List of patriarchs of the Church of the East

The Patriarch of the Church of the East was the head of the Church of the East. According to tradition, the Church of the East was founded by the apostles Thomas, Addai, Aggai, and Mari in the first century AD. ^[1] At the end of the third century or beginning of the fourth century AD, Papa bar Aggai, as bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, was recognised as the first supreme head of the Church of the East, according to the Chronicle of Arbela. ^[2] The bishopric of Seleucia-Ctesiphon was elevated to the status of metropolitan see at the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in 410 and then granted the title of catholicos at the Synod of 424. ^[3] The title of patriarch was also adopted prior to the end of the fifth century. ^[4]

In the Schism of 1552, the Church of the East was split into two separate lines of patriarchs following the election of Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa as patriarch and his establishment of union with the Catholic Church in 1553. ^[5] However, the Shimun line formally dissolved the union with the Catholic Church in 1672 and thus a third line of patriarchs in union with Rome was formed with the appointment of Joseph I as patriarch in 1681. ^[6] With the end of the Josephite line in 1828 and the appointment of Yohannan VIII Hormizd as patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1830, the Shimun line became the sole remaining line not in communion with the Catholic Church. ^[7] A schism erupted again in 1968 upon the election of Thoma Darmo as patriarch of the Ancient Church of the East, whilst the Church of the East was officially renamed the Assyrian Church of the East in 1976. ^[8]

List of patriarchs

Legendary bishops to c. 280

Unless otherwise stated, all information is from the list provided in The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity, as noted in the bibliography below. ^[9]

• Thomas the Apostle ^[a]
• Addai (37–65) ^[b]
• Aggai (66–87) ^[c]
• Mari I (88–120) ^[d]
• Abris (121–137) ^{[15] [e] [f]}
• Abraham I (159–171) ^{[15] [e] [g]}
• Yaqob I (172–190) ^{[17] [e] [h]}
• Ahadabui (202–220) ^{[i] [j]}
• Shahlufa (220–240) ^{[20] [i] [k]}

Bishops of Seleucia-Ctesiphon from c. 280 to 399

• Papa bar Aggai (c. 280–329) ^[l]
• Shemon bar Sabbae (329–341) ^{[23] [m]}
• Shahdost (341–342) ^{[25] [n]}
• Barba'shmin (343–346) ^{[28] [o]}

vacant (346–363) ^[p]

• Tomarsa (363–371) ^{[25] [q] [r]}

vacant (371–377)

• Qayyoma (377–399) ^{[25] [s] [r]}

Metropolitans of Seleucia-Ctesiphon from 399 to 421

• Isaac (399–410) ^{[31] [t]}
• Ahha (410–414) ^{[31] [u]}
• Yahballaha I (415–420)
• Mana (420)
• Farbokht (421)

Patriarchs of the Church of the East from 421 to 1558

• Dadisho (421–456)
• Babowai (457–484)
• Acacius (485–496) ^{[33] [v]}
• Babai (497–502/503) ^[w]
• Shila (503–523)
• Elisha (524–537) ^[x]
• Narsai (524–537) ^[y]
• Paul (539) ^[z]
• Aba I (540–552)
• Joseph (552–567) ^[aa]

vacant (567–570) ^[ab]

• Ezekiel (570–581) ^[ac]
• Ishoyahb I (582–595) ^[ad]
• Sabrisho I (596–604)
• Gregory (605–608) ^[ae]

vacant (609–628) ^{[47] [af]}

• Ishoyahb II (628–645) ^{[48] [ag]}
• Maremmeh (646–649) ^[ah]
• Ishoyahb III (649–659) ^[ai]
• Giwargis I (661–680) ^[aj]

• Yohannan I (680–683) ^[ak]

vacant (683–685) ^[27]

• Hnanisho I (686–698) ^[al]

Yohannan the Leper (691–693) ^[am]

vacant (698–714) ^[52]

• Sliba-zkha (714–728) ^{[53] [an]}

vacant (728–731) ^[54]

