List of members of the Federal Trade Commission

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Seal of the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

The following is a list of individuals who have served as a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) beginning in 1949. [1]

Contents

Current commissioners

The commission is headed by five commissioners, who each serve seven-year terms. Commissioners are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. No more than three commissioners can be of the same political party. In practice, this means that two commissions are of the opposition party. However, three members of the FTC throughout its history have been without party affiliation, with the most recent independent, Pamela Jones Harbour, serving from 2003 to 2009. [2]

PortraitNamePartyPrior experienceEducationTerm beganTerm expires
Lina Khan, FTC Chair (cropped).jpg Lina Khan

(Chair)

 Democratic Legal scholar Williams College (BA)

Yale Law School (JD)

June 15, 2021September 26, 2024
Rebecca Slaughter (cropped).jpg Rebecca Slaughter Democratic Legal advisor to Senator Chuck Schumer Yale University (BA)

Yale Law School (JD)

May 2, 2018September 26, 2029
Alvaro Bedoya, FTC Commissioner (cropped).jpg Alvaro Bedoya Democratic Director of the Center on Privacy and Technology at the Georgetown University Law Center Harvard College (BA)

Yale Law School (JD)

May 16, 2022September 26, 2026
Melissa Holyoak, FTC Commissioner.jpg Melissa Holyoak Republican Solicitor general of Utah University of Utah (BA)

University of Utah (JD)

March 25, 2024September 26, 2025
Andrew Ferguson Republican Solicitor general of the Commonwealth of Virginia University of Virginia (BA)

University of Virginia (JD)

April 2, 2024September 26, 2030

Former commissioners

The following is a list of individuals who have served as a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) beginning in 1949, including party affiliation. [1]

CommissionersPartyYears in officePrior experience
John J. Carson Republican [3] September 28, 1948 – March 31, 1953Journalist, The Baltimore Sun [4]
Stephen J. Spingarn Democratic October 25, 1950 – September 25, 1953Assistant General Counsel, Department of the Treasury [5]
Caspar Weinberger RepublicanDecember 31, 1969 – August 6, 1970 California State Assemblyman for the 21st district [6]
Philip Elman Independent April 21, 1961 – October 18, 1970Assistant to the Solicitor General [7]
Miles Kirkpatrick RepublicanSeptember 14, 1970 – February 20, 1973Head of the Antitrust Section, American Bar Association (ABA) [8]
Everette MacIntyre DemocraticSeptember 26, 1961 – August 30, 1973FTC trial lawyer [9]
Mary Gardiner Jones Republican [10] October 29, 1964 – November 2, 1973Staff attorney, DOJ Antitrust Division [11]
David S. Dennison Jr. RepublicanOctober 18, 1970 – December 31, 1973Congressman from Ohio's 11th district [12]
Mayo J. ThompsonDemocraticJuly 8, 1973 – September 26, 1975Antitrust attorney in private practice [13]
Lewis A. Engman DemocraticFebruary 20, 1973 – December 31, 1975Assistant Director, White House Domestic Council [14]
Calvin J. Collier RepublicanMarch 24, 1976 – December 31, 1977Director of Urban Program Coordination, Department of Housing and Urban Development [15]
Stephen A. NyeRepublicanMay 5, 1974 – May 5, 1978Partner at Sullivan, Jones and Archer LLP [16]
Elizabeth Hanford Dole Democratic (1973-1975)

Republican (1975-1979) [17]

December 4, 1973 – March 9, 1979Director, White House Office of Consumer Affairs [18]
Paul Rand Dixon DemocraticMarch 21, 1961 – September 25, 1981FTC trial attorney [19]
David A. Clanton RepublicanAugust 26, 1975 – October 14, 1983Minority Staff Counsel, Senate Committee on Commerce [20]
Michael Pertschuk DemocraticApril 21, 1977 – October 15, 1984Chief Counsel, Senate Committee on Commerce [21]
George W. Douglas DemocraticDecember 27, 1982 – September 18, 1985President, Southwest Econometrics Inc. (private economic research firm) [22]
James C. Miller III RepublicanSeptember 30, 1981 – October 5, 1985Administrator, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) [23]
Patricia P. BaileyRepublicanOctober 29, 1979 – May 15, 1988Assistant to the General Counsel, Merit Systems Protection Board [24]
Daniel Oliver RepublicanApril 21, 1986 – August 10, 1989Executive Editor, National Review [25]
Terry Calvani RepublicanNovember 18, 1983 – September 25, 1990Law professor, Vanderbilt University School of Law [26]
Andrew Strenio DemocraticMarch 17, 1986 – July 15, 1991Member, Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) [27]
Deborah K. Owen RepublicanOctober 25, 1989 – August 26, 1994 Associate White House Counsel [28]
Dennis A. Yao DemocraticJuly 16, 1991 – August 31, 1994Professor, Wharton School of Business [29]
Christine A. Varney DemocraticOctober 17, 1994 – August 5, 1997 White House Cabinet Secretary [30]
Janet D. Steiger RepublicanAugust 11, 1989 – September 28, 1997Chair of the Postal Rate Commission [31]
Roscoe B. Starek III RepublicanNovember 19, 1990 – December 18, 1997 Deputy Director of Presidential Personnel [32]
Mary Azcuenaga IndependentNovember 27, 1984 – June 3, 1998FTC Assistant General Counsel [33]
Robert Pitofsky DemocraticJune 29, 1978 – April 30, 1981

