The island lies between the islands of Nevis and Montserrat, within the inner arc of the Leeward Islands chain, in the West Indies. Redonda is part of the country of Antigua and Barbuda. The island is just over one mile (1.6km) long and one-third mile (0.54km) wide, rising to a 971-foot (296m) peak. The island teems with bird life, but is more or less uninhabitable by humans because there is no source of freshwater other than rain, and most of the island is extremely steep and rocky, with only a relatively small, sloping plateau area of grassland at the summit. Landing on the island is a very challenging process, possible only via the leeward coast on days when the seas are calm. Climbing to the top of the island is also very arduous. Despite these difficulties, from 1865 until 1912 Redonda was part of a lucrative trade in guano mining, and many thousands of tons of phosphates were shipped from Redonda to Britain. The ruins associated with the mineworkings can still be seen on the island.
Various parties claim Redonda as a micronation. An account told by the fantasy writer M. P. Shiel in 1929 claimed that Redonda was established as an "independent kingdom" decades earlier in the 19th century. The title to the supposed kingdom is still contested to this day in a half-serious fashion. The "Kingdom" is also often associated with a number of supposedly aristocratic members, whose titles are awarded by whoever is currently the "King". There are a number of individuals in different countries who claim to be the "King" of Redonda.
The early history of the "Kingdom" of Redonda is shrouded in doubt. There is no known evidence, documentation, or third party verification of Shiel's story.[1]
During Shiel's lifetime
M. P. Shiel (1865–1947), an author of works of adventure and fantasy fiction, was the first person to give an account of the "Kingdom of Redonda," in 1929, in a promotional pamphlet for a reissue of his books.[2]
According to Shiel's story, Shiel's father, Matthew Dowdy Shiell, who was a trader and Methodist lay preacher from the nearby island of Montserrat, claimed the island of Redonda when his son, Matthew Phipps Shiell, was born. Supposedly the father felt he could legitimately do this, because it appeared to be the case that no country had officially claimed the islet as territory. Shiell senior is also said to have requested the title of King of Redonda from Queen Victoria and according to the legend, it was granted to him by the British Colonial Office rather than by Victoria herself, provided there was no revolt against colonial power.[3]
The son (originally named Matthew Phipps Shiell but later known as the writer M. P. Shiel) claimed he was crowned on Redonda at the age of 15, in 1880, by a bishop from Antigua. However, as M. P. Shiel's recounting of this story never saw print until 1929, it is possible that some, most, or all of the story of his being crowned King of Redonda is pure invention.[1]
Shiel cites two different names for the bishop who performed the coronation: the Reverend Dr Mitchinson and the Rev. Hugh Semper.[1] These men were both genuine clerics in the Caribbean during this period. Whether Shiel had a faulty memory or couldn't keep his invented story consistent is unknown. In "About Myself" Shiel writes that he attempted to impose a tribute tax on the American guano miners, but the request was refused. There has been no independent evidence provided of any such demands.
Several of Shiel's works of fiction concerned various aspects of monarchy. One of his detective heroes is called Cummings King Monk. In Shiel's 1901 end-of-the-world story The Purple Cloud, the protagonist Adam Jeffson, the last man on earth, establishes himself as monarch of the devastated globe, while Shiel's novel The Lord of the Sea (1901) has Richard Hogarth, another Overman figure, coming to dominate the world. In 1899, Shiel wrote about visiting Redonda in his adventure novel Contraband of War.
