Notothenioidei

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Notothenioidei
Temporal range: Eocene–present
ANTARTIC FISH.png
Six Notothenioidei, illustrations based on "Antarctic Fish and Fisheries" (K.-H. Kock, 1992)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Suborder: Notothenioidei
Regan, 1913 [1]
Families

see text

Notothenioidei is one of 19 suborders of the order Perciformes. The group is found mainly in Antarctic and Subantarctic waters, with some species ranging north to southern Australia and southern South America. [2] [3] Notothenioids constitute approximately 90% of the fish biomass in the continental shelf waters surrounding Antarctica. [4]

Contents

Evolution and geographic distribution

The Southern Ocean has supported fish habitats for 400 million years; however, modern notothenioids likely appeared sometime after the Eocene epoch. [3] This period marked the cooling of the Southern Ocean, resulting in the stable, frigid conditions that have persisted to the present day. [3] Another key factor in the evolution of notothenioids is the preponderance of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), a large, slow-moving current that extends to the seafloor and precludes most migration to and from the Antarctic region. [3] The earliest known notothenioid is the fossil Mesetaichthys from the Eocene La Meseta Formation of Seymour Island, which already shows close similarities with the extant Dissostichus . [5]

These unique environmental conditions in concert with the key evolutionary innovation of Antifreeze glycoprotein promoted widespread radiation within the suborder, leading to the rapid development of new species. [6] [7] Their adaptive radiation is characterized by depth related diversification. [3] Comparison studies between non-Antarctic and Antarctic species have revealed different ecological processes and genetic differences between the two groups of fish, such as the loss of hemoglobin (in the family Channichthyidae) and changes in buoyancy. [3]

They are distributed mainly throughout the Southern Ocean around the coasts of New Zealand, southern South America, and Antarctica. [8] An estimated 79% of species reside within the Antarctic region. [3] They primarily inhabit seawater temperatures between −2 and 4 °C (28 and 39 °F); however, some of the non-Antarctic species inhabit waters that may be as warm as 10 °C (50 °F) around New Zealand and South America. [9] Seawater temperatures below the freezing point of freshwater (0 °C or 32 °F) are possible due to the greater salinity in the Southern Ocean waters. [10] Notothenioids have an estimated depth range of about 0–1,500 m (0–4,921 ft). [3]

Anatomy

Notothenioids display a morphology that is largely typical of other coastal perciform fishes. They are not distinguished by a single physical trait, but rather a distinctive set of morphological traits. [3] These include the presence of three flat pectoral fin radials, nostrils located laterally on each side of the head, the lack of a swim bladder, and the presence of multiple lateral lines. [3]

Because notothenioids lack a swim bladder, the majority of species are benthic or demersal in nature. [3] However, a depth-related diversification has given rise to some species attaining increased buoyancy, using lipid deposits in tissues and reduced ossification of bony structures. [3] This reduced ossification of the skeleton (observed in some notothenioids) changes the weight and creates neutral buoyancy in the water, where the fish neither sinks nor floats, and can thus adjust its depth with ease. [3]

Physiology

Notothenioids have a variety of physiological and biochemical adaptations that either permit survival in, or are possible only because of, the generally cold, stable seawater temperatures of the Southern Ocean. These include highly unsaturated membrane lipids [11] and metabolic compensation in enzymatic activity. [12] Many notothenoids have lost the nearly universal heat shock response (HSR) [13] due to evolution at cold and stable temperatures. [14]

Many notothenioid fishes are able to survive in the freezing, ice-laden waters of the Southern Ocean because of the presence of an antifreeze glycoprotein in blood and body fluids. [15] Although many of the Antarctic species have antifreeze proteins in their body fluids, not all of them do. Some non-Antarctic species either produce no or very little antifreeze, and antifreeze concentrations in some species are very low in young, larval fish. [3] They also possess aglomerular kidneys, an adaptation that aids the retention of these antifreeze proteins. [16]

While the majority of animal species have up to 45% of hemoglobin (or other oxygen-binding and oxygen-transporting pigments) in their blood, the notothenioids of the family Channichthyidae do not express any globin proteins in their blood. [17] As a result, the oxygen-carrying capacity of their blood is reduced to less than 10% that of other fishes. [17] This trait likely arose due to the high oxygen solubility of the Southern Ocean waters. At cold temperatures, the oxygen solubility of water is enhanced. [18] The loss of hemoglobin is partially compensated in these species by the presence of a large, slow-beating heart and enlarged blood vessels that transport a large volume of blood under low pressure to enhance cardiac output. [17] [19] Despite these compensations, the loss of globin proteins still results in reduced physiological performance. [17]

Systematics

Naming

Notothenioidei was first described as a separate grouping, as a "division" he named Nototheniiformes, by the British ichthyologist Charles Tate Regan in 1913., [1] this subsequently has been considered as a suborder of the Percifomes. [20] The name is based on the genus Notothenia, a name coined by Sir John Richardson in 1841 and which means “coming from the south”, a reference to the Antarctic distribution of the genus. [21]

Families

This classification follows Eastman and Eakin, 2000 [2] and includes references to additional classified species. [22] [23] Most species are restricted to the vicinity of Antarctica.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nototheniidae</span> Family of fishes

Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes, is a family of ray-finned fishes, part of the suborder Notothenioidei which is traditionally placed within the order Perciformes. They are largely found in the Southern Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antarctic silverfish</span> Species of fish

The Antarctic silverfish, or Antarctic herring, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Southern Ocean and the only truly pelagic fish in the waters near Antarctica. It is a keystone species in the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean.