April 11, 1995 – May 31, 2001

Director, FTC Bureau of Consumer Protection [34]
Sheila F. Anthony DemocraticSeptember 30, 1997 – August 1, 2003 Assistant Attorney General for Legislative Affairs [35]
Timothy Muris RepublicanJune 4, 2001 – August 15, 2004Law professor, GMU School of Law [36]
Mozelle W. Thompson DemocraticDecember 17, 1997 – August 31, 2004Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Policy [37]
Orson Swindle RepublicanDecember 18, 1997 – June 30, 2005Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Development [38]
Thomas B. Leary RepublicanNovember 17, 1999 – December 31, 2005Assistant General Counsel, General Motors [39]
Deborah Platt Majoras RepublicanAugust 16, 2004 – March 29, 2008Deputy Assistant Attorney General, DOJ Antitrust Division [40]
Pamela Jones Harbour IndependentAugust 4, 2003 – April 6, 2010Deputy Attorney General of New York [41]
William Kovacic RepublicanJanuary 4, 2006 – October 3, 2011Law professor, The George Washington University Law School [42]
J. Thomas Rosch RepublicanJanuary 5, 2006 - Sept 2012Director, FTC Bureau of Competition [43]
Jon Leibowitz DemocraticMarch 2, 2009 – March 7, 2013Lobbyist, Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) [44]
Joshua D. Wright RepublicanJanuary 11, 2013 – August 24, 2015Law professor, GMU Antonin Scalia Law School [45]
Julie Brill DemocraticApril 6, 2010 – March 31, 2016Assistant Attorney General of Vermont for Consumer Protection and Antitrust [46]
Edith Ramirez DemocraticApril 5, 2010 – February 10, 2017Vice President, LA Department of Water and Power Board of Commissioners [47]
Terrell McSweeny DemocraticApril 28, 2014 – April 27, 2018Chief Counsel for Competition Policy and Intergovernmental Relations, DOJ Antitrust Division [48]
Joseph Simons RepublicanMay 1, 2018 – January 29, 2021Director, FTC Bureau of Competition [43]
Rohit Chopra DemocraticMay 2, 2018 – October 12, 2021 CFPB Assistant Director
Noah J. Phillips RepublicanMay 2, 2018 – October 14, 2022Counsel to Senator John Cornyn [49]
Christine S. Wilson RepublicanSeptember 26, 2018 – March 31, 2023Senior Vice President, Delta Air Lines

Chairs

The following is a list of the chairs of the Federal Trade Commission. [50]

Chairs selected by the members

ChairPartyStartEndNotes
Joseph E. Davies [51] Democratic March 16, 1915June 30, 1916
Edward N. Hurley [51] Democratic July 1, 1916January 31, 1917
William J. Harris [51] Democratic February 1, 1917May 6, 1918
William Byron Colver Democratic May 7, 1918June 30, 1919
John Franklin Fort Republican July 1, 1919November 30, 1919
Victor Murdock Progressive December 1, 1919November 30, 1920
Samuel Huston Thompson Democratic December 1, 1920November 30, 1921
Nelson B. Gaskill Republican December 1, 1921November 30, 1922
Victor Murdock Progressive December 1, 1922November 30, 1923
Samuel Huston Thompson Democratic December 1, 1923November 30, 1924
Vernon W. Van Fleet Republican December 1, 1924November 30, 1925
John F. Nugent Democratic December 1, 1925November 30, 1926
Charles W. Hunt Republican December 1, 1926November 30, 1927
William E. Humphrey Republican December 1, 1927November 30, 1928
Abram F. Myers Republican December 1, 1928January 15, 1929
Edgar A. McCulloch Democratic January 16, 1929November 30, 1929
Garland S. Ferguson Democratic January 1, 1930December 30, 1930
Charles W. Hunt Republican January 1, 1931December 31, 1931
William E. Humphrey Republican February 1, 1932December 31, 1932
Charles H. March Republican January 1, 1933December 31, 1933
Garland S. Ferguson Democratic January 1, 1934December 31, 1934
Ewin L. Davis Democratic January 1, 1935December 31, 1935
Charles H. March Republican January 1, 1936December 31, 1936
William Augustus Ayres Democratic January 1, 1937December 31, 1937
Garland S. Ferguson Democratic January 1, 1938December 31, 1938
Robert E. Freer Republican January 1, 1939December 31, 1939
Ewin L. Davis Democratic January 1, 1940December 31, 1940
Charles H. March Republican January 1, 1941December 31, 1941
William Augustus Ayres Democratic January 1, 1942December 31, 1942
Garland S. Ferguson Democratic January 1, 1943December 31, 1943
Robert E. Freer Republican January 1, 1944December 31, 1944
Ewin L. Davis Democratic January 1, 1945December 31, 1945
William Augustus Ayres Democratic January 1, 1946December 31, 1946
Garland S. Ferguson Democratic January 1, 1947December 31, 1947
Robert E. Freer Republican January 1, 1948December 31, 1948
Lowell B. Mason Republican January 1, 1949May 23, 1950