• Pethion (731–740) ^{[53] [ao]}
• Aba II (741–751)

vacant (751–753/754)

Surin (753) ^[ap]

• Yaqob II (753/754–773/775) ^[aq]
• Hnanisho II (773/775–780) ^[ar]
• Timothy I (780–823) ^{[53] [as]}
• Isho Bar Nun (823–828)
• Giwargis II (828–831) ^{[60] [at]}
• Sabrisho II (831–835)

vacant (835–837)

• Abraham II (837–850)

vacant (850–853)

• Theodosius (853–858)

vacant (858–860)

• Sargis (860–872)

vacant (872–877)

Israel of Kashkar (877) ^[au]

• Enosh (877–884)
• Yohannan II (884–892) ^{[61] [av]}
• Yohannan III (893–899)
• Yohannan IV (900–905)
• Abraham III (906–937) ^{[61] [aw]}
• Emmanuel I (937–960)
• Israel (961)

vacant (961–963)

• Abdisho I (963–986)
• Mari II (987–999)
• Yohannan V (1000–1011)
• Yohannan VI (1012–1020) ^{[62] [ax]}
• Ishoyahb IV (1020–1025)

vacant (1025–1028)

• Eliya I (1028–1049)
• Yohannan VII (1049–1057) ^{[61] [ay]}

vacant (1057–1064)

• Sabrisho III (1064–1072)

vacant (1072–1074)

• Abdisho II (1074–1090)

vacant (1090–1092)

• Makkikha I (1092–1110) ^{[61] [az]}
• Eliya II (1111–1132) ^{[62] [ba]}

vacant (1132–1134) ^[bb]

• Bar Sawma (1134–1136)

vacant (1136–1139)

• Abdisho III (1139–1148) ^[bc]
• Ishoyahb V (1149–1175)
• Eliya III (1176–1190)
• Yahballaha II (1190–1222)
• Sabrisho IV (1222–1224) ^{[65] [bd]}

vacant (1224–1226)

• Sabrisho V (1226–1256)
• Makkikha II (1257–1265)
• Denha I (1265–1281)
• Yahballaha III (1281–1317)
• Timothy II (1318–1332)

vacant (1332–1336/1337)

• Denha II ^[be]
• Dinkha III (disputed) ^[bf]

vacant (1381/1382–c. 1385) ^[72]

• Shemon II (c. 1385–c. 1405) ^[72]
• Eliya IV (c. 1405–c. 1425) ^[72]
• Shemon III (c. 1425–c. 1450) ^[72]
• Shemon IV (c. 1450–1497) ^{[72] [bg]}
• Shemon V (1497–1502) ^[bh]
• Eliya V (1502–1503/1504) ^[bi]
• Shemon VI (1504–1538)
• Shemon VII Ishoyahb (1538/1539–1558) ^[bj]
• Shemon VIII Dinkha (disputed) ^[bk]

Patriarchs of the Church of the East from 1558 to 1861

Eliya line Eliya VI (1558–1591) [79] [bl] Eliya VII (1591–1617) [bm] Eliya VIII (1617–1660) [bn] Eliya IX (1660–1700) [bo] Eliya X (1700–1722) [bp] Eliya XI (1722–1778) [bq] Eliya XII (1778–1804) [br] Yohannan VIII Hormizd (1780–1830) [82] [bs]

Shimun line Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa (1553–1555) [bt] Abdisho IV Maron (1555–1570) Abraham (disputed) [bu] Yahballaha IV (1577–1580) [bv] Shimun IX Dinkha (1580–1600) [88] [bw] Shimun X Eliyah (1600–1638) Shimun XI Eshuyow (1638–1656) Shimun XII Yoalaha (1656–1662) Shimun XIII Dinkha (1662–1700) Shimun XIV Shlemon (1700–1740) Shimun XV Maqdassi Mikhail (1740–1780) Shimun XVI Yohannan (1780–1820) Shimun XVII Abraham (1820–1861) [90] [bx]

