List of paraphilias

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Paraphilia
Specialty Psychiatry

Paraphilias are sexual interests in objects, situations, or individuals that are atypical. The American Psychiatric Association, in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM), draws a distinction between paraphilias (which it describes as atypical sexual interests) and paraphilic disorders (which additionally require the experience of distress, impairment in functioning, and/or the desire to act on them with a nonconsenting person). [1] [2] Some paraphilias have more than one term to describe them, and some terms overlap with others. Paraphilias without DSM codes listed come under DSM 302.9, "Paraphilia NOS (Not Otherwise Specified)".

Contents

In his 2008 book on sexual pathologies, Anil Aggrawal compiled a list of 547 terms describing paraphilic sexual interests. He cautioned, however, that "not all these paraphilias have necessarily been seen in clinical setups. This may not be because they do not exist, but because they are so innocuous they are never brought to the notice of clinicians or dismissed by them. Like allergies, sexual arousal may occur from anything under the sun, including the sun." [3]

Most of the following names for paraphilias, constructed in the nineteenth and especially twentieth centuries from Greek and Latin roots (see List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes), are used in medical contexts only.

Paraphilias

A

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Abasiophilia People with impaired mobility. [4]
Acrotomophilia People with amputations. [5] [6]
Agalmatophilia Statues, mannequins and immobility. [7]
Algolagnia Pain, particularly involving an erogenous zone; differs from masochism as there is a biologically different interpretation of the intense sensation rather than a subjective interpretation. [8]
AmaurophiliaBeing unable to see. [9] [10] [11]
AmokoscisiaTo slash and mutilate women. [12]
Andromimetophilia Trans men. [4] [13]
AnililagniaAttraction by young men to older women. [14]
AnthropophagolagniaRaping and then cannibalizing another person. [15]
Apotemnophilia Being an amputee. [5] [16]
Aquaphilia A sexual fetish that involves people swimming, posing, or even drowning in water.
Armpit fetishism/maschalagnia Armpits. [3]
Asphyxiophilia Asphyxia or strangling of oneself or others. [5] [17]
Attraction to disability People with one or more physical disabilities. [18]
Autagonistophilia Being on stage or on camera. [19] [20]
Autassassinophilia Being in life-threatening situations. [5]
Autoandrophilia Sexual arousal of a female in response to the image of herself as male. [21]
Autoerotic asphyxiation Self-induced asphyxiation, sometimes to the point of near unconsciousness. [20]
Autogynephilia Sexual arousal of a male in response to the image of himself as female. [21]
AutohemofetishismMaking oneself bleed, a type of hematolagnia. [22]
Autonepiophilia The image of oneself in the form of an infant. [19]
Autopedophilia The image of oneself in the form of a child. [23]
Autoplushophilia The image of oneself in the form of a plush. [23]
Autovampirism/vampirismThe image of oneself in the form of a vampire. [24] [25] [26] Involves ingesting or seeing one's own blood. [22]
AutozoophiliaThe image of oneself in the form of an animal. [27] [28]

B

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Belly fetishism/alvinolagniaThe midriff or belly.
Biastophilia/raptophilia Raping a person, possibly consensual rape fantasy.
Bondage Being tied up or physically restrained. [5] [19]
Breast fetishism/mazophiliaFemale breasts.

C

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Candaulism Exposing one's partner or images of their partner to others.
Cannibalism/anthropophagyIngesting human flesh. [15]
CanophiliaDogs. [29]
Capnolagnia Smoking. [30]
Chremastistophilia Being robbed or held up. [19]
Chronophilia Partners of a widely differing chronological age. [19]
Coprophilia/scatophilia/fecophilia Feces. [2] [31]
Coulrophilia Clowns [32]
Cuckolding fetishism/troilismObserving one's partner engaged in sexual activities with another person. [33] [4] [20]

D

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Dacryphilia Tears or crying. [34]
Diaper fetishism Diapers; considerable overlap with paraphilic infantilism. [35]
Dendrophilia Trees. [5]