Chairs designated by the president

ChairPartyStartEndNotes
James M. Mead Democratic May 24, 1950March 31, 1953
Edward F. Howrey Republican April 1, 1953September 12, 1955
John W. Gwynne Republican September 12, 1955May 31, 1959
Earl W. Kintner Republican June 11, 1959March 20, 1961
Paul Rand Dixon Democratic March 21, 1961December 31, 1969
Caspar Weinberger Republican January 1, 1970August 6, 1970
Everette MacIntyre Democratic August 8, 1970September 14, 1970Acting
Miles W. Kirkpatrick Republican September 15, 1970February 20, 1973
Lewis A. Engman Republican February 21, 1973December 31, 1975
Paul Rand Dixon Democratic January 1, 1976March 25, 1976Acting
Calvin J. Collier Republican March 25, 1976April 20, 1977
Michael Pertschuk Democratic April 21, 1977March 3, 1981
David A. Clanton Republican March 4, 1981September 25, 1981Acting
James C. Miller III Republican September 26, 1981October 4, 1985
Terry Calvani Republican October 7, 1985April 20, 1986Acting
Daniel Oliver Republican April 21, 1986August 10, 1989
Janet Dempsey Steiger Republican August 11, 1989April 11, 1995
Robert Pitofsky Democratic April 11, 1995May 31, 2001
Timothy Muris Republican June 4, 2001August 15, 2004
Deborah Platt Majoras Republican August 16, 2004March 30, 2008
William Kovacic Republican March 31, 2008March 1, 2009Acting
Jon Leibowitz Democratic March 2, 2009March 4, 2013
Edith Ramirez Democratic March 4, 2013January 25, 2017
Maureen Ohlhausen Republican January 25, 2017May 1, 2018Acting
Joseph Simons Republican May 1, 2018January 21, 2021
Rebecca Slaughter [52] Democratic January 21, 2021June 15, 2021Acting
Lina Khan Democratic June 15, 2021present

Backgrounds of commissioners

Demographics

As of 2021, there have been:

Career backgrounds

The vast majority of FTC members have been individuals with legal backgrounds, with notable exceptions. President Ronald Reagan appointed the first two professional economists, James C. Miller III [53] and George W. Douglas, [54] to serve on the body. Dennis Yao, a Democrat who served from 1991 to 1994, held a Ph.D in economics, and Joshua D. Wright, a Republican who served from 2013 to 2015, held a both a J.D. and a Ph.D. in economics. [55]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Public Citizen</span> Think tank and left-wing advocacy group

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Pitofsky</span> Federal Trade Commission chair (1929–2018)

Robert Pitofsky was an American lawyer and politician who was the chairman of the Federal Trade Commission of the United States from April 11, 1995, to May 31, 2001. He had previously been Dean of the Georgetown University Law Center from 1983 to 1989, and was Dean Emeritus at the time of his death.

Michael Pertschuk was an American attorney and advocate for consumer protection and public health. He served as a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) from 1977 to 1984, and served as FTC Chair from 1977 to 1981. During his tenure, Pertschuk worked to strengthen the FTC's consumer protection powers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Kovacic</span> American legal scholar

William Evan Kovacic is an American legal scholar who served as a commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) from 2006 to 2011, including as its chairman from 2008 to 2009. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Paul Rand Dixon was an American attorney and decorated World War II veteran. Dixon was a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), serving on the body from 1961 to 1981. Additionally, he served as the agency's chair from 1961 to 1969 and again briefly in 1976.

