Liberland

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Location of the claimed territory of Liberland in Europe Location of Liberland within Europe.svg
Location of the claimed territory of Liberland in Europe
Flag Flag of Liberland.svg
Flag
Vit Jedlicka, founder and "president" of Liberland Vit Jedlicka - portret (cropped).jpg
Vít Jedlička, founder and “president” of Liberland

Liberland, also known as the Free Republic of Liberland, is an unrecognisedmicronation in Southeast Europe claiming an uninhabited parcel of the western bank of the Danube, controlled by Croatia across from Serbia (locally known as Gornja Siga). It was proclaimed on 13 April 2015 by the Czech right-libertarian politician and activist Vít Jedlička, [1] [2] who is also its self-proclaimed “president”. [3] Jedlička anticipated an eventual population of roughly 35,000 for the micronation, with cryptocurrency as its money. [4] Its motto is “to live and let live”. [5]

Contents

The official website of Liberland states that the nation was created in the wake of the ongoing Croatia–Serbia border dispute. [6] [7] [8] According to Jedlička, this dispute resulted in a plot of land west of the Danube being unclaimed by either side. [1] [7]

The parcel of land in question is 7 km2 (2.7 sq mi) in area, roughly the same size as Gibraltar. It has been administered by Croatia since the Croatian War of Independence. [9] Liberland has no diplomatic recognition from any recognized nation. [10] The land lacks infrastructure and lies on the floodplain of the Danube. [11] [12]

Croatia has frequently blocked off access to the Gornja Siga territory since 2015. As a result, a number of people, including Vít Jedlička, have been arrested for trying to enter the claimed land. [13]

Location

Satellite image of Gornja Siga taken by ISS Expedition 14 in 2007. Satellite image of Gornja Siga in 2007.jpg
Satellite image of Gornja Siga taken by ISS Expedition 14 in 2007.

The dispute regarding the border along the Danube River valley first arose in 1947 but was left unresolved during the existence of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It became a contentious issue after the break-up of Yugoslavia. Serbia holds the opinion that the thalweg of the Danube valley and the centre line of the river represents the international border between the two countries. Croatia disagrees and claims that the international border lies along the boundaries of the cadastral municipalities located along the river –departing from the course at several points –reflecting the course of the Danube which existed in the 19th century before meandering and hydraulic engineering works altered its course. As a result, Croatia claims a large part of the disputed area controlled by Serbia, while Serbia does not claim the much smaller parts controlled by Croatia.

Jedlička says that the land he has claimed, known as Gornja Siga (meaning 'upper tufa') was not claimed by either side. [1] [7]

The area is about 700 hectares (1,700 acres)—about the size of Gibraltar —and most of it is covered in forest with no residents. A journalist from the Czech newspaper Parlamentní listy  [ cs ], who visited the area in April 2015, found a house that had been abandoned for about thirty years, according to people living in the vicinity. The access road was reported to be in a bad condition. [14]

The Danube, an international waterway with free access to the Black Sea for several landlocked nations, runs along the self-proclaimed territory.

History

Proclamation

.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Yellow-colored areas to the east of the river are claimed by both Serbia and Croatia. Green areas to the west of the river are claimed by neither (Croatia asserts that the green parts are part of Serbia, but Serbia does not claim them). This led Jedlicka to assert that the green parts have remained unclaimed by both sides; the territory claimed by Liberland is the largest green-coloured land parcel, marked as "Siga" on the map. Croatia Serbia border Backa Baranja.svg
  Yellow-colored areas to the east of the river are claimed by both Serbia and Croatia.
  Green areas to the west of the river are claimed by neither (Croatia asserts that the green parts are part of Serbia, but Serbia does not claim them).
This led Jedlička to assert that the green parts have remained unclaimed by both sides; the territory claimed by Liberland is the largest green-coloured land parcel, marked as "Siga" on the map.

Jedlička is a member of the Czech Party of Free Citizens, which bases its values on the classical liberal ideology. [7] According to him, since no nation claims the land as its own, he could therefore could claim it using the terra nullius doctrine; the borders, he argued, respected Croatia's and Serbian's sovereignty. [15] He intended the state to be a tax-free haven.

