List of patriarchs of the Church of the East

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The Patriarch of the Church of the East was the head of the Church of the East. According to tradition, the Church of the East was founded by the apostles Thomas, Addai, Aggai, and Mari in the first century AD. [1] At the end of the third century or beginning of the fourth century AD, Papa bar Aggai, as bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, was recognised as the first supreme head of the Church of the East, according to the Chronicle of Arbela. [2] The bishopric of Seleucia-Ctesiphon was elevated to the status of metropolitan see at the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in 410 and then granted the title of catholicos at the Synod of 424. [3] The title of patriarch was also adopted prior to the end of the fifth century. [4]

Contents

In the Schism of 1552, the Church of the East was split into two separate lines of patriarchs following the election of Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa as patriarch and his establishment of union with the Catholic Church in 1553. [5] However, the Shimun line formally dissolved the union with the Catholic Church in 1672 and thus a third line of patriarchs in union with Rome was formed with the appointment of Joseph I as patriarch in 1681. [6] With the end of the Josephite line in 1828 and the appointment of Yohannan VIII Hormizd as patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1830, the Shimun line became the sole remaining line not in communion with the Catholic Church. [7] A schism erupted again in 1968 upon the election of Thoma Darmo as patriarch of the Ancient Church of the East, whilst the Church of the East was officially renamed the Assyrian Church of the East in 1976. [8]

List of patriarchs

Early bishops to c. 280

Unless otherwise stated, all information is from the list provided in The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity, as noted in the bibliography below. [9]

Bishops of Seleucia-Ctesiphon from c. 280 to 399

vacant (346–363) [p]
vacant (371–377)

Metropolitans of Seleucia-Ctesiphon from 399 to 421

Patriarchs of the Church of the East from 421 to 1558

vacant (567–570) [ab]
vacant (609–628) [46] [af]
vacant (683–685) [26]
Yohannan the Leper (691–693) [am]
vacant (698–714) [51]
vacant (728–731) [53]
vacant (751–753/754)
Surin (753) [ap]
vacant (835–837)
vacant (850–853)
vacant (858–860)
vacant (872–877)
Israel of Kashkar (877) [au]
vacant (961–963)
vacant (1025–1028)
vacant (1057–1064)
vacant (1072–1074)
vacant (1090–1092)
vacant (1132–1134) [bb]
vacant (1136–1139)
vacant (1224–1226)
vacant (1332–1336/1337)
vacant (1381/1382–c. 1385) [68]

Patriarchs of the Church of the East from 1558 to 1861

Patriarchs of the Church of the East from 1861 to present

See also

Related Research Articles

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The Assyrian Church of the East (ACOE), sometimes called the Church of the East and officially known as the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East, is an Eastern Christian church that follows the traditional Christology and ecclesiology of the historical Church of the East. It belongs to the eastern branch of Syriac Christianity, and employs the Divine Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari belonging to the East Syriac Rite. Its main liturgical language is Classical Syriac, a dialect of Eastern Aramaic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</span> Head of the Chaldean Catholic Church from 1553 to 1555

Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa was the first Patriarch of what was to become the Shemʿon line of the Chaldean Catholic Church, from 1553 to 1555, after it absorbed this Church of the East patriarchate into full communion with the Holy See and the Catholic Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shimun XVII Abraham</span> Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East

Mar Shimun XVII Abraham served as the Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East from c. 1820 to 1861.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Church of the East</span> Church of the East Syriac Rite of Christianity

The Church of the East or the East Syriac Church, also called the Church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the Persian Church, the Assyrian Church, the Babylonian Church or the Nestorian Church, is one of three major branches of Eastern Nicene Christianity that arose from the Christological controversies in the 5th century and the 6th century, alongside that of Miaphysitism and the Chalcedonian Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patriarch of the Church of the East</span> Supreme head of the Church of the East

The patriarch of the Church of the East is the patriarch, or leader and head bishop of the Church of the East. The position dates to the early centuries of Christianity within the Sassanid Empire, and the Church has been known by a variety of names, including the Church of the East, Nestorian Church, the Persian Church, the Sassanid Church, or East Syrian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shemon VII Ishoyahb</span>

Mar Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb, born Īshōʿyahb bar Māmā, was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1539 to 1558, with residence in Rabban Hormizd Monastery.

