List of paraphilias

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Paraphilia
Specialty Psychiatry

Paraphilias are sexual interests in objects, situations, or individuals that are atypical. The American Psychiatric Association, in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM), draws a distinction between paraphilias (which it describes as atypical sexual interests) and paraphilic disorders (which additionally require the experience of distress, impairment in functioning, and/or the desire to act on them with a nonconsenting person). [1] [2] Some paraphilias have more than one term to describe them, and some terms overlap with others. Paraphilias without DSM codes listed come under DSM 302.9, "Paraphilia NOS (Not Otherwise Specified)".

Contents

In his 2008 book on sexual pathologies, Anil Aggrawal compiled a list of 547 terms describing paraphilic sexual interests. He cautioned, however, that "not all these paraphilias have necessarily been seen in clinical setups. This may not be because they do not exist, but because they are so innocuous they are never brought to the notice of clinicians or dismissed by them. Like allergies, sexual arousal may occur from anything under the sun, including the sun." [3]

Most of the following names for paraphilias, constructed in the nineteenth and especially twentieth centuries from Greek and Latin roots (see List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes), are used in medical contexts only.

Paraphilias

A

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Abasiophilia People with impaired mobility. [4]
Acrotomophilia People with amputations. [5] [6]
Adipophilia (fat fetishism)Overweight or obese people. [7]
Agalmatophilia Statues, mannequins and immobility. [8]
Algolagnia Pain, particularly involving an erogenous zone; differs from masochism as there is a biologically different interpretation of the intense sensation rather than a subjective interpretation. [9]
AmaurophiliaBeing unable to see. [10] [11] [12]
AmokoscisiaTo slash and mutilate women. [13]
Andromimetophilia Trans men. [4] [14]
Anililagnia Attraction by young men to older women. [15]
AnthropophagolagniaRaping and then cannibalizing another person. [16]
Anthropophagy Ingesting human flesh. [16]
Apotemnophilia Being an amputee. [5] [17]
Aquaphilia A sexual fetish that involves people swimming, posing, or even drowning in water.
Asphyxiophilia Being asphyxiated or strangled. [5]
Attraction to disability People with one or more physical disabilities. [18]
Autagonistophilia Being on stage or on camera. [19] [20]
Autassassinophilia Being in life-threatening situations. [5]
Autoandrophilia Sexual arousal of a female in response to the image of herself as male. [21]
Autoerotic asphyxiation Self-induced asphyxiation, sometimes to the point of near unconsciousness. [20]
Autogynephilia Sexual arousal of a male in response to the image of himself as female. [21]
AutohemofetishismMaking oneself bleed, a type of hematolagnia. [22]
Autonepiophilia The image of oneself in the form of an infant. [19]
Autopedophilia The image of oneself in the form of a child. [23]
Autoplushophilia The image of oneself in the form of a plush. [23]
Autovampirism/Vampirism The image of oneself in the form of a vampire. [24] [25] [26] Involves ingesting or seeing one's own blood. [22]
AutozoophiliaThe image of oneself in the form of an animal. [27] [28]

B

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Belly fetish/AlvinolagniaThe midriff or belly.
Biastophilia/Raptophilia Raping a person, possibly consensual rape fantasy. [5] [19]

C

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Candaulism Exposing one's partner or images of their partner to others.
CanophiliaDogs [29]
Capnolagnia Smoking. [30]
Cheirophilia Hands.
Chremastistophilia Being robbed or held up. [19]
Chronophilia Partners of a widely differing chronological age. [19]
Coprophilia Feces; also known as scat, scatophilia or fecophilia. [2] [31]
Crurophilia Legs. [32]
Cuckolding fetish Infidelity. [33]

D

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Dacryphilia Tears or crying. [34]
Diaper fetishism Diapers; considerable overlap with paraphilic infantilism. [35]
Dendrophilia Trees. [5]
Dormaphilia/SomnophiliaBeing asleep, or pretending to sleep. [36]

E

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Emetophilia Vomit. [4]
Eproctophilia Flatulence. [3]
Erotic asphyxiation Asphyxia of oneself or others. [37]
Erotophonophilia/DacnolagnomaniaMurder, often of strangers. [16]
Exhibitionism Exposing one's genitals to unsuspecting and nonconsenting others. [2]
Exophilia Extraterrestrials [38]

F

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Feederism Eating, feeding, and weight gain. [39]
Fictophilia Fictional characters. [40]
Formicophilia Being crawled on by insects. [19] [41]
Forniphilia Turning a human being into a piece of furniture.
Frotteurism Rubbing against a non-consenting person. [2]

G

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Gerontophilia Elderly people. [42]
Gynandromorphophilia/GynemimetophiliaTransgender women. [4] [43]
GalactophiliaBreastfeeding or sucking on a woman's breasts. [44]
GynephiliaFemales or femininity, regardless of one's own sex or gender identity [45]

H

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
HematolagniaDrinking or looking at blood. [46]
HeterophiliaIdealization of heterosexuality and/or people who are "straight-acting", especially by non-heterosexual people. [47] [48] [49]
HierophiliaReligious/sacred objects. [12]
HoplophiliaFirearms, guns. [50]
Hybristophilia Criminals, particularly those who committed cruel or outrageous crimes. [19] [51]

I

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
InfantophiliaChildren less than five years old; a recently suggested term that is not in general use. [52]
Impregnation fetishism The event of being impregnated or impregnating another person. [53]

K

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
KirkophiliaBeing an adult having an sexual attraction to minors. [54]
Kleptophilia Stealing; also known as kleptolagnia. [4]
Klismaphilia Enemas, arousal and enjoyment in receiving, administering, or both. [4] [55]
KnismephiliaTickling [56]

L

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Lactophilia Breast milk. [57]
LiquidophiliaImmersing genitals in liquids. [57]

M

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Macrophilia Giant beings; imagined growth of beings. [57]
Maschalagnia Armpits. [3]
Mazophilia Female breasts.
Masochism Suffering or humiliation; being beaten, bound, or otherwise abused. [2]
Maiesiophilia Pregnant women. [58]
Mechanophilia Cars or other machines; also "mechaphilia". [59] [60] [61]
MelolagniaMusic. [62]
Menophilia Menstruation. [57]
MetrophiliaPoetry. [62]
MicrophiliaShrunken beings; imagined shrinking of beings. [57]
Morphophilia Particular body shapes or sizes. [20]
Mucophilia Mucus. [57]
Mysophilia Dirtiness, soiled or decaying things. [4]

N

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Narratophilia Obscene words. [4]
Nasophilia Noses. [57]
Navel fetishism Navel.
NebulophiliaFog or smoke. [63]
Necrophilia Corpses. [2] [4] [64]

O

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Objectophilia Specific inanimate objects. [2]
Oculolinctus The act of licking the eyes of another person for the purpose of gratification.
Odaxelagnia Biting or being bitten.
Olfactophilia/BromidrophiliaSmells and odors (particularly foul ones) emanating from the body, especially the sexual areas and/or from the opposite sex (as from bad breath, urine, feces, flatulence, etc.). [4] [19]
Omorashi Having a full bladder and/or wetting oneself, or from seeing someone else experiencing a full bladder and/or wetting themself.

P

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Paraphilic infantilism Dressing or being treated like a baby, also known as autonepiophilia [19] or "adult baby syndrome"; [65] considerable overlap with diaper fetishism. [35]
Partialism Specific, non-genital body parts. [2] [4]
Pedophilia Prepubescent children; also spelled paedophilia. [2] [66]
Peodeiktophilia Exposing one's penis. [5]
PedovestismDressing like a child. [67]
Podophilia Feet. [68]
Pictophilia Pornography or erotic art, particularly pictures. [4] [19]
Piquerism Piercing the flesh of another person, most commonly by stabbing or cutting the body with sharp objects. [69]
Plushophilia Stuffed toys ("plushies"). [70]
Pygophilia Buttocks. [71]
Pyrophilia Fire. [72]

R

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Robophilia Humanoid robots.

S

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Salirophilia Soiling or dirtying others. [4]
Sexual fetishism Nonliving objects. [2]
Sexual sadism Inflicting pain on others. [2]
Shoe fetishism Shoes, especially high heels.
Somnophilia Sleeping or unconscious people. [4] [19]
SophophiliaLearning. [73]
Sthenolagnia Muscles and displays of strength. [57]
Stigmatophilia Body piercings and tattoos. [5] [57]
SymphorophiliaWitnessing or staging disasters such as car accidents. [5]
Telephone scatologia Obscene phone calls, particularly to strangers; also known as telephonicophilia [2] [19] and scatophilia. [74]

T

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Teratophilia Deformed or monstrous people. [3] The term is also sometimes used in a more literal sense (from ancient Greek τέρας, teras, meaning monster) for attraction to monstrous mythical and fictional creatures such as werewolves.
Toucherism Touching an unsuspecting, non-consenting person with the hand. [75]
ToxophiliaArchery. [62]
Transvestic fetishism Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from cross-dressing which causes clinically significant distress or impairment. [76]
Transvestophilia A cross-dressing sexual partner. [19]
Trichophilia Hair. [57]
TroilismObserving one's partner engaged in sexual activities with another person. [4] [20]
TimophiliaGold, wealth, or social status. [77]

U

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Urolagnia Urination, particularly in public, on others, and/or being urinated on. Also referred to as "water sports". [2] [4] [19] [20]

V

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Vorarephilia The idea of one person or creature eating or being eaten by another; usually swallowed whole, in one piece; also known as vore. [78]
Voyeurism Watching others while naked or having sex, generally without their knowledge; also known as scopophilia or scoptophilia. [2] [20]

W

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Wet and messy fetishism Messy situations, including, but not limited to, being pied, slimed or covered in mud.

X

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Xenophilia Foreign peoples, cultures, or customs. [79]

Z

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Zoophilia Non-human animals. [2] [4] [19]
Zoosadism Inflicting pain on animals, or seeing animals in pain. [80]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paraphilia</span> Atypical sexual attraction

A paraphilia is an experience of recurring or intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, places, situations, fantasies, behaviors, or individuals. It has also been defined as a sexual interest in anything other than a legally consenting human partner. Paraphilias are contrasted with normophilic ("normal") sexual interests, though the definition of what makes a sexual interest normal or atypical remains controversial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sadomasochism</span> Giving or receiving of pleasure from acts involving the receipt or infliction of pain or humiliation

Sadism and masochism, known collectively as sadomasochism, are the derivation of pleasure from acts of respectively inflicting or receiving pain or humiliation. Practitioners of sadomasochism may seek sexual pleasure from their acts. While the terms sadist and masochist refer respectively to one who enjoys giving and receiving pain, some practitioners of sadomasochism may switch between activity and passivity.

Hypersexuality is a term used for a presumed mental disorder which causes unwanted or excessive sexual arousal, causing people to engage in or think about sexual activity to a point of distress or impairment. It is controversial whether it should be included as a clinical diagnosis used by mental healthcare professionals. Nymphomania and satyriasis were terms previously used for the condition in women and men, respectively.

Hebephilia is the strong, persistent sexual interest by adults in pubescent children who are in early adolescence, typically ages 11–14 and showing Tanner stages 2 to 3 of physical development. It differs from pedophilia, and from ephebophilia. While individuals with a sexual preference for adults may have some sexual interest in pubescent-aged individuals, researchers and clinical diagnoses have proposed that hebephilia is characterized by a sexual preference for pubescent rather than adult partners.

The term chronophilia was used by psychologist John Money to describe varying forms of romantic preference and/or sexual fixation limited to individuals of particular age ranges. Some such fixations, specifically those towards prepubescents and those towards the elderly, constitute types of paraphilia. The term has not been widely adopted by sexologists, who instead use terms that refer to the specific age range in question. An arguable historical precursor was Richard von Krafft-Ebing's concept of "age fetishism". Importantly, chronophilia are technically not determined by age itself, but by human sexual maturity stages, such as body type, secondary sexual characteristics and other visible features, particularly as measured by the stages of the Tanner scale.

Psychosexual disorder is a sexual problem that is psychological, rather than physiological in origin. "Psychosexual disorder" was a term used in Freudian psychology. The term of psychosexual disorder used by the TAF for homosexuality as a reason to ban the LGBT people from military service.

Biastophilia and its Latin-derived synonym raptophilia, also paraphilic rape, is a paraphilia in which sexual arousal is dependent on, or is responsive to, the act of assaulting an unconsenting person, especially a stranger. Some dictionaries consider the terms synonymous, while others distinguish raptophilia as the paraphilia in which sexual arousal is responsive to actually raping the victim.

Paraphilic infantilism, also known as autonepiophilia and adult baby, is a sexual fetish or non-sexual fetish that may involve role-playing a regression to an infant-like state. Paraphilic infantilism is a form of ageplay. People who practice paraphilic infantilism are often colloquially referred to as "adult babies", or "ABs".

Auto-vampirism is a form of vampirism that refers to drinking one's own blood, typically as a form of sexual gratification. As a mental disorder, this is also called as autohemophagia, which is derived from three Greek words: auto, which means "self"; hemo, for "blood"; and, phag, meaning "to eat". Although closely related to vampirism, the two differ in that vampirism is a sadistic act while auto-vampirism is on the side of masochism. Along with drinking their own blood, most practitioners of auto-vampirism also engage in self-harm in order to obtain the blood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ray Blanchard</span> American-Canadian sexologist

Ray Milton Blanchard is an American-Canadian sexologist who researches pedophilia, sexual orientation and gender identity. He has found that men with more older brothers are more likely to be gay than men with fewer older brothers, a phenomenon he attributes to the reaction of the mother's immune system to male fetuses. Blanchard has also published research studies on phallometry and several paraphilias, including autoerotic asphyxia. Blanchard also proposed a typology of transsexualism.

Attraction to disability is a sexualised interest in the appearance, sensation and experience of disability. It may extend from normal human sexuality into a type of sexual fetishism. Sexologically, the pathological end of the attraction tends to be classified as a paraphilia. Other researchers have approached it as a form of identity disorder. The most common interests are towards amputations, prosthesis, and crutches. As a sexual fetish, attraction to disability is known as devotism, and those with the fetish are known as devotees.

Pedophilia is a psychiatric disorder in which an adult or older adolescent experiences a primary or exclusive sexual attraction to prepubescent children. Although girls typically begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11, and boys at age 11 or 12, psychiatric diagnostic criteria for pedophilia extend the cut-off point for prepubescence to age 13. People with the disorder are often referred to as pedophiles.

Clinical vampirism, more commonly known as Renfield's syndrome, is an obsession with drinking blood. The earliest presentation of clinical vampirism in psychiatric literature was a psychoanalytic interpretation of two cases, contributed by Richard L. Vanden Bergh and John. F. Kelley. As the authors point out, over 50,000 people addicted to drinking blood have appeared in the psychiatric literature from 1892 to 2010. This was documented in the work of Austrian forensic psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing. Many medical publications concerning clinical vampirism can be found in the literature of forensic psychiatry, with the behavior being reported as an aspect of extraordinary violent crimes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DSM-5</span> 2013 edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In 2022, a revised version (DSM-5-TR) was published. In the United States, the DSM serves as the principal authority for psychiatric diagnoses. Treatment recommendations, as well as payment by health care providers, are often determined by DSM classifications, so the appearance of a new version has practical importance. However, not all providers rely on the DSM-5 for planning treatment as the ICD's mental disorder diagnoses are used around the world and scientific studies often measure changes in symptom scale scores rather than changes in DSM-5 criteria to determine the real-world effects of mental health interventions. The DSM-5 is the only DSM to use an Arabic numeral instead of a Roman numeral in its title, as well as the only living document version of a DSM.

Zoophilia is a paraphilia in which a person experiences a sexual fixation on non-human animals. Bestiality instead refers to cross-species sexual activity between humans and non-human animals. Because of the lack of research on the subject, it is difficult to conclude how prevalent bestiality is. Zoophilia on the other hand, was estimated in one study that to be prevalent in 2% of the population in 2021.

Martin Paul Kafka is an American psychiatrist best known for his work on sex offenders, paraphilias and what he calls "paraphilia-related disorders" such as sex addiction and hypersexuality.

Courtship disorder is a theoretical construct in sexology developed by Kurt Freund in which a certain set of paraphilias are seen as specific instances of anomalous courtship instincts in humans. The specific paraphilias are biastophilia, exhibitionism, frotteurism, telephone scatologia, and voyeurism. According to the courtship disorder hypothesis, there is a species-typical courtship process in humans consisting of four phases, and anomalies in different phases result in one of these paraphilic sexual interests. According to the theory, instead of being independent paraphilias, these sexual interests are individual symptoms of a single underlying disorder.

Erotic target location error (ETLE) is a hypothesized dimension for paraphilias, defined by having a sexual preference or strong sexual interest in features that are somewhere other than on one's sexual partners. When one's sexual arousal is based on imagining oneself in another physical form the erotic target is said to be one's self, or erotic target identity inversion (ETII).

Sexual sadism disorder is the condition of experiencing sexual arousal in response to the involuntary extreme pain, suffering or humiliation of other people. Several other terms have been used to describe the condition, and the condition may overlap with other conditions that involve inflicting pain. It is distinct from situations in which consenting individuals use mild or simulated pain or humiliation for sexual excitement. The words sadism and sadist are derived from the French writer and libertine Marquis de Sade, who wrote several novels depicting sexualized torture and violence.

Sexual masochism disorder (SMD) is the condition of experiencing recurring and intense sexual arousal in response to enduring moderate or extreme pain, suffering, or humiliation. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) of the American Psychiatric Association indicates that a person may have a masochistic sexual interest but that the diagnosis of sexual masochism disorder would only apply to individuals who also report psychosocial difficulties because of it.

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