The Bathydraconidae, or the Antarctic dragonfishes, are a family of marine ray-finned fishes, notothenioids belonging to the Perciform suborder Notothenioidei. The family comprises four genera. These fishes are endemic to deep waters off Antarctica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bovichtidae</span> Family of fishes

Bovichtidae, the temperate icefishes or thornfishes, is a family of marine ray-finned fishes, classified in the suborder Notothenioidei of the order Perciformes. They are native to coastal waters off Australia, New Zealand, and South America.

The bald notothen, also known as the bald rockcod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Southern Ocean.

<i>Notothenia</i> Genus of fishes

Notothenia is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes with the species in this genus often having the common name of rockcod. They are native to the Southern Ocean and other waters around Antarctica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artedidraconidae</span> Family of fishes

The Artedidraconidae, barbeled plunderfishes, are a family of marine ray-finned fishes, notothenioids belonging to the Perciform suborder Notothenioidei. The family comprises four genera. These fishes are endemic to deep waters off Antarctica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patagonian blennie</span> Species of fish

The Patagonian blennie, also known as the rock cod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the monotypic family Eleginopidae and monotypic genus Eleginops. It is found in coastal and estuarine habitats around southernmost South America.

<i>Pogonophryne</i> Genus of fishes

Pogonophryne is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Artedidraconidae, the barbeled plunderfishes. They are native to the Southern Ocean.

Acanthodraco is a monotypic genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Bathydraconidae, the Antarctic dragonfishes, its only species is DeWitt’s dragonfish. They are found in the Southern Ocean and the southeastern Pacific Ocean.

<i>Bathydraco</i> Genus of fishes

Bathydraco is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Bathydraconidae, the Antarctic dragonfishes. They are native to the Southern Ocean.

<i>Bovichtus</i> Genus of fishes

Bovichtus is a genus of fish in the family Bovichtidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blackfin icefish</span> Species of fish

The blackfin icefish, also known as the Scotia Sea icefish, is a species of crocodile icefish belonging to the family Channichthyidae. The blackfin icefish belongs to Notothenioidei, a suborder of fishes that accounts for 90% of the fish fauna on the Antarctic continental shelf. Icefishes, also called white-blooded fishes, are a unique family in that they are the only known vertebrates to lack haemoglobin, making their blood oxygen carrying capacity just 10% that of other teleosts. Icefishes have translucent blood and creamy white gills.

<i>Channichthys</i> Genus of fishes

Channichthys is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Channichthyidae, the crocodile icefishes. They are native to the Southern Ocean.

<i>Cryodraco</i> Genus of fishes

Cryodraco is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Channichthyidae, the crocodile icefishes. They are found in the Southern Ocean. While C. antarcticus has minor commercial importance, C. atkinsoni and C. pappenheimi are of no interest to commercial fisheries.

<i>Dacodraco</i> Species of fish

Dacodraco is a monotypic genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Channichthyidae, the crocodile icefishes, its only member is Dacodraco hunteri. This species is found in the Southern Ocean.

<i>Patagonotothen</i> Genus of fishes

Patagonotothen is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. They are native to the southeast Pacific Ocean, southern Atlantic Ocean and the Southern Ocean.

<i>Notothenia coriiceps</i> Species of fish

Notothenia coriiceps, also known as the black rockcod, Antarctic yellowbelly rockcod, or Antarctic bullhead notothen, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is widely spread around the Antarctic continent. Like other Antarctic notothenioid fishes, N. coriiceps evolved in the stable, ice-cold environment of the Southern Ocean. It is not currently targeted by commercial fisheries.

<i>Cryodraco atkinsoni</i> Species of crocodile icefish

Cryodraco atkinsoni is a bathydemersal species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Channichthyidae, the crocodile icefishes. It is endemic to the waters of the eastern part of the Southern Ocean.

<i>Notothenia trigramma</i> Species of fish

Notothenia trigramma is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It occurs in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean.