Proposed governance

The founders claim to have been inspired by countries like Monaco and Liechtenstein. [15] On 18 December 2015, Jedlička held an event at which he presented the first provisional government of Liberland and its ministers of finance, foreign affairs, interior and justice as well as two vice presidents. [16]

Access

Croatian authorities have frequently blocked access to the area since the beginning of May 2015. [17] [18]

In May 2015, Vít Jedlička and his translator Sven Sambunjak were briefly detained by Croatian police after making an attempt to cross the border. Jedlička spent one night in detention and then was convicted and ordered to pay a fine for illegal crossing of the Croatian border [19] but appealed the verdict. He claimed that there were at least three Liberland citizens inside the area, who came from Switzerland. [20] [21] [22] [23] Later that month, Vít Jedlička was detained again. [24] Initially, reporters were able to enter the area with Jedlička [14] but subsequently they were also denied entry, including journalists from the Serbian public broadcast service Radio Television of Vojvodina, [25] and from the Bosnian newspaper Dnevni avaz . [26]

The detained were from various countries, including the Republic of Ireland, Germany, Denmark, and the United States. [18] Croatian police have continued detaining people, including those that entered the area by boat (via an international waterway). [27] [28] [29] One of them, Danish activist Ulrik Grøssel Haagensen, was placed in house arrest for 5 days before being sentenced to 15 days of prison, triggering some protests in Denmark. [30] [31]

In May 2016, several appeals court decisions from Croatia were published. The court upheld that the crossings from Croatia were illegal, but found the convictions for crossings from Serbia improper. The court said that the lower court committed "a fundamental breach of misdemeanour proceedings" and "essential procedural violations". It further ruled that "the facts were incorrectly and incompletely established [by the prosecutor] which could lead to misapplication of substantive law". A retrial was ordered in 6 of the 7 appeals. The lower court is required to determine the location of the border and the border crossing. [32] [ needs update ]

In April 2023, YouTuber Nikolas Omilana—together with a collaborator—went past the Croatian border police using jet skis, entering the disputed territory to plant a flag. They were both confronted by a policeman who forced them to lie down on the ground and kicked them, but they were ultimately released. The footage was uploaded on YouTube in July of the same year, and received millions of views the following days, as well as coverage in Croatian and Serbian media. [33] [34]

During August 2023, Liberland movement supporters and journalists managed to obtain unofficial access to the land parcel. [35] [36] However, this was brought to an end on 21 September, as Croatian police launched an intervention. During the police action, some makeshift wooden buildings, which the Liberland supporters had constructed earlier, were taken down. Liberland supporters also complained about confiscations of property. [37] [38] Croatian police has confirmed that they secured the location during the work with the demolition, and made three arrests, according to Dnevnik Nove TV. [38]

Public reactions

Journalists have been uncertain as to how serious Jedlička is about his claims, with some calling it a publicity stunt. [39] [40]

On 20 May 2015, Petr Mach, the leader of the Party of Free Citizens, expressed support for the creation of a state based on ideas of freedom, adding that the Party of Free Citizens wants the Czech Republic to become a similarly free country. [41]

Goran Vojković, professor of law and columnist from the Croatian news portal Index.hr , described Liberland as a "circus which threatens Croatian territory", and argued that there was a risk that Croatia's claim to control land on the other side of the Danube may be weakened by the attention that the Liberland project has drawn to the border dispute. [42]

In 2016, an article in Stratfor summarized the initiative as follows: "Liberland is a curious case because, in principle, none of the actors that could claim control over it seems interested in doing so. But this will probably remain a curiosity with negligible consequences at the international level. For the rest of the world's disputed territories, violence and diplomacy will remain the main tools to claim ownership." [43]

Both Croatia and Serbia have dismissed Jedlička's claims as frivolous. [44] While the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs considered the affair to be a trivial matter, it affirmed that Liberland did not infringe upon its soveiregnity. [44] In contrast, Croatia, which currently administers the land in question, has found the idea "provocative" and suggested bringing it to a stop even if by force; rejecting the idea that the land is terra nullius, it has stated that after international arbitration, the land should be awarded to Croatia or Serbia, not to a third party. [45] [46] The Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs has also disassociated itself from the activities of Jedlička, finding them inappropriate, illegal, and potentially harmful, and has asked him to respect local law. [47] [48] Legal experts in both Serbia and Croatia have asserted that, under international law, Jedlička lacks the right to claim the area. [17] [49] [50]