Shimun Yahballaha, also designated in some modern historiographical works as Yahballaha IV, or even Yahballaha V, was Patriarch of the pro-Catholic line of primates of the Church of the East, from c. 1572 to c. 1580. In primary sources, he is mentioned as patriarch Shimun by several inscriptions dated from 1572 to 1577, while his additional name Yahballaha is recorded in a later report, submitted to Rome (1581) by metropolitan Eliya. The same report describes recently deceased patriarch Yahballaha Shimun as an elderly hierarch, who was elected to the patriarchal see sometime after the death of Abdisho IV Maron, but did not seek confirmation from Rome, due to his advanced age.

Shimun X was Patriarch of the Shemʿon line of primates of the Church of the East, from c. 1600 to c. 1638. He is claimed both by the Chaldean Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East. Upon accession to the patriarchal throne, he moved his seat from Urmia to Salmas, and also resided in Khananis near Qodshanis. He succeeded Patriarch Shimun IX Dinkha who was in full communion with the Catholic Church. Unlike his predecessor, who was officially recognized by Rome as the Patriarch of the Chaldeans, Shimun X was not formally recognized by the Catholic Church because his election was based on hereditary principle, reintroduced after the death of his predecessor. Hereditary succession was considered an unacceptable practice by the Rome. In 1616, contacts between patriarch Shimun X and the Catholic Church were initiated, upon arrival of Catholic missionaries to the region. Patriarch composed a profession of faith, that was sent to Rome for assessment. Upon examination, Shimun′s profession was found inadequate, and he was not received into communion with the Catholic Church. Similar attempt was made in 1619, but wit no final conclusion. Because of such complex situation, his legacy was viewed differently along denominational lines, and claimed by both sides. He is considered as pro-Catholic by the Chaldean Catholic Church, and also as non-Catholic by the Assyrian Church of the East.

Mar Shimun XVI Yohannan was Patriarch of the Shem'on line (Qodshanis) of the Church of the East, from 1780. In 1804, he became the sole Patriarch among traditionalist Christians of the East Syriac Rite, because the rival Patriarch Eliya XII (1778-1804) of the Eliya line died without successor. Shimun XVI remained patriarch until his death in 1820.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yohannan (Yoseph of Awgin)</span> Indian bishop

Mar Yohannan, also known as a monk Yoseph of Awgin, was Bishop of India, a metropolitan province of the Church of the East. In 1490, envoys of Saint Thomas Christians from the Malabar Coast in India traveled to Mesopotamia and arrived in Gazarta, bringing appeals to the hierarchy of the Church of the East, and asking for new bishops. Patriarch Shemon IV responded positively to their request and arranged the selection of two monks from the Awgin Monastery, both of them called Yoseph, appointing them as bishops, under new names: Mar Yohannan and Mar Thoma, and dispatching them to India. Mar Yohannan stayed in India, while Mar Thomas returned to Mesopotamia. In 1503, three new bishops were sent to India, by new Patriarch Eliya V: Mar Yahballaha, Mar Dinkha and Mar Yaqob. Upon arrival, they met with Mar Yohannan. Activities of Mar Yohannan and other bishops reaffirmed traditional ties between Christians of India and the Church of the East. By that time, local Christians of the Malabar Coast were also facing some additional challenges, caused by the establishment of Portuguese presence in India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eliya VI</span>

Eliya VI was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1558 to 1591, with residence in Rabban Hormizd Monastery, near Alqosh, in modern Iraq. In older historiography, he was designated as Eliya VI, but later renumbered as Eliya "VII" by some authors, who believed that during the period from 1558 to 1591 there were two successive Eliya patriarchs. After the resolution of several chronological questions, he was designated again as Eliya VI, and that numeration is accepted in recent scholarly works.