Josephite line Joseph I (1681–1696) [92] [by] Joseph II (1696–1712) [bz] Joseph III (1714–1757) [95] [ca] Joseph IV (1759–1781) [96] [cb] Joseph V Augustine Hindi (1781–1828) [96] [cc]

Patriarchs of the Church of the East from 1861 to present

• Shimun XVIII Rubil (1861–1903) ^{[98] [cd]}
• Shimun XIX Benyamin (1903–1918)
• Shimun XX Paulos (1918–1920)
• Shimun XXI Eshai (1920–1975) ^[ce]

Assyrian Church of the East Dinkha IV (1976–2015) Gewargis III (2015–2021) Awa III (2021–present)

Ancient Church of the East Thoma Darmo (1968–1969) Addai II Giwargis (1972–2022) Yakoob III Danil (2022) [cf] Gewargis III Younan (2023–present) [102]

See also

• List of Chaldean Catholic patriarchs of Baghdad

References

Notes

1. It has been argued that Thomas the Apostle was first named as the first patriarch of the East by Bar Hebraeus as he is not mentioned in the lists of Mari ibn Suleiman or Amr ibn Matta. ^[10] Lists that include Thomas the Apostle place his patriarchate in 33–73. ^[11] Christoph Baumer's list in The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity simply notes the death of Thomas the Apostle in AD 73. ^[12]
2. The patriarchate of Addai is alternatively placed in 33–45. ^[11] It has been argued that the legend of the Apostle Mar Addai was invented between the 3rd and 6th centuries. ^[13]
3. The patriarchate of Aggai is alternatively placed in 45–48. ^[11]
4. The patriarchate of Mari I is alternatively placed in 48–81. ^[11] According to the 14th-century historian Amr ibn Matta, Mari established the patriarchal see at Seleucia-Ctesiphon and was thus the first catholicos. ^[14]
5. Abris, Abraham I, and Yaqob I are believed to have been invented in the 9th-century. ^[16]
6. The patriarchate of Abris is alternatively placed in 82–98 or 90–107. ^[11]
7. The patriarchate of Abraham I is alternatively placed in 98–110/120 or 130–152. ^[11]
8. The patriarchate of Yaqob I is alternatively placed in 120–138, ^[11] or 190. ^[16]
9. Ahadabui and Shahlufa were bishops of Adiabene, according to the Chronicle of Arbela. ^[18] They were retrospectively listed as patriarchs by the historian Eliya ibn ʿUbaid in the 9th-century. ^[16]
10. The patriarchate of Ahadabui is alternatively placed in 139–159/162, 202–204, or 205–220. ^[19]
11. The patriarchate of Shahlufa is alternatively placed in 162–179/182, 220–224, or 224–244. ^[19]
12. The patriarchate of Papa bar Aggai is placed in either c. 280–329, ^[21] 285–326/327, ^[22] or 285/291–c. 327. ^[12] According to the Acts of Mar Mari , Mari personally ordained Papa bar Aggai as his successor. ^[14]
13. The patriarchate of Shemon bar Sabbae is alternatively placed in 320–330, 328–341, ^[11] or 329–344. ^[24]
14. Shahdost's patriarchate is alternatively placed in 340–343, 345–347, ^[26] 341–343, ^[27] or 344–345. ^[24]
15. Barba'shmin's patriarchate is alternatively placed in 343–351, 345–346, or 350–358. ^[29]
16. A vacancy is alternatively placed in 346–388. ^[24]
17. Tomarsa's patriarchate is alternatively placed in 388–395. ^[24]
18. It has been suggested that Tomarsa and Qayyoma were invented at a later date. ^[30]
19. Qayyoma's patriarchate is alternatively placed in 395–399. ^[24]
20. The patriarchate of Isaac is alternatively placed in c. 399/400–410/411. ^[32]
21. The end of the patriarchate of Ahha is alternatively placed in 415. ^[32]
22. The accession of Acacius is alternatively placed in 484. ^[32] The end of the patriarchate of Acacius is alternatively placed in 495. ^[34]