References

  1. 1 2 Charles T. Regan (1913). "Antarctic fishes of the Scottish National Antarctic expedition". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh B. 49 (Part II (Part 2)).
  2. 1 2 J. T. Eastman & R. R. Eakin (2000). "An updated species list for notothenioid fish (Percifomes; Notothenioidei), with comments on Antarctic species" (PDF). Arch. Fish. Mar. Res. 48 (1): 11–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-04. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Eastman, Joseph (1993). Antarctic Fish Biology: Evolution in a Unique Environment. San Diego, California: Academic Press, Inc.
  4. ↑ Gon, O and Heemstra, PC (1992). "Fishes of the Southern Ocean". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 67: 220–221.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. 1 2 Bieńkowska-Wasiluk, M.; Bonde, N.; Møller, P. R.; Gaździcki, A. (2013). "Eocene relatives of cod icefishes (Perciformes: Notothenioidei) from Seymour Island, Antarctica". Geological Quarterly. 57 (4). ISSN   1641-7291.
  6. ↑ Clarke, A and Johnston, IA (1996). "Evolution and adaptive radiation of Antarctic fishes" (PDF). TREE. 11 (5): 212–218. Bibcode:1996TEcoE..11..212C. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(96)10029-x. PMID   21237811.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Near, TJ, Dornburg, A, Kuhn, KA, Eastman, JT, Pennington, JT, Patarnello, T, Zane, L, Fernández, DA, and Jones, CD (2012). "Ancient climate change, antifreeze, and the evolutionary diversification of antarctic fishes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (9): 3434–9. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.3434N. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1115169109 . PMC   3295276 . PMID   22331888.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Eastman, J and Grande, L (1989). "Evolution of the Antarctic fish fauna with emphasis on the Recent notothenioids". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 47 (1): 241–252. Bibcode:1989GSLSP..47..241E. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.897.9784 . doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.047.01.18. S2CID   84516955.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ "Surface Temperature - NOAA's Science On a Sphere". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2018.
  10. ↑ Adkins, J; et al. (29 November 2002). "The Salinity, Temperature, and δ18O of the Glacial Deep Ocean". Science Magazine. Vol. 298, no. 5599. pp. 1769–1773. doi:10.1126/science.1076252 . Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  11. ↑ Logue, JA; et al. (2000). "Lipid compositional correlates of temperature-adaptive interspecific differences in membrane physical structure". Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (Pt 14): 2105–2115. doi:10.1242/jeb.203.14.2105. PMID   10862723.
  12. ↑ Kawall, HG; et al. (2002). "Metabolic cold adaptation in Antarctic fishes: Evidence from enzymatic activities of the brain". Marine Biology. 140 (2): 279–286. Bibcode:2002MarBi.140..279H. doi:10.1007/s002270100695. S2CID   84943879.
  13. ↑ Bilyk, KT, Vargas-Chacoff, L, and Cheng CHC (2018). "Evolution in chronic cold: varied loss of cellular response to heat in Antarctic notothenioid fish". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 18 (1): 143. Bibcode:2018BMCEE..18..143B. doi: 10.1186/s12862-018-1254-6 . PMC   6146603 . PMID   30231868.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ Beers, JM, and Jayasundara, N. (2015). "Antarctic notothenioid fish: What are the future consequences of 'losses' and 'gains' acquired during long-term evolution at cold and stable temperatures?". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (Pt 12): 1834–45. doi: 10.1242/jeb.116129 . PMID   26085661.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Chen, L; et al. (1997). "Evolution of antifreeze glycoprotein gene from a trypsinogen gene in Antarctic notothenioid fish". PNAS. 94 (8): 3811–3816. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.3811C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.8.3811 . PMC   20523 . PMID   9108060.
  16. ↑ Burton, Derek; Burton, Margaret (2017-12-21). Essential Fish Biology. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198785552.001.0001. ISBN   978-0-19-878555-2.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Sidell, B and O'Brien, KM (2006). "When bad things happen to good fish: the loss of hemoglobin and myoglobin expression in Antarctic icefishes" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (Pt 10): 1791–1802. doi: 10.1242/jeb.02091 . PMID   16651546.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ "Dissolved Oxygen". University of Rhode Island Office of Marine Programs. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  19. ↑ Joyce, W; et al. (2019). "Adrenergic and Adenosinergic Regulation of the Cardiovascular System in an Antarctic Icefish: Insight into Central and Peripheral Determinants of Cardiac Output" (PDF). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 230: 28–38. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.12.012. PMID   30594528. S2CID   58589102.
  20. ↑ Gosline, William A. (1968). "The Suborders of Perciform Fishes". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 124 (3647): 1–78. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.124-3647.1.
  21. ↑ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 April 2021). "Order Perciformes: Suborder Notothenoididei: Families Bovichtidae, Pseaudaphritidae, Elegopinidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae and Percophidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  22. ↑ Last, P.R., A.V. Balushkin and J.B. Hutchins (2002): Halaphritis platycephala (Notothenioidei: Bovichtidae): a new genus and species of temperate icefish from southeastern Australia. Copeia 2002(2):433-440.
  23. ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013). Species of Channichthys in FishBase. February 2013 version.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 . PMID   25543675 . Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  25. 1 2 3 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Bovichtidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  26. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Pseudaphritidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  27. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Eleginopsidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Notothenidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  29. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Harpagiferidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Artedidraconidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Bathydraconidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Channichthyidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 9 September 2021.

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