Mar Shemʿon II was the patriarch of the Church of the East from c. 1385 until c. 1405. He succeeded Denha II, who died in 1381/2, and his reign corresponds to the beginning of a period of obscurity in the Church of the East and the patriarchal succession.

Mar Elīyā V was the patriarch of the Church of the East from September 1502 until his death in 1504.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eliya VII</span>

Eliya VII was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1591 to 1617, with residence in Rabban Hormizd Monastery, near Alqosh, in modern Iraq. On several occasions, in 1605–1607 and 1610, and again in 1615–1616, he negotiated on with representatives of the Catholic Church, but without any final conclusion. In older historiography, he was designated as Eliya VII, but later renumbered as Eliya "VIII" by some authors. After the resolution of several chronological questions, he was designated again as Eliya VII, and that numeration is accepted in recent scholarly works.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eliya VIII</span> Patriarch of the Church of the East

Eliya VIII was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1617 to 1660, with residence in Rabban Hormizd Monastery, near Alqosh, in modern Iraq. On several occasions he was approached by representatives of the Catholic Church, but those contacts didn't led to any agreement. In older historiography, he was designated as Eliya VIII, but later renumbered as Eliya "IX" by some authors. After the resolution of several chronological questions, he was designated again as Eliya VIII, and that numeration is accepted in recent scholarly works.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eliya IX</span> Patriach of the Church of the East (1660 - 1700)

Eliya IX was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1660 to 1700, with his residence in Rabban Hormizd Monastery, near Alqosh, in modern Iraq. He was a "vigorous defender of the traditional faith", and on several occasions acted against local representatives of the Catholic Church in the region. His correspondence with Rome, in 1668–1669, ended without agreement on the discussed issues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eliya X</span>

Eliya X was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1700 to 1722, with residence in Rabban Hormizd Monastery, near Alqosh, in modern Iraq. During his tenure, traditional ties of the Patriarchate with the remaining Christian community of the East Syriac Rite in India were re-established, and in 1708 bishop Mar Gabriel was sent there by the Patriarch, succeeding upon arrival to the Malabar Coast to revive the local East Syriac Christian community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eliya XI</span>

Eliya XI was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1722 to 1778, with his residence in Rabban Hormizd Monastery, near Alqosh, in modern Iraq. His father, the priest Hoshaba, was the brother of the previous patriarch Eliya X. Upon that patriarch's death, Eliya XI was elected to the patriarchal see, and enthroned on 25 December 1722.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eliya XII</span>

Eliya XII was Patriarch of the Church of the East, from 1778 to 1804, with formal residence in Rabban Hormizd Monastery, near Alqosh, in modern Iraq. His birth name was Ishoyahb, and he was the elder son of priest Abraham, who was brother of the previous patriarch Eliya XI (1722-1778). In 1744, Ishoyahb was consecrated as metropolitan, and designated as presumptive successor by his paternal uncle, patriarch Eliya XI, who died in 1778, and Ishoyahb succeeded him, as patriarch Eliya XII. His tenure was marked by a prolonged rivalry with his pro-Catholic cousin Yohannan Hormizd, who also claimed the patriarchal throne. In 1804, Eliya XII died and was buried in the Rabban Hormizd Monastery, as the last patriarch of the senior Eliya line.

Mar Shemʿon VI was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1504 until his death on 5 August 1538. Shemon is credited with revising the East Syriac Rite, replacing commemorations of traditional saints and martyrs with new ones, especially for those who had founded monasteries. Following his death, he was succeeded as Patriarch by his brother Shemon VII Ishoyahb, who had been natar kursya throughout his reign; since the reign of Shemon IV the role of Patriarch had been passed hereditarily. Shemon VI was buried alongside other Patriarchs of his era at Rabban Hormizd Monastery near Mosul, his residence while he had been Patriarch; his epitaph, recorded by Vosté, was inscribed by a priest named Israel.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ It has been argued that Thomas the Apostle was first named as the first patriarch of the East by Bar Hebraeus as he is not mentioned in the lists of Mari ibn Suleiman or Amr ibn Matta. [10] Lists that include Thomas the Apostle place his episcopate in 33–73. [11] Christoph Baumer's list in The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity simply notes the death of Thomas the Apostle in AD 73. [12]
  2. ↑ The episcopate of Addai is alternatively placed in 33–45. [11]
  3. ↑ The episcopate of Aggai is alternatively placed in 45–48. [11]
  4. ↑ The episcopate of Mari I is alternatively placed in 48–81. [11] According to the 14th-century historian Amr ibn Matta, Mari established the patriarchal see at Seleucia-Ctesiphon and was thus the first catholicos. [13]
  5. 1 2 3 Abris, Abraham I, and Yaqob I are believed to have been invented in the 9th-century. [15]
  6. ↑ The episcopate of Abris is alternatively placed in 82–98 or 90–107. [11]
  7. ↑ The episcopate of Abraham I is alternatively placed in 98–110/120 or 130–152. [11]
  8. ↑ The episcopate of Yaqob I is alternatively placed in 120–138, [11] or 190. [15]
  9. 1 2 Ahadabui and Shahlufa were bishops of Adiabene, according to the Chronicle of Arbela. [17] They were retrospectively listed as patriarchs by the historian Eliya ibn ʿUbaid in the 9th-century. [15]
  10. ↑ The episcopate of Ahadabui is alternatively placed in 139–159/162, 202–204, or 205–220. [18]
  11. ↑ The episcopate of Shahlufa is alternatively placed in 162–179/182, 220–224, or 224–244. [18]
  12. ↑ The episcopate of Papa bar Aggai is placed in either c. 280–329, [20] 285–326/327, [21] or 285/291–c. 327. [12] According to the Acts of Mar Mari , Mari personally ordained Papa bar Aggai as his successor. [13]
  13. ↑ The episcopate of Shemon bar Sabbae is alternatively placed in 320–330, 328–341, [11] or 329–344. [23]
  14. ↑ Shahdost's episcopate is alternatively placed in 340–343, 345–347, [25] 341–343, [26] or 344–345. [23]
  15. ↑ Barba'shmin's episcopate is alternatively placed in 343–351, 345–346, or 350–358. [28]
  16. ↑ A vacancy is alternatively placed in 346–388. [23]
  17. ↑ Tomarsa's episcopate is alternatively placed in 388–395. [23]
  18. 1 2 It has been suggested that Tomarsa and Qayyoma were invented at a later date. [29]
  19. ↑ Qayyoma's episcopate is alternatively placed in 395–399. [23]
  20. ↑ The episcopate of Isaac is alternatively placed in c. 399/400–410/411. [31]
  21. ↑ The end of the episcopate of Ahha is alternatively placed in 415. [31]
  22. ↑ The accession of Acacius is alternatively placed in 484. [31] The end of the episcopate of Acacius is alternatively placed in 495. [33]
  23. ↑ The end of the episcopate of Babai is placed either in 502, [34] or 503. [35]
  24. ↑ The episcopate of Elisha is placed in 524–535, [12] 524–537, [36] or 524–539. [37]
  25. ↑ The episcopate of Narsai is placed in either 524–537, [36] or 524–539. [38]
  26. ↑ The episcopate of Paul is placed in either 537–539, [39] 537–538/539, [31] or 539. [40]
  27. ↑ It is argued that the title of patriarch was probably first used by Joseph. [41]
  28. ↑ The episcopate of Ezekiel may have begun in 567 and thus no vacancy may have taken place. [42]
  29. ↑ The episcopate of Ezekiel is placed either in 567–581, [26] 567/570–581, [31] 570–581, [23] or 570–582. [43]
  30. ↑ The episcopate of Ishoyahb I is placed in either c. 581/582–595, [31] 582–595, [44] 582–596, [43] or 585–595. [37]
  31. ↑ The episcopate of Gregory is placed in 605–608, [45] 605–609, [26] or 605–c. 610. [31]
  32. ↑ A vacancy is alternatively placed in 608–628. [12]
  33. ↑ The episcopate of Ishoyahb II is alternatively placed in 628–646. [43]
  34. ↑ The episcopate of Maremmeh is placed in either 645–648, [37] 646–649, [48] or 646–650. [43]
  35. ↑ The episcopate of Ishoyahb III is placed in either 649–659, [47] 650–658, [39] or 650–660. [12]
  36. ↑ The episcopate of Giwargis I is placed in either c. 659–680/681, [31] 660–680, [49] or 661–680. [50]
  37. ↑ The episcopate of Yohannan I is placed in either 680–683, [50] or 680/681–683, [31] or 681–683. [49]
  38. ↑ The episcopate of Hnanisho I is placed in either 685/686–699/700, [31] 685–692/700, [39] 685–700, [12] or 686–698. [51]
  39. ↑ Yohannan the Leper is considered an illegitimate patriarch. [12] Yohannan the Leper is also counted as Yohannan II. [31] The episcopate of Yohannan the Leper is placed in either 691–693, [51] c. 692, [31] or 692–693. [43]
  40. ↑ The episcopate of Sliba-zkha is alternatively placed in 713/714–727/728. [31]
  41. ↑ The episcopate of Pethion is alternatively placed in 731–741. [31]
  42. ↑ Surin is considered an illegitimate patriarch. [54] The episcopate of Surin is placed in either 751, [39] 753, [55] c. 754, [56] or 754. [12]
  43. ↑ The episcopate of Yaqob II is placed in either 753–773, [55] 754–773, [56] or 754–775. [43]
  44. ↑ The episcopate of Hnanisho II is placed in either 773–779/780, [56] 773–780, [57] 775–779, [58] or 775–780. [43]
  45. ↑ The episcopate of Timothy I is alternatively placed in 779/780–823. [56]
  46. ↑ The episcopate of Giwargis II is alternatively placed in 828–829/830. [56]
  47. ↑ Israel of Kashkar was not consecrated as patriarch. [12]
  48. ↑ The episcopate of Yohannan II is alternatively placed in 884–891/892. [56]
  49. ↑ The episcopate of Abraham III is alternatively placed in 905–936/937. [56]
  50. ↑ The episcopate of Yohannan VI is alternatively placed in 1012–1016. [62]
  51. ↑ The episcopate of Yohannan VII is alternatively placed in 1050–1057. [56]
  52. ↑ The episcopate of Makkikha I is alternatively placed in 1092–1109/1110. [56]
  53. ↑ The episcopate of Eliya II is alternatively placed in 1111–1134. [62]
  54. ↑ The episcopate of Eliya II may have ended in 1134 and thus no vacancy may have taken place. [62]
  55. ↑ The episcopate of Abdisho III is placed in either 1138–1148, [12] 1139–1148, [63] or 1139–1149. [49]
