La Meseta Formation

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La Meseta Formation
Stratigraphic range: Eocene
Type Geological formation
Unit of Seymour Island Group [1]
Underlies Weddell Formation
Overlies Lopez de Bertodano, Sobral & Cross Valley Formations
Thickness557 m (1,827 ft) [2]
Lithology
Primary Sandstone, claystone
Other Siltstone, mudstone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates 64°14′21.782″S56°36′11.69″W / 64.23938389°S 56.6032472°W / -64.23938389; -56.6032472 . [3]
Approximate paleocoordinates 63°42′S61°30′W / 63.7°S 61.5°W / -63.7; -61.5
Region Seymour Island
Country Antarctica
Geologic map of Seymour Island, Antarctica.png
Geologic map of Seymour Island, Antarctica with La Meseta Formation in dark yellow

The La Meseta Formation is a sedimentary sequence deposited during the Eocene on Seymour Island off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is noted for its fossils, which include both marine organisms and the only terrestrial vertebrate fossils from the Cenozoic of Antarctica. [2] [4]

Contents

Description

La Meseta Formation lies unconformably on the Cretaceous Lopez de Bertodano Formation. It is an approximately 557 metres (1,827 ft) thick sequence of poorly consolidated sandstones and siltstones. The depositional environment was probably coastal, deltaic or estuarine in character. The top of the sequence is an erosional unconformity to Pleistocene glacial gravels. [3] [2] La Meseta Formation is one of the sequences that make up the fill of the Late Jurassic to Paleogene James Ross Basin. [3]

Paleoenvironment

The terrestrial environment surrounding the deposition area is thought to have been a temperate polar forest, including podocarp and araucarian conifers, as well as Nothofagus. [5] [6] Most of the fossilized woods and flowers discovered on Seymour Islands consist of extinct species of conifer trees and lilies during warm climate. [7] [8]

Paleobiota

La Meseta Formation is extremely rich in fossils. Among mammals, the meridiungulata Antarctodon and Trigonostylops have been found in the formation. [9] [10] as well as marsupial Derorhynchidae, Microbiotheria, and polydolopimorphia. [11] [12] It is famous for its penguin fossils, for example the two genera Archaeospheniscus and Palaeeudyptes . [13] [14] Other bird fossils include Dasornis , a genus of pseudotooth birds. There is also an abundance of trace fossils. Diplocraterion, Helminthopsis, Muensteria, Oichnus, Ophiomorpha, Skolithos, Teredolites and Zapfella have been described. [15] Over 35 species and 26 families of fish, which includes sharks, have been described from the Ypresian Cucullaea bed. [3] [16]

Mammals

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Meriduingulata

Astrapotheria
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Antarctodon A. sobrali Locality DVP 2/84 and IAA 1/90.Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5).MLP 08-XI-30-1, an isolated right p4 or m1.An astrapothere
Trigonostylops T. indet. Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5).An astrapothere
Litopterna
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Notiolofos N. arquinotiensis Locality IAA 1/13 and DPV 16/84.Acantilados II, Campamento, Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 4) and Submeseta Member (Telm 7).A Brachyodont lower right molar fragment, probably m1 or m2, preserves a portion of the talonid with most of the lingual side (MLP 13-I-25-1) and left M3 incomplete (MLP 95-I-10-6).A sparnotheriodontid litoptern.
N. regueroi Locality IAA 2/16Lower coquina bed of Cucullaea I Allomember.IAA-PV 173, Isolated complete left m3.
Victorlemoinea V. sp. Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5).A sparnotheriodontid litoptern.

Cetacean

TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Basilosaurus undetermined
Llanocetus L. denticrenatus Locality DPV 10/84 and DVP 13/24.Unit III Member and Telm 7.A partial mandible with two teeth (specimen USNM 183022) and an endocast of the braincase.a toothed baleen whale. Llanocetus denticrinatus.jpg
Zygorhiza undetermined

Metatherians

Derorhynchidae
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Derorhynchus [17] D. minutus [17] Locality IAA 1/90.Allomember Cucullaea I (Telm 5).MLP 96-1-5-44, incomplete right horizontal ramus of the dentary fragment with m2-3.
Pauladelphys [17] [18] P. juanjoi [17] [18] Locality IAA 2/95 and IAA 1/90.Allomember Cucullaea I (Telm 5).An isolated lower molar (MLP 95-1-10-2) and an upper left molar (MLP 96-1-5-44).
Xenostylos X. peninsularis [17] Locality IAA 1/90.Allomember Cucullaea I (Telm 5).MLP 94-111-15-10, an isolated upper right molar.
Microbiotheria
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Marambiotherium [17] M. glacialis [17] Locality IAA 1/90 and RV-8200.Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5).MLP 95-1-10-1, a fragment of a right mandibular ramus with a complete m4 and the posterior alveolus of m3 and MLP 88-1-1-1, an edentulous left mandibular ramus with the alveoli for p3-m4.Members of Microbiotheria
Woodburnodon W. casei Locality IAA 1/95.Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5).MLP 04-III-1-2, an isolated, worn upper right molar (M2 or M3).
Polydolopimorphia
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Antarctodolops A. dailyi Locality IAA 2/95, DPV 2/84, and DPV 6/84.Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5).UCR 20910, a left dentary with p3-m2.A polydolopimorphian metatherian.
A. mesetaense Locality IAA 1/90 and DPV 6/84.Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5).Right dentary fragments.
Perrodelphys P. coquinense [17] Locality IAA 1/90.Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5).MLP 96-1-5-11, an isolated left lower molar.A polydolopimorphian metatherian.
Polydolops P. dailyi Locality IAA 1/90 & DPV 3/84.Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5).A polydolopimorphian metatherian.
P. seymouriensis Locality IAA 1/90 & DPV 3/84.Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5).
P. thomasi Locality IAA 1/90 & DPV 3/84.Cucullaea I allomember (Telm 5).
Pujatodon P. ektopos [19] Locality IAA 1/90.Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5).Specimen MLP 14-I-10-20, a lower left molar (m2 or m3) partially worn.A polydolopimorphian metatherian.

Other mammals

TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Sudamerica S. ameghinoi Locality IAA 1/90 upper level.Cucullaea I Allomember.MLP 95-I-10-5, anterior part of a left dentary with the rodent-like incisor partially preserved.A gondwanathere
Meridiolestida? [20] IndeterminateLocality IAA 1/90 upper level.Cucullaea I Allomember.A single tooth, now lost. [20]
Xenarthra?Indeterminate.Locality S124.Cucullaea I Allomember/ Telm 4.TMM 44190-1, left metacarpal II and A phalanx and a partial tooth [20]

Birds

Sphenisciformes

TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Anthropornis A. grandis Locality IAA 4/12, IAA 1/90, DPV 13/84, and DVP 2/84.Telm 4 member, Telm 7 member, and Submeseta Allomember.Humerus: MLP 93-X-1-4 (proximal epiphysis), MLP 82-IV-23-4 (proximal epiphysis), MLP 83-I-1-190(proximal epiphysis) and MLP 88-I-1-463(proximal epiphysis).Relatives of giant penguins.
Anthropornis grandis.png
A. nordenskjoldi [18] Submeseta Allomember.Humerus: MLP CX-60-25 (proximal epiphysis), MLP 83-V-30-5 (diaphysis) and MLP 93-X-1-104(complete humerus).
Anthropornis Scale.svg
Archaeospheniscus A. lopdelli Submeseta Allomember.Relatives of giant penguins
A. wimani Submeseta Allomember.
Delphinornis [18] D. arctowskii DPV 14/84Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 7).
D. graclis DPV 14/84Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 7).
D. larseni DPV 13/84 and DPV 14/84.Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5 and Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember.
Marambiornis M. exilis DVP 2/84, IAA 1/12, and ZPAL 4Telm 7 Member.A limb element (right tarsometatarsus).An early relative of penguin.
Mesetaornis M. polaris Telm 7 member.A nearly complete right femur and two distal left tibiotarsi.
Orthopteryx O. gigas [14]
Palaeeudyptes P. antarcticus Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 3, Telm 4, Telm 5, and Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember.The narrow-flippered penguin.
Huxley1859.jpg
P. gunnari [18] DVP 2/84, DVP 10/84, DVP 13/84, DVP 14/84, DVP 15/84, and ZPAL 4.Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 3, Telm 5, and Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember.Multiple specimens consist of coracoids, ulna, and humerus.
P. klekowskii DVP 2/84, DVP 10/84, DVP 13/84, DVP 14/84, DVP 16/84, and ZPAL 4.Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 3, Telm 5, and Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember.Several specimens consist of humerus, coracoid, ulna, and tibiotarsus.
Palaeeudyptes klekowskii.png
Wimanornis W. seymourensis DPV 14/84.Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember.
Tonniornis T. mesetaensis DPV 14/84.Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember.
T. minimum DPV 14/84.Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 7) and Submeseta Allomember.

Other birds

TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Antarctoboenus [21] A. carliniiIAA 2/95 localityCucullaea I AllomemberMLP 95-I-10-8, distal end of left tarsometatarsusA stem Falconiform
Dasornis D. sp. A pseudotooth bird
Phorusrhacidae?Indeterminate.Locality IAA 2/13Cucullaea I AllomemberA right ungual phalanx (MLP-PV 13-XI-28-546) and an incomplete ungual phalanx (MLP-PV 14-I-10-199) [22] A large flightless cariamiform bird [22]

Amphibians

TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Calyptocephalella C. sp. [23] Locality IAA 2/95.Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5).The fragmentary right ilium (NRM-PZ B282) and a skull bone (NRM-PZ B281). Calyptocephalellid frog

Fish

Chondrichthyes

Carcharhinidae
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Scoliodon S. sp. Multiple teeth.A requiem shark.
Hexanchidae
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Heptranchias H. howellii Upper lateral teeth.Relatives of sevengill sharks.
Hexanchus [18] H. sp. [18]
Lamnidae
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Isurus I. praecursor
Lamna L. cf. nasus
Otodus O. auriculatus
Mitsukurinidae
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Anomotodon A. multidenticulata An extinct relative of goblin shark.
Odontaspididae
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Odontaspis O. rutoti Relatives of sand shark.
O. winkleri
Striatolamia S. macrota An early relative of sand shark.
Orectolobidae
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Stegostoma S. cf. varium
Pseudoginglymostoma P. cf. P. brevicaudatum
Pristiophoridae
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Pristiophorus P. lanceolatus
P. laevis [24]
Squalidae
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Squalus S. weltoni UCR RV-8200, Telm 4.LowerA complete lateral tooth.An early dogfish relative.
S. woodburnei UCR RV-8200, Telm 4.Lower.A complete lateral tooth.

Actinopterygii

Xiphiidae
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Xiphiorhynchus [18] X. cf. sp.
Notothenioids
TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Mesetaichthys M. jerzmanskaeFragmentary skull bones and vertebra.An early member of the Notothenioidei, the dominant marine fish of Antarctica today. Initially assigned to the Gadiformes. [25]

Cephalopods

TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Antarcticeras A. nordenskjoeldiNRM 8, below IAA 1/90 (Ungulate Site).Cucullaea I shell bed, Telm 4.A fragmentary preserved straight shell.An enigmatic cephalopod that is either considered a descendant of the orthocerids or an oegopsid squid.
Euciphoceras E. sp.NRM 8, below IAA 1/90 (Ungulate Site).Cucullaea I shell bed, Telm 4.A fragmentary preserved straight shell.A nautiloid.

Plants

TaxaSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Agathoxylon A. pseudoparenchymatosum Locality 5Cucullaea I allomemberFossilized wood.
fossilized seed of Notonuphar Notonuphar antarctica seeds.webp
fossilized seed of Notonuphar
Cupressinoxylon C. hallei Localities 4, 5, 6 and 7.Campamento and Cucullaea I allomember.Fossilized wood.
Notonuphar N. antarctica IAA 2/95.Cucullaea I Allomember (Telm 5).Fossilized seeds.A water lily.
Nelumbo ? Nelumbo sp. [8]
Protophyllocladoxylon P. francisiae
Phyllocladoxylon P. antarcticum
P. pooleae

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

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Further reading