E

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Emetophilia Vomit. [4]
Eproctophilia Flatulence. [3]
Erotophonophilia/dacnolagnomaniaMurder, often of strangers. [15]
Exhibitionism/peodeiktophiliaExposing one's genitals to unsuspecting and nonconsenting others. [2] [5]
Exophilia Extraterrestrials. [36]

F

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Fat fetishism/adipophiliaOverweight or obese people. [37]
Feederism Eating, feeding, and weight gain. [38]
Fictosexuality/fictophiliaFictional characters. [39]
Food play/sitophiliaErotic situations involving food.
Foot fetishism/podophiliaFeet. [40]
Formicophilia Being crawled on by insects. [19] [41]
Forniphilia Turning a human being into a piece of furniture.
Free use Being "used" sexually by a sexual partner whenever they are aroused. [42]
Frotteurism Rubbing against a non-consenting person. [2]

G

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Gerontophilia Elderly people. [43]
Gynandromorphophilia/gynemimetophiliaTransgender women. [4] [44]
GynephiliaFemales or femininity, regardless of one's own sex or gender identity. [45]

H

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Hair fetishism/trichophiliaHair. [46]
Hand fetishism/cheirophiliaHands.
Hebephilia children who enter puberty
HematolagniaDrinking or looking at blood. [47]
HeterophiliaIdealization of heterosexuality and/or people who are "straight-acting", especially by non-heterosexual people. [48] [49] [50]
HierophiliaReligious/sacred objects. [11]
HoplophiliaFirearms, guns. [51]
Hybristophilia Criminals, particularly those who committed cruel or outrageous crimes. [19] [52]

I

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
InfantophiliaChildren less than five years old; a recently suggested term that is not in general use. [53]
Impregnation fetishism The event of being impregnated or impregnating another person. [54]

K

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
KatoptronophiliaMirrors [55]
Kleptolagnia/kleptophiliaStealing; [4] a form of kleptomania.
Klismaphilia Enemas, arousal and enjoyment in receiving, administering, or both. [4] [56]

L

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Lactophilia/galactophilia Breast milk, breastfeeding or sucking on a woman's breasts. [46] [57]
Leg fetishism/crurophiliaLegs. [58]
LiquidophiliaImmersing genitals in liquids. [46]

M

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Macrophilia Giant beings; imagined growth of beings. [46]
Masochism Suffering or humiliation; being beaten, bound, or otherwise abused. [2]
Mechanophilia Cars or other machines; also "mechaphilia". [59] [60] [61]
MelolagniaMusic. [62]
Menophilia Menstruation. [46]
MetrophiliaPoetry. [62]
MicrophiliaShrunken beings; imagined shrinking of beings. [46]
Morphophilia Particular body shapes or sizes. [20]
Mucophilia Mucus. [46]
Mysophilia Dirtiness, soiled or decaying things. [4]

N

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Narratophilia Obscene words. [4]
Navel fetishism/alvinophilia Navel.
NebulophiliaFog or smoke. [63]
Necrophilia Corpses. [2] [4] [64]
Nose fetishism/nasophilia Noses. [46]

O

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Objectophilia Specific inanimate objects. [2]
Oculolinctus The act of licking the eyes of another person for the purpose of gratification.
Odaxelagnia Biting or being bitten.
Olfactophilia/bromidrophiliaSmells and odors (particularly foul ones) emanating from the body, especially the sexual areas and/or from the opposite sex (as from bad breath, urine, feces, flatulence, etc.). [4] [19]
Omorashi Having a full bladder and/or wetting oneself, or from seeing someone else experiencing a full bladder and/or wetting themself.