There has been no diplomatic recognition of Liberland by any member nation-state of the United Nations. [10] Jedlička has visited another unrecognized republic, Somaliland, a self-declared state that proclaimed its independence from Somalia in 1991, and discussed mutual recognition with them with no real effect. [51] A few micronations — the Kingdom of Enclava, the Kingdom of North Sudan, and the Principality of Sealand — have expressed support for the idea of Liberland. [43] [52] [53]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Nolan, Daniel (25 April 2015). "Welcome to Liberland: Europe's Newest State". Vice News. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  2. ↑ Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (11 August 2015). "Welcome to Liberland, the World's Newest Country (Maybe)". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  3. ↑ https://www.telegraf.rs/english/1918385-exclusive-president-vit-jedlicka-of-free-republic-of-liberland-has-presented-first-members-of-government
  4. ↑ http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/25/europe/liberland-worlds-newest-micronation/index.html
  5. ↑ http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/25/europe/liberland-worlds-newest-micronation/index.html
  6. ↑ "Balkans: Czech man claims to establish 'new state'". BBC News. 16 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Martínek, Jan (15 April 2015). "Člen Svobodných vyhlásil na území bývalé Jugoslávie vlastní stát". Novinky.cz (in Czech). Právo. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  8. ↑ "Čech si medzi Srbskom a Chorvátskom založil vlastný štát". sme.sk (in Slovak). TASR. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  9. ↑ Klemenčić, Mladen; Schofield, Clive H. (2001). War and Peace on the Danube: The Evolution of the Croatia-Serbia Boundary. Durham, England: International Boundaries Research Unit. p. 19. ISBN   9781897643419.
  10. 1 2 "Liberland, a country that may not exist, says it hopes to build close ties to Trump White House". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  11. ↑ Palmeri, Tara (2 September 2016). "Looking for Liberland". Politico.
  12. ↑ "Liberland, medijska bomba koja zabavlja stanovnike 'države'". Al Jazeera Balkans. 23 April 2015.
  13. ↑ Gajic, Iva; Heil, Andy (25 July 2022). "Wedged Away In The Balkans, Would-Be Microstate 'Liberland' Keeps Up Its Fight For Recognition". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  14. 1 2 Panenka, Radim (20 April 2015). "Navštívili jsme nový stát Liberland, který v Evropě založil Čech Vít Jedlička. Podívejte se, jak to tam vypadá". Parlamentní Listy (in Czech). Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  15. 1 2 "Čeh proglasio državu između Srbije i Hrvatske" (in Serbian). B92. BETA. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  16. ↑ "(EXCLUSIVE) President Vít Jedlička of Free Republic of Liberland has presented first members of government". Telegraf.rs (in Serbian). 20 December 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  17. 1 2 "Police in the Balkans block inauguration of Europe's new "mini-state"". Associated Press. 9 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  18. 1 2 Ristić, Borislav (11 May 2015). "Putovanje u Liberland zasad stoji 2400 kuna – tolika je kazna za ilegalni prijelaz granice" (in Croatian). Večernji List. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  19. ↑ Getto, Ivica (11 May 2015). "Osnivač Liberlanda kažnjen s 2400 kuna za ilegalni prelazak hrvatske granice" (in Croatian). Glas Slavonije. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  20. ↑ Wirnitzer, Jan (11 May 2015). "Jedličkova bitva u Moháče. Všichni nám tu fandí, říká tvůrce Liberlandu" (in Czech). iDnes. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  21. ↑ Ristić, Borislav (9 May 2015). "Vid Jedlička uhićen nakon ulaska na teritorij Liberlanda" (in Croatian). Večernji List. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  22. ↑ Třeček, Čeněk; Sedlářová, Barbora (10 May 2015). "Chorvatsko zatklo "prezidenta" Liberlandu. Bylo to přátelské, tvrdí Čech" (in Czech). iDnes. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  23. ↑ Hayden, Sally (11 May 2015). "President of Liberland Arrested for Trespassing into His Own Self-Declared Country". Vice News. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  24. ↑ "Croatia: Liberland's president arrested again". inSerbia. 17 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  25. ↑ Spasojević, Vesna (17 April 2015). "Liberlend, zemlja koje – nema" (in Serbian). Radio Televizija Vojvodine. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  26. ↑ Trako, Evelin (26 April 2015). "Potraga Za Liberlandom Reporteri "Avaza" na ničijoj zemlji između Srbije i Hrvatske" (in Bosnian). Dnevni Avaz. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  27. ↑ "Igrali odbojku na 'plaži u Liberlandu' pa ih uhitila hrvatska policija". Vecernji.hr. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  28. ↑ Bradarić, Branimir (20 June 2015). "Liberland optužuje Hrvatsku za invaziju" (in Croatian). Večernji List. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  29. ↑ Hayden, Sally (19 June 2015). "Liberland Accuses Croatia of Invasion and Releases Video of 'Citizen' Abduction". Vice. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  30. ↑ Fax: 33141000, Rådhuspladsen 37 1785 København V. Telefon: 33111313 (23 June 2015). "Dansk mand anholdt efter indtrængen i 'Ingenmandsland'". ekstrabladet.dk.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ↑ "Hvorfor sidder danske Ulrik i et mørkt fangehul på Balkan?". Folkets.
  32. ↑ "Important Step to Statehood? Croatia Appeals Court Rules in Favour of Liberland". Total-croatia-news.com. 3 May 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  33. ↑ "Veliki hit na Youtubeu: Pokušao ući u 'zabranjenu zemlju', pa dobio batine od naše policije!". Jutarnji List. 31 July 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  34. ↑ "Pokušao da uđe u "zabranjenu zemlju": Hrvatska policija pretukla Jutjubera VIDEO". B92. 31 July 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  35. ↑ Beljan, Mateja (20 August 2023). "Ekipa Telegrafa uplovila u Liberland s pečatom nove "države": Od avanture u džungli do ozbiljne svetske priče". Telegraf.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  36. ↑ Devčić, Matej (23 August 2023). "Telegram je prvi ušao u Liberland. Ovi ljudi ne odustaju: 'Doselit ćemo u našu državu između Hrvatske i Srbije'". Telegram.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  37. ↑ "Hrvatska policija upala u Liberland: 'Napad bez upozorenja, uzeli su nam stvari'". Dnevno.hr (in Croatian). 24 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  38. 1 2 "VIDEO Troje uhićenih uz primjenu sile u Liberlandu: "Samo želim da mi pokažete identifikaciju"". Dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  39. ↑ Simone, Alina (29 June 2015). "On the Danube, the world's newest micro-nation. But Liberland has a problem". Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  40. ↑ "Man forms own European country and more than 160,000 people want citzenship[sic] – trouble is, you can't get in". 11 May 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  41. ↑ "Petr Mach | ParlamentniListy.cz". Parlamentnilisty.cz. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  42. ↑ Vojković, Goran (12 May 2015). "Liberland je Srbija!" (in Croatian). index.hr. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  43. 1 2 "Introducing Liberland, Europe's Newest Country". stratfor.com. Stratfor. 25 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  44. 1 2 McKirdy, Euan (25 April 2015). "Liberland: Could the world's newest micronation get off the ground?". CNN. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  45. ↑ "Mađarska – MVEP • On Virtual Narratives at Croatia's Borders". hu.mvep.hr. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  46. ↑ Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, Minister Dr. Miro Kovač Class: 212-03/15-01/1, NO: 521 – V- 02/16-9, Zagreb, 12 May 2016
  47. ↑ "Prohlášení MZV ke kauze tzv. Liberlandu". Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 14 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  48. ↑ "Upozornění Velvyslanectví ČR k cestám do tzv. "Liberlandu"" (in Czech). Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  49. ↑ "Croatian police question Czech leader of wannabe country 'Liberland'". 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  50. ↑ "Liberland's leader detained while trying to enter the country he just invented". 11 May 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  51. ↑ "Somaliland says it wants closer cooperation with unrecognised Liberland". BBC News. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  52. ↑ Romero, Luiz (13 November 2015). "Welcome to Liberland: Turns out, launching your own country is harder than it looks". Quartz. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  53. ↑ Jackson, Joe. "Creating a kingdom". Aljazeera.com. Retrieved 3 September 2021.

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