In later life, Shiel gave the title, and the rights to his work, to his chief admirer, London poet and editor John Gawsworth (Terence Ian Fytton Armstrong), the biographer of Arthur Machen, who was the realm's Archduke. Gawsworth (1912–70) seems to have passed on the title several times when the writer was low in funds.[1] Gawsworth's realm has been facetiously termed "Almadonda" (by the Shielian scholar A. Reynolds Morse (1914–2000)) after the Alma pub in Westbourne Grove, Bayswater, London, where "King Juan" frequently held court in the 1960s.[4]
After Shiel's death
Gawsworth had also apparently promised to make Max Juan Tonge Leggett, the first son of his friends Charles and Jean Leggett, his Redondan heir if they gave the child (born in the late 1950s) his royal name of Juan.[1]
Some researchers accept that Gawsworth bestowed the title on his friend the publican Arthur John Roberts in 1967, by "Irrevocable Covenant".[1] Prior to this the late writer Dominic Behan (1928–89) also claimed Gawsworth transferred the title to him in 1960. It is also said that Gawsworth handed on the throne to one Aleph Kamal, whose peers[clarification needed] include the novelist Edna O'Brien.
Self-appointed monarchs of Redonda include/included Michael Lawler in 2010, Marvin Kitman and William Scott Home. Scott Home's claim to the title was, he says, based on ESP and reincarnation.[1]
Publisher, author and environmentalist Jon Wynne-Tyson, however, claims that Gawsworth, prior to dying in 1970, bestowed the kingship on him with the literary executorships, although the writer Iain Fletcher was the joint literary executor for Gawsworth.[citation needed]
Later developments
Jon Wynne-Tyson subsequently visited Redonda in 1979, on an expedition organized by the philanthropist and Shielian publisher A. Reynolds Morse. Wynne-Tyson ruled as King Juan II until abdicating in favour of the novelist Javier Marías of Madrid in 1997, transferring the literary executorship of Gawsworth and Shiel along with the title.[5][6]
Arthur John Roberts' title was subsequently inherited by William Leonard Gates, whom Gawsworth had given the title of "Baron L'Angelier de Blythswood de Redonda". From his home at Thurlton, Norfolk, Gates, who was known as King Leo, presided over a group known as "The Redondan Foundation", not be confused with "The Redondan Cultural Foundation" set up by Paul de Fortis (see below). Gates died on 2 January 2019 and his crown passed to Queen Josephine.[citation needed]
As in Gawsworth's reign, meetings of these rival groups have been held at the Fitzroy Tavern in Fitzrovia, central London. King Leo 'reigned' as king for thirty years, since 1989.[7] Williamson, who lived on Antigua until his death in 2009, set himself up as the rival "King Robert the Bald".[8]
In 1988, London clergyman Paul de Fortis established "The Redondan Cultural Foundation". De Fortis promoted a new king, Cedric Boston (born on Montserrat in 1960). Boston claimed the Redondan throne in 1984, winning the allegiance of a number of Gawsworth's peers.[9]
On the question of the Kingdom of Redonda, Wynne-Tyson has written:
The legend is and should remain a pleasing and eccentric fairy tale; a piece of literary mythology to be taken with salt, romantic sighs, appropriate perplexity, some amusement, but without great seriousness. It is, after all, a fantasy.[10]
Wynne-Tyson, Javier Marías, Bob Williamson, William Gates and Cedric Boston were all interviewed in the BBC Radio 4 documentary Redonda: The Island with Too Many Kings, broadcast in May 2007.[11]
Death of Javier Marias
On 11 September 2022, Javier Marías died in Madrid. It was reported that Xavier I had named Juan Gabriel Vásquez[12] as his successor, however, Vásquez later clarified that an official naming ceremony had never taken place.[13]
In August 2022, Spanish writer Javier Diéguez visited the island of Redonda and left some books by Javier Marías, M. P. Shiel, and Jon Wynne-Tyson as a tribute to Javier Marías and the previous monarchs of Redonda.[14] Diéguez's book 'Redonda' narrates his journey to the island and serves as a posthumous tribute to Javier Marías.[15]
The Italian Kings
Another claimant to the throne of Redonda was Giancarlo Noferi, or Giancarlo Ezio I di Montedoglio, as he called himself, who died in 2019; Giancarlo Noferi received the title from Ian Fletcher, a close friend of John Gawsworth and his administrator, or King Juan I, whom he met during one of his travels (see British Fantasy and Science-fiction Writers, 1918-1960, and M. P. Shiel, A Biography of His Early Years). On John Gawsworth's trip to Florence in the spring of 1970, the investiture of Giancarlo Noferi was confirmed by a deed signed before witnesses. The trip is reported in Michael Hingston's book, Try Not to Be Strange: The Curious History of the Kingdom of Redonda - 2022. The Italian admirer mentioned in the book and met in Florence was Giancarlo Noferi who had already had contact with Ian Fletcher.
Giancarlo Ezio I of Montedoglio will leave the title to Giuseppe G. Garbarino, writer, and administrator of a publishing house, maintaining the tradition that links the Kingdom of Redonda to literary culture. Giuseppe G. Garbarino took the name of José Juan I from 2019. Currently, after the death of Re Xavier (Javier Marías Franco, 1997-2022), José Juan I (Giuseppe G. Garbarino) is the only and last titular king of Redonda. [1]
Since 2023 the Order of Santa Maria of Redonda has been established.
Antigua and Barbuda is a sovereign archipelagic country in the Caribbean. It lies at the conjuncture of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean in the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles.
Terence Ian Fytton Armstrong, better known as John Gawsworth, was a British writer, poet and compiler of anthologies, both of poetry and of short stories. He also used the pseudonym Orpheus Scrannel. He declared himself king of the unrecognized micronation of the Kingdom of Redonda in 1947, and started calling himself King Juan I.
Redonda is an uninhabited Caribbean island which is a dependency of Saint John, Antigua and Barbuda, in the Leeward Islands, West Indies. The island is about 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) long, 0.5 kilometres (0.3 mi) wide, and is 296 metres (971 ft) high at its highest point.
Matthew Phipps Shiell, known as M. P. Shiel, was a British writer, remembered mainly for supernatural horror and scientific romances. His work was published as serials, novels, and as short stories. The Purple Cloud remains his most often reprinted novel.
Adelantado was a title held by some Spanish nobles in service of their respective kings during the Middle Ages. It was later used as a military title held by some Spanish conquistadores of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.
Javier Marías Franco was a Spanish author, translator, and columnist. Marías published fifteen novels, including A Heart So White and Tomorrow in the Battle Think on Me. In addition to his novels, he also published three collections of short stories and various essays. As one of Spain's most celebrated novelists, his books have been translated into forty-six languages and sold close to nine million copies internationally. He received several awards for his work, such as the Rómulo Gallegos Prize (1995), the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award (1997), the International Nonino Prize (2011), and the Austrian State Prize for European Literature (2011).
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Antigua and Barbuda lie in the eastern arc of the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, separating the Atlantic Ocean from the Caribbean Sea. Antigua is 650 km (400 mi) southeast of Puerto Rico; Barbuda lies 48 km (30 mi) due north of Antigua, and the uninhabited island of Redonda is 56 km (35 mi) southwest of Antigua.
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William Scott Home is the pen name of an American author, poet and biologist principally known for writing horror and dark fantasy. Best known for a short story that appeared in 1978 in The Year's Best Horror Stories, Home was most prolific during the 1970s and 80s when his poetry and fiction was published in a wide range of media. Part of a circle of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror writers that paid homage to M. P. Shiel and H. P. Lovecraft, Home is considered by many to be a unique talent in his own right. His range of styles and control of language and suspense is well-demonstrated in his published collection: Hollow Faces, Merciless Moons. While he has published little since the 1980s, Home is still writing and currently lives in the Dyea Valley, west of Skagway, Alaska.
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↑ Wynne-Tyson, Jon (2004). Finding the Words: A Publishing Life. Wilby, Norfolk: Michael Russell. [Chapter 8, 'The Cause of Half Our Sorrows,' covers the author’s perspective on Gawsworth, Redonda, and the transfer of his disputed royal claim to Javier Marías, pp. 158–195.]
↑ Hutchison, Henry (2005). Realm of Redonda: A Definitive History of the Island-Kingdom of Santa Maria la Redonda in the West Indies. Thurlton, Norfolk: The Redondan Foundation. [The history of the legend from the perspective of William Gates’s claim.]
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