P

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Paraphilic infantilism/autonepiophilia/adult baby syndromeDressing or being treated like a baby; [19] [65] considerable overlap with diaper fetishism. [35]
Partialism Specific, non-genital body parts. [2] [4]
Pedophilia Preadolescent children; also spelled paedophilia. [2] [66]
PedovestismDressing like a child. [67]
Pictophilia Pornography or erotic art, particularly pictures. [4] [19]
Piquerism Piercing the flesh of another person, most commonly by stabbing or cutting the body with sharp objects. [68]
Plushophilia Stuffed toys ("plushies"). [69]
Pregnancy fetishism/maiesiophiliaPregnant women. [70]
Pygophilia Buttocks. [71]
Pyrophilia Fire. [72]

R

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Robot fetishism/robophiliaHumanoid robots.

S

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Sadism Inflicting pain on others. [2]
Salirophilia Soiling or dirtying others. [4]
Sexual fetishism Nonliving objects. [2]
Shoe fetishism Shoes, especially high heels.
Somnophilia/dormaphiliaBeing asleep or unconscious, or pretending to be asleep or unconscious. [4] [19] [73]
SophophiliaLearning. [74]
Sthenolagnia Muscles and displays of strength. [46]
Stigmatophilia Body piercings and tattoos. [5] [46]
SymphorophiliaWitnessing or staging disasters such as car accidents. [5]
Telephone scatologia/telephonicophilia/scatophilia Obscene phone calls, particularly to strangers. [2] [19] [75]

T

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Teratophilia Deformed or monstrous people. [3] The term is also sometimes used in a more literal sense (from ancient Greek τέρας, teras, meaning monster) for attraction to monstrous mythical and fictional creatures such as werewolves.
Tickling fetishism/knismolagniaTickling. [76]
Toucherism Touching an unsuspecting, non-consenting person with the hand. [77]
ToxophiliaArchery. [62]
Transvestic fetishism Cross-dressing. [78]
TimophiliaGold, wealth, or social status. [79]

U

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Urolagnia/water sports Urination, particularly in public, on others, and/or being urinated on. [2] [4] [19] [20]

V

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Vorarephilia/voreThe idea of one person or creature eating or being eaten by another; usually swallowed whole, in one piece. [80]
Voyeurism/scopophiliaWatching others while naked or having sex, generally without their knowledge. [2] [20]

W

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Wet and messy fetishism Messy situations, including, but not limited to, being pied, slimed, or covered in mud.
Wetlook The wearing of wet clothing

X

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Xenophilia Foreign peoples, cultures, or customs. [81]

Z

ParaphiliaFocus of erotic interest
Zoophilia Non-human animals. [2] [4] [19]
Zoosadism Inflicting pain on animals, or seeing animals in pain. [82]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paraphilia</span> Atypical sexual attraction

A paraphilia is an experience of recurring or intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, places, situations, fantasies, behaviors, or individuals. It has also been defined as a sexual interest in anything other than a legally consenting human partner. Paraphilias are contrasted with normophilic ("normal") sexual interests, although the definition of what makes a sexual interest normal or atypical remains controversial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urolagnia</span> Paraphilia associated with urine or urination

Urolagnia is a paraphilia in which sexual excitement is associated with the sight or thought of urine or urination. The term has origins in the Greek language. Golden shower is slang for the practice of urinating on another person for sexual pleasure, while watersports is the more inclusive term. However, Urophilia is not exclusively associated with sexual excitement

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual fetishism</span> Sexual arousal a person receives from an object or situation

Sexual fetishism or erotic fetishism is a sexual fixation on a nonliving object or body part. The object of interest is called the fetish; the person who has a fetish for that object is a fetishist. A sexual fetish may be regarded as a mental disorder if it causes significant psychosocial distress for the person or has detrimental effects on important areas of their life. Sexual arousal from a particular body part can be further classified as partialism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sadomasochism</span> Sexual practice

Sadism and masochism, known collectively as sadomasochism or S&M, is the derivation of pleasure from acts of respectively inflicting or receiving pain or humiliation. The term is named after the Marquis de Sade, a French author known for his violent and libertine works and lifestyle, and Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, an Austrian author who described masochistic tendencies in his works. Though sadomasochistic behaviours and desires do not necessarily need to be linked to sex, sadomasochism is also a definