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The Maphrian, originally known as the Grand Metropolitan of the East or the Catholicos, was the head of the Maphrianate of the East and was the second highest-ranking prelate within the Syriac Orthodox Church, after the Patriarch of Antioch. [1] The maphrianate originated as a distinct miaphysite ecclesiastical institution in the Sasanian Empire after the ordination of Ahudemmeh as Grand Metropolitan of the East by Jacob Baradaeus in 559. [2] However, it claimed to be the legitimate continuation of the Church of the East and counted its leaders prior to the church's adoption of dyophysitism as its own. [3] [4] [5] Sources disagree on the first to use the title of maphrian as Michael the Syrian's Chronicle gives John IV Saliba, [6] who is believed to have adopted it in c. 1100, [1] whereas Bar Hebraeus' Ecclesiastical History names Marutha of Tikrit as the first. [7] Eventually, the Maphrianate of the East was abolished in 1860. [1]
A separate maphrianate of Tur Abdin under the authority of the Patriarch of Tur Abdin was established in c. 1479 and endured until 1844. [8] A maphrianate in India was established in 1912, thereby creating the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, but was not recognised by the Syriac Orthodox Church until 1958. [7] In 1975, Patriarch Ignatius Jacob III withdrew recognition of the maphrian Baselios Augen I, and appointed Baselios Paulose II in his stead. [7] The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church thus split from the Syriac Orthodox Church which continues to appoint its own maphrians in India. [7] On March 25, 2025, Baselios Joseph was enthroned as the 81st Maphrian of the Syriac Orthodox Church. [9]
Unless otherwise stated, all information is from the list provided in The Syriac World, as noted in the bibliography below. [10] According to church tradition, numeration includes incumbents deemed legitimate by the Syriac Orthodox Church prior to 559. [11]
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