  56. ↑ The episcopate of Sabrisho IV is alternatively placed in 1222–1225. [65]
  57. ↑ The episcopate of Denha II is placed in either 1332–1364, [62] 1336/1337–1381/1382, [66] or 1337–1382. [67]
  58. ↑ The episcopate of Shemon IV is alternatively placed in 1437–1497. [69]
  59. ↑ The end of the episcopate of Shemon V is placed in either 1501, [62] or 1502. [70]
  60. ↑ The episcopate of Eliya V is placed in either 1502–1503, [62] 1502–1504, [71] or 1503–1504. [68]
  61. ↑ The episcopate of Shemon VII Ishoyahb is placed in either 1538–1551, [62] 1538/1539–1558, [72] or 1539–1558. [68]
  62. ↑ It is argued that Shemon VIII Dinkha was invented by supporters of Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa and is thus not included in some lists. [73] Lists that include Shemon VIII Dinkha place his episcopate in 1551–1558. [74]
  63. ↑ Eliya VI is also counted as Eliya VII. [76] The patriarchate of Eliya VI is alternatively placed in 1558/1559–1591. [77]
  64. ↑ Eliya VII is also counted as Eliya VIII. [76]
  65. ↑ Eliya VIII is also counted as Eliya IX. [76]
  66. ↑ Eliya IX is also counted as Eliya X. [76]
  67. ↑ Eliya X is also counted as Eliya XI. [76]
  68. ↑ Eliya XI is also counted as Eliya XII. [76]
  69. ↑ Eliya XII is also counted as Eliya XIII. [76]
  70. ↑ Due to the irregularity of the election of Yohannan VIII Hormizd as patriarch in 1780, he was only recognised as patriarchal administrator by the Vatican. [79] Yohannan VIII Hormizd was finally acknowledged as the Chaldean patriarch of Babylon in 1830. [80]
  71. ↑ Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa is also counted as John VIII. [74]
  72. ↑ Abraham is not included in some lists. [66] Lists that include Abraham place his patriarchate in 1570–1577. [74]
  73. ↑ The patriarchate of Yahballaha IV is placed in either 1570–1580, [81] or 1577–1580. [74] He is also listed as Shemʿon VIII Yahballaha. [68] Some historians argue in favour of two separate patriarchates of Shemʿon (Yahbalaha) in 1572–1576 and Yahbalaha Shemʿon in 1577–1579/80. [82] The traditional patriarchal list places the patriarchate of Shimun Yau-Alaha in 1558–1580. [83]
  74. ↑ The patriarchate of Shimun IX Dinkha is alternatively placed in 1581–1600. [85]
  75. ↑ The patriarchate of Shimun XVII Abraham is alternatively placed in 1820–1860. [87]
  76. ↑ The patriarchate of Joseph I is alternatively placed in 1681–1693. [68]
  77. ↑ The patriarchate of Joseph II is placed in either 1696–1712, [89] or 1696–1713. [90]
  78. ↑ The patriarchate of Joseph III is alternatively placed in 1713–1757. [68]
  79. ↑ The patriarchate of Joseph IV is alternatively placed in 1757–1796. [68]
  80. ↑ Augustine Hindi was appointed as patriarchal administrator by Joseph IV upon the latter's abdication in 1781 and received recognition of this appointment from the Vatican in 1802, but claimed the title of patriarch in 1818 and henceforth styled himself as Joseph V until his death. [93] Wilmshurst places the reign of Augustine Hindi as patriarchal administrator in 1802–1827. [68]
  81. ↑ The patriarchate of Shimun XVIII Rubil is alternatively placed in 1860–1903. [95]
  82. ↑ Eshai Shimun began to style himself as Shimun XXIII Eshai from 1940 onwards. [95] He is often listed as Shimun XXI Eshai. [96]