23. The end of the patriarchate of Babai is placed either in 502, ^[35] or 503. ^[36]
24. The patriarchate of Elisha is placed in 524–535, ^[12] 524–537, ^[37] or 524–539. ^[38]
25. The patriarchate of Narsai is placed in either 524–537, ^[37] or 524–539. ^[39]
26. The patriarchate of Paul is placed in either 537–539, ^[40] 537–538/539, ^[32] or 539. ^[41]
27. It is argued that the title of patriarch was probably first used by Joseph. ^[42]
28. The patriarchate of Ezekiel may have begun in 567 and thus no vacancy may have taken place. ^[43]
29. The patriarchate of Ezekiel is placed either in 567–581, ^[27] 567/570–581, ^[32] 570–581, ^[24] or 570–582. ^[44]
30. The patriarchate of Ishoyahb I is placed in either c. 581/582–595, ^[32] 582–595, ^[45] 582–596, ^[44] or 585–595. ^[38]
31. The patriarchate of Gregory is placed in 605–608, ^[46] 605–609, ^[27] or 605–c. 610. ^[32]
32. A vacancy is alternatively placed in 608–628. ^[12]
33. The patriarchate of Ishoyahb II is alternatively placed in 628–646. ^[44]
34. The patriarchate of Maremmeh is placed in either 645–648, ^[38] 646–649, ^[49] or 646–650. ^[44]
35. The patriarchate of Ishoyahb III is placed in either 649–659, ^[48] 650–658, ^[40] or 650–660. ^[12]
36. The patriarchate of Giwargis I is placed in either c. 659–680/681, ^[32] 660–680, ^[50] or 661–680. ^[51]
37. The patriarchate of Yohannan I is placed in either 680–683, ^[51] or 680/681–683, ^[32] or 681–683. ^[50]
38. The patriarchate of Hnanisho I is placed in either 685/686–699/700, ^[32] 685–692/700, ^[40] 685–700, ^[12] or 686–698. ^[52]
39. Yohannan the Leper is considered an illegitimate patriarch. ^[12] Yohannan the Leper is also counted as Yohannan II. ^[32] The patriarchate of Yohannan the Leper is placed in either 691–693, ^[52] c. 692, ^[32] or 692–693. ^[44]
40. The patriarchate of Sliba-zkha is alternatively placed in 713/714–727/728. ^[32]
41. The patriarchate of Pethion is alternatively placed in 731–741. ^[32]
42. Surin is considered an illegitimate patriarch. ^[55] The patriarchate of Surin is placed in either 751, ^[40] 753, ^[56] c. 754, ^[57] or 754. ^[12]
43. The patriarchate of Yaqob II is placed in either 753–773, ^[56] 754–773, ^[57] or 754–775. ^[44]
44. The patriarchate of Hnanisho II is placed in either 773–779/780, ^[57] 773–780, ^[58] 775–779, ^[59] or 775–780. ^[44]
45. The patriarchate of Timothy I is alternatively placed in 779/780–823. ^[57]
46. The patriarchate of Giwargis II is alternatively placed in 828–829/830. ^[57]
47. Israel of Kashkar was not consecrated as patriarch. ^[12]
48. The patriarchate of Yohannan II is alternatively placed in 884–891/892. ^[57]
49. The patriarchate of Abraham III is alternatively placed in 905–936/937. ^[57]
50. The patriarchate of Yohannan VI is alternatively placed in 1012–1016. ^[63]
51. The patriarchate of Yohannan VII is alternatively placed in 1050–1057. ^[57]
52. The patriarchate of Makkikha I is alternatively placed in 1092–1109/1110. ^[57]
53. The patriarchate of Eliya II is alternatively placed in 1111–1134. ^[63]
54. The patriarchate of Eliya II may have ended in 1134 and thus no vacancy may have taken place. ^[63]
55. The patriarchate of Abdisho III is placed in either 1138–1148, ^[12] 1139–1148, ^[64] or 1139–1149. ^[50]
56. The patriarchate of Sabrisho IV is alternatively placed in 1222–1225. ^[66]
