmeliella species". The Bryologist. 106 (1): 121–129. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2003)106[0121:NOSMSP]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR   3244801.
  15. 1 2 3 Jørgensen, Per M.; Sipman, H. (2006), "The lichen family Pannariaceae in the montane regions of New Guinea", The Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory, 100: 695–720, doi:10.18968/jhbl.100.0_695
  16. 1 2 Jørgensen, Per M. (2001). "New species and records of the lichen family Pannariaceae from Australia". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 78: 109–140.
  17. ↑ Lamb, I.M. (1955). "New lichens from northern Patagonia, with notes on some related species". Farlowia. 4: 423–471.
  18. ↑ Upreti, D.K.; Divakar, P.K.; Nayaka, S. (2005). "Notes on some Indian Pannariaceous Lichens". Nova Hedwigia. 81 (1–2): 97–113. Bibcode:2005NovaH..81...97U. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2005/0081-0097.
  19. ↑ Jørgensen, Per M. (2004). "Further contributions to the Pannariaceae (lichenized Ascomycetes) of the Southern Hemisphere". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 88: 229–253.
  20. ↑ Jørgensen, P.M.; Galloway, D.J. (1992). "Pannariaceae". Lichens—Introduction, Lecanorales 1. Flora of Australia. Vol. 54. pp. 314–317. ISBN   978-0-644-24061-1.
  21. ↑ Jørgensen, P.M. (1977). "Foliose and fruticose lichens from Tristan da Cunha". Skrifter Norske Videnskaps Akademi I Oslo. 36: 1–40.
  22. 1 2 Jørgensen, P.M. (2007). "New discoveries in Asian pannariaceous lichens". The Lichenologist. 39 (3): 235–243. Bibcode:2007ThLic..39..235J. doi:10.1017/S0024282907006858.
  23. ↑ Dube, Archana; Makhija, Urmila (2008). "A new species of Parmeliella (Pannariaceae) from India". The Lichenologist. 40 (3): 209–212. Bibcode:2008ThLic..40..209D. doi:10.1017/s0024282908007470.
  24. ↑ Jørgensen, P.M. (1978). The lichen family Pannariaceae in Europe. Opera Botanica. Vol. 45. p. 70.
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