Citations

  1. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 12; Baumer (2016), p. 8.
  2. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), pp. 9–10.
  3. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), pp. 15–16, 19–20.
  4. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 20.
  5. ↑ Murre van den Berg (1999), pp. 237, 250; Baumer (2016), p. 248.
  6. ↑ Baumer (2016), p. 249.
  7. ↑ Baumer (2016), pp. 249, 251.
  8. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 4; Baumer (2016), p. 243.
  9. ↑ Baumer (2016), pp. 330–331.
  10. ↑ Coakley (1999), p. 72.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Coakley (1999), p. 71.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Baumer (2016), p. 330.
  13. 1 2 Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 12.
  14. 1 2 Wilmshurst (2016), p. xxxv; Baumer (2016), p. 330.
  15. 1 2 3 Wilmshurst (2016), p. xxxv.
  16. ↑ Baumer (2016), p. 330; Coakley (1999), p. 71.
  17. ↑ Baumer (2016), p. 331.
  18. 1 2 Wilmshurst (2016), p. xxxv; Coakley (1999), p. 71.
  19. ↑ Baumer (2016), p. 330; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482.
  20. ↑ Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802; Nicholson (2018), p. 1136.
  21. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 196.
  22. ↑ Baumer (2016), p. 330; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Wood (2013), p. 262.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
  24. 1 2 3 Baumer (2016), p. 330; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173.
  25. ↑ Coakley (1999), p. 74.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Wood (2013), p. 262.
  27. ↑ Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wood (2013), p. 262; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173.
  28. ↑ Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802; Coakley (1999), p. 74.
  29. ↑ Baumer (2016), p. 301.
  30. 1 2 Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wood (2013), p. 262; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482.
  32. ↑ Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wood (2013), p. 262; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
  33. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173.
  34. ↑ Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
  35. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Wood (2013), p. 262; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482.
  36. 1 2 Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Wood (2013), p. 262; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482.
  37. 1 2 3 Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
  38. ↑ Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
  39. 1 2 3 4 Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173.
  40. ↑ Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wood (2013), p. 262; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
  41. ↑ Wood (2013), p. 95.
  42. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482; Wood (2013), p. 262.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Baumer (2016), p. 330.
  44. ↑ Wood (2013), p. 262; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512.
  45. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
  46. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802; Wood (2013), p. 262.
  47. 1 2 Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482; Wood (2013), p. 262; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 802.
  48. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 482; Wood (2013), p. 262; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512.
  49. 1 2 3 Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803.
  50. 1 2 Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wood (2013), p. 262.
  51. 1 2 3 Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803; Wood (2013), p. 262.
  52. 1 2 3 Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803; Wood (2013), p. 263.
  53. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Wood (2013), p. 263.
  54. ↑ Wood (2013), p. 263.
  55. 1 2 Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803; Wood (2013), p. 263.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 483.
  57. ↑ Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803; Wood (2013), p. 263.
  58. ↑ Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512.
  59. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 173; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803.
  60. 1 2 3 4 Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803.
  61. 1 2 Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 483; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803.
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 330.
  63. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 483; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174.
  64. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 330; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 803.
  65. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 483; Wilmshurst (2016), p. 512.
  66. 1 2 Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804.
  67. ↑ Wilmshurst (2016), p. 513.
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804.
  69. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 330.
  70. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 240.
  71. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 241.
  72. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 242.
  73. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Wilmshurst (2019), pp. 790, 804.
  74. 1 2 3 4 Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 331.
  75. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804.
  76. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wilmshurst (2011), p. 477.
  77. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 243.
  78. ↑ Wilmshurst (2019), p. 805.
  79. ↑ Wilmshurst (2000), p. 30.
  80. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 122; Murre van den Berg (1999), pp. 237–238.
  81. ↑ Wilmshurst (2011), p. 477; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804.
  82. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 252.
  83. ↑ Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 252.
  84. ↑ Wilmshurst (2011), p. 477; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 484; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 253.
  85. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174.
  86. ↑ Wilmshurst (2011), p. 477; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 175.
  87. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 257.
  88. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 257.
  89. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 258.
  90. ↑ Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 804.
  91. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 258.
  92. 1 2 Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 174; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 259.
  93. ↑ Wilmshurst (2000), pp. 27–28; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 259.
  94. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 175; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 805.
  95. 1 2 Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485.
  96. ↑ Baum & Winkler (2003), p. 175; Baumer (2016), p. 331; Burleson & Rompay (2011), p. 485; Wilmshurst (2019), p. 805; Murre van den Berg (1999), p. 257.
  97. ↑ "Patriarch of Ancient Church of the East Mar Yakoob III Danil abdicates two months after election". Syriac Press. 15 August 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
  98. ↑ "Mor Gorgis Younan elected as new Patriarch of Ancient Church of the East". Syriac Press. 15 November 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2025.

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