57. The patriarchate of Denha II is placed in either 1332–1364, ^[63] 1336/1337–1381/1382, ^[67] or 1337–1382. ^[68]
58. Most modern writers dismiss Dinkha III's historicity. He appears only in the lists prepared by Iskhaq Rehana and Gewargis David Malech which place his patriarchate in 1359– 1368. ^{[69] [70] [71]}
59. The patriarchate of Shemon IV is alternatively placed in 1437–1497. ^[73]
60. The end of the patriarchate of Shemon V is placed in either 1501, ^[63] or 1502. ^[74]
61. The patriarchate of Eliya V is placed in either 1502–1503, ^[63] 1502–1504, ^[75] or 1503–1504. ^[72]
62. The patriarchate of Shemon VII Ishoyahb is placed in either 1538–1551, ^[63] 1538/1539–1558, ^[76] or 1539–1558. ^[72]
63. It is argued that Shemon VIII Dinkha was invented by supporters of Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa and is thus not included in some lists. ^[77] Lists that include Shemon VIII Dinkha place his patriarchate in 1551–1558. ^[78]
64. Eliya VI is also counted as Eliya VII. ^[80] The patriarchate of Eliya VI is alternatively placed in 1558/1559–1591. ^[81]
65. Eliya VII is also counted as Eliya VIII. ^[80]
66. Eliya VIII is also counted as Eliya IX. ^[80]
67. Eliya IX is also counted as Eliya X. ^[80]
68. Eliya X is also counted as Eliya XI. ^[80]
69. Eliya XI is also counted as Eliya XII. ^[80]
70. Eliya XII is also counted as Eliya XIII. ^[80]
71. Due to the irregularity of the election of Yohannan VIII Hormizd as patriarch in 1780, he was only recognised as patriarchal administrator by the Vatican. ^[83] Yohannan VIII Hormizd was finally acknowledged as the Chaldean patriarch of Babylon in 1830. ^[84]
72. Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa is also counted as John VIII. ^[78]
73. Abraham is not included in some lists. ^[67] Lists that include Abraham place his patriarchate in 1570–1577. ^[78]
74. The patriarchate of Yahballaha IV is placed in either 1570–1580, ^[85] or 1577–1580. ^[78] He is also listed as Shemʿon VIII Yahballaha. ^[72] Some historians argue in favour of two separate patriarchates of Shemʿon (Yahbalaha) in 1572–1576 and Yahbalaha Shemʿon in 1577–1579/80. ^[86] The traditional patriarchal list places the patriarchate of Shimun Yau-Alaha in 1558–1580. ^[87]
75. The patriarchate of Shimun IX Dinkha is alternatively placed in 1581–1600. ^[89]
76. The patriarchate of Shimun XVII Abraham is alternatively placed in 1820–1860. ^[91]
77. The patriarchate of Joseph I is alternatively placed in 1681–1693. ^[72]
78. The patriarchate of Joseph II is placed in either 1696–1712, ^[93] or 1696–1713. ^[94]
79. The patriarchate of Joseph III is alternatively placed in 1713–1757. ^[72]
80. The patriarchate of Joseph IV is alternatively placed in 1757–1796. ^[72]
81. Augustine Hindi was appointed as patriarchal administrator by Joseph IV upon the latter's abdication in 1781 and received recognition of this appointment from the Vatican in 1802, but claimed the title of patriarch in 1818 and henceforth styled himself as Joseph V until his death. ^[97] Wilmshurst places the reign of Augustine Hindi as patriarchal administrator in 1802–1827. ^[72]
82. The patriarchate of Shimun XVIII Rubil is alternatively placed in 1860–1903. ^[99]
83. Eshai Shimun began to style himself as Shimun XXIII Eshai from 1940 onwards. ^[99] He is usually listed as Shimun XXI Eshai. ^[100]
84. Yakoob III Danil renounced his election as patriarch before being consecrated. ^[101]

Citations

1. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 12; Baumer (2016), p. 8.
2. Baum & Winkler (2003), pp. 9–10.
3. Baum & Winkler (2003), pp. 15–16, 19–20.
4. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 20.
5. Murre van den Berg (1999), pp. 237, 250; Baumer (2016), p. 248.
6. Baumer (2016), p. 249.
7. Baumer (2016), pp. 249, 251.
8. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 4; Baumer (2016), p. 243.
9. Baumer (2016), pp. 330–331.
10. Coakley (1999), p. 72.
11. Coakley (1999), p. 71.
12. Baumer (2016), p. 330.
13. Wilmshurst (2016), p. 511.
14. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 12.
15. Wilmshurst (2016), p. xxxv; Baumer (2016), p. 330.
16. Wilmshurst (2016), p. xxxv.
17. Baumer (2016), p. 330; Coakley (1999), p. 71.
18. Baumer (2016), p. 331.
19. Wilmshurst (2016), p. xxxv; Coakley (1999), p. 71.
20. Baumer (2016), p. 330; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482.
21. Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802; Nicholson (2018), p. 1136.
22. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 196.
23. Baumer (2016), p. 330; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Wood (2013), p. 262.
24. Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
25. Baumer (2016), p. 330; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173.
26. Coakley (1999), p. 74.
27. Wood (2013), p. 262.
28. Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wood (2013), p. 262; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173.
29. Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802; Coakley (1999), p. 74.
30. Baumer (2016), p. 301.
31. Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wood (2013), p. 262; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
32. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482.
33. Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wood (2013), p. 262; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
34. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173.
35. Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
36. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Wood (2013), p. 262; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482.
37. Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Wood (2013), p. 262; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482.
38. Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
39. Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
40. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173.
41. Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wood (2013), p. 262; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
42. Wood (2013), p. 95.
43. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482; Wood (2013), p. 262.
44. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Baumer (2016), p. 330.
45. Wood (2013), p. 262; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512.
46. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
47. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802; Wood (2013), p. 262.
48. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482; Wood (2013), p. 262; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
49. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482; Wood (2013), p. 262; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512.
50. Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803.
51. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wood (2013), p. 262.
52. Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803; Wood (2013), p. 262.
53. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803; Wood (2013), p. 263.
54. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Wood (2013), p. 263.
55. Wood (2013), p. 263.
56. Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803; Wood (2013), p. 263.
57. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 483.
58. Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803; Wood (2013), p. 263.
59. Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512.
60. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803.
61. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803.
62. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 483; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803.
63. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 330.
64. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 483; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174.
65. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803.
66. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 483; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512.
67. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804.
68. Wilmshurst (2016), p. 513.
69. bar Brikha (1988), p. 113: Appendix prepared by Rehana.
70. Malech & Malech (2006), p. 310.
71. Benjamin (2008), p. 24.
72. Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804.
73. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 330.
74. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 240.
75. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 241.
76. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 242.
77. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Wilmshurst (2019), pp. 790, 804.
78. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 331.
79. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804.
80. Wilmshurst (2011), p. 477.
81. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 243.
82. Wilmshurst (2019), p. 805.
83. Wilmshurst (2000), p. 30.
84. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 122; Murre van den Berg (1999), pp. 237–238.
85. Wilmshurst (2011), p. 477; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804.
86. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 252.
87. Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 252.
88. Wilmshurst (2011), p. 477; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 253.
89. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174.
90. Wilmshurst (2011), p. 477; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 175.
91. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 257.
92. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 257.
93. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 258.
94. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804.
95. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 258.
96. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 259.
97. Wilmshurst (2000), pp. 27–28; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 259.
98. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 175; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 805.
99. Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485.
100. Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 175; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 805; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 257.
101. "Patriarch of Ancient Church of the East Mar Yakoob III Danil abdicates two months after election". Syriac Press. 15 August 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
102. "Mor Gorgis Younan elected as new Patriarch of Ancient Church of the East". Syriac Press. 15 November 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2025.

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