Philip Elman was an American lawyer at the United States Department of Justice and former member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Elman is best known for writing the government's brief in Brown v. Board of Education. Elman is also notable for being one of just three political independents to have ever served on the FTC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edith Ramirez</span> American lawyer and politician

Edith Ramirez is an American attorney who served as a member of the Federal Trade Commission from 2010 to 2017. Ramirez served as FTC Chair from 2013 to 2017, the first person of color to lead the agency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John J. Carson</span> American politician

John J. Carson was a 20th-century American politician who served in the Truman Administration as a commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) from 1949 to 1953. A Republican who was nominated to one of the party's posts on the FTC, he nevertheless drew ire from his own party owing to his past association with a group of business cooperatives.

Mozelle Willmont Thompson is an American attorney who served as a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) from 1997 to 2004. Thompson was the second African American to serve as a member of the FTC.

Abram F. Myers was the chair of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) from December 1, 1928 to January 15, 1929, and thereafter general counsel and board chairman of the Allied States Association of Motion Picture Exhibitors (ASAMPE) until July 1960.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christine S. Wilson</span> American attorney (born 1970)

Christine Smith Wilson is an American attorney and former government official. A member of the Republican Party, Wilson was appointed by President Donald Trump in 2018 to serve on the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Wilson resigned from the FTC in 2023.

Thomas Barrett Leary was an American attorney who served as a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) from November 17, 1999 until his resignation from the body December 31, 2005.

Mary Laurie Azcuenaga is an American attorney who served from 1984 to 1998 as a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). As of 2017, Azcuenaga is one of just three political independents to serve on the FTC.

Roscoe Burton Starek III is an American attorney who served as a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) from 1990 to 1997.

Dennis Alden Yao is an American academic who served as a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) from 1991 to 1994. A member of the Democratic Party, Yao was the first Asian American to serve on the FTC and the third career economist to serve on the body, which has generally been composed of attorneys. Yao is currently the Lawrence E. Fouraker Professor of Business Administration and Chair of the Doctoral Programs at Harvard Business School.

Andrew John Strenio, Jr., known as Andy Strenio, is a retired American attorney and author who served as a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) from 1986 to 1991. A Democrat, he previously served as a member of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), a now-defunct independent federal agency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alvaro Bedoya</span> American attorney (born 1982)

Alvaro Martin Bedoya is an American attorney and government official who has served on the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) since 2022.

Deborah Kaye Owen is an American attorney who served as a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) from October 25, 1989, to August 26, 1994. A member of the Republican Party, Owen served previously as an aide to President Ronald Reagan.

George Warren Douglas was an American economist who served as a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) from December 27, 1982, until September 18, 1985. Though a member of the Democratic Party, Douglas was widely known as a conservative economist, and was known as a supporter of President Ronald Reagan's economic agenda.

References

    1. 1 2 "Commissioners and Chairmen of the Federal Trade Commission" (PDF). Federal Trade Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2013.
    2. ↑ "Independent commissioners have shaped key FTC decisions - FTCWatch". www.mlexwatch.com. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
    3. ↑ "Khan unlikely to face confirmation fight for FTC post - FTCWatch". www.mlexwatch.com. Retrieved 2021-09-12.
    4. ↑ Carson, John J.; Hess, Jerry N. (8 November 1971). "Oral History Interview with John J. Carson". Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
    5. ↑ "Stephen J. Spingarn Papers, 1943-1969". Marist University]: FDR Library Digital Collection. 4 March 1975. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
    6. ↑ "Caspar Weinberger (1981–1987)". Miller Center, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2016-09-23.
    7. ↑ "Philip Elman". SFGATE. 1999-12-07. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    8. ↑ "Miles Wells Kirkpatrick '40". Princeton Alumni Weekly. 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    9. ↑ Canedy, Dana (1997-06-12). "A. Everette MacIntyre, 96; Served on F.T.C." The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    10. ↑ Fox, Margalit (2010-01-08). "Mary Gardiner Jones, Consumer Advocate, Dies at 89". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-09-12.
    11. ↑ "Choice for FTC", The New York Daily News (September 29, 1964), p. 8.
    12. ↑ "David Short Dennison". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
    13. ↑ Turner, Allan (2007-07-18). "Mayo Thompson, 88, lawyer, faithful Aggie". Chron. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    14. ↑ "FORMER FTC CHAIRMAN LEWIS A. ENGMAN DIES". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    15. ↑ "HUD Official to Speak to Builders", The Wichita Eagle-Beacon (May 6, 1973), p. 22.
    16. ↑ Shifrin, Carole (1979-05-27). "Stephen Nye, Member Of FTC, Author of Letters By W.F.(Fred) Bunch, Dies". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    17. ↑ Greenhouse, Linda; Times, Special To the New York (1988-12-25). "A Career in the Capital; Woman in the News: Elizabeth Hanford Dole". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-09-12.
    18. ↑ "Elizabeth Hanford Dole (1989–1991) | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 2016-10-04. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    19. ↑ kadlerabramson (20 July 2015). "Newly Opened Collection: Paul Rand Dixon Personal Papers – ARCHIVALLY SPEAKING: An Inside Look at the JFK Library Archives" . Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    20. ↑ "Announcement of Intention To Nominate David A. Clanton To Be a Commissioner and Intention to Withdraw the Nomination of Thomas Sowell To Be a Commissioner" (July 20, 1976), in Presidential Documents: Gerald R. Ford, 1976, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, Volume 12, Issues 27-39, p. 1188.
    21. ↑ "1977-1981". Federal Trade Commission. 2014-09-24. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    22. ↑ Ap (1982-12-16). "Senate Panel Backs Nomination of Douglas to F.T.C." The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    23. ↑ "James Miller Oral History | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 2016-10-27. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    24. ↑ "Federal Trade Commission Nomination of Patricia P. Bailey To Be a Commissioner. | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    25. ↑ "WHITE HOUSE WRITERS GROUP — Daniel Oliver". WHITE HOUSE WRITERS GROUP. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    26. ↑ Isikoff, Michael (1983-09-13). "Terry Calvani". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    27. ↑ "Strenio Jr., Andrew J. | Bloomberg Law". authors.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
    28. ↑ "Nomination of Deborah Kaye Owen To Be a Federal Trade Commissioner | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
    29. ↑ "Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George H. W. Bush (1991, Book I) - Nomination of Dennis A. Yao To Be Federal Trade Commissioner". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
    30. ↑ "Christine A. Varney". Federal Trade Commission. 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    31. ↑ "Janet D. Steiger". Federal Trade Commission. 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    32. ↑ "Roscoe B. Starek, III". Federal Trade Commission. 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    33. ↑ "Mary L. Azcuenaga". Federal Trade Commission. 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    34. ↑ "Robert Pitofsky". Federal Trade Commission. 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    35. ↑ "Sheila F. Anthony". Federal Trade Commission. 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    36. ↑ "Muris, Timothy | Antonin Scalia Law School". www.law.gmu.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    37. ↑ "Mozelle W. Thompson". Federal Trade Commission (in Spanish). 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    38. ↑ "Orson Swindle". Federal Trade Commission. 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    39. ↑ "FTC Commissioner Thomas B. Leary to Resign". Federal Trade Commission. 2005-12-22. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    40. ↑ "Former Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Deborah Platt Majoras". www.justice.gov. 2015-06-25. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    41. ↑ "Senate Hearing 108-976". 8 July 2003. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
    42. ↑ "William E. Kovacic". www.law.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    43. 1 2 "Joseph J. Simons". Federal Trade Commission. 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    44. ↑ "Jon Leibowitz Sworn in as FTC Commissioner". Federal Trade Commission. 2004-09-03. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    45. ↑ "Wright, Joshua | Antonin Scalia Law School". www.law.gmu.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    46. ↑ "Former Vt. assistant AG Julie Brill chosen for Federal Trade Commission". Brattleboro Reformer. Associated Press. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    47. ↑ "HSF: HSF Stories Detail". www.hsf.net. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    48. ↑ "Terrell McSweeny". Federal Trade Commission. 2014-04-24. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
    49. ↑ "Noah Joshua Phillips". Federal Trade Commission. 2018-05-02. Retrieved 2022-11-26.
    50. ↑ List of Chairs, Chairwomen, and Chairmen of the Federal Trade Commission: 1915-2018 (as of November 2018).
    51. 1 2 3 List of Chairs, Chairwomen, and Chairmen of the Federal Trade Commission: 1915-2018 (as of November 2018).
    52. ↑ "U.S. FTC names Rebecca Slaughter acting chair of the agency". Reuters. January 21, 2021.
    53. ↑ Witt, Karen de; Times, Special To the New York (1981-06-27). "MAN IN THE NEWS; NOMINEE AS F.T.C. HEAD". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-09-27.
    54. ↑ Auerbach, Stuart (1982-09-18). "A Conservative Economist Will Get FTC Nomination". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2021-09-27.
    55. ↑ "Josh Wright to be nominated to be next FTC Commissioner". Truth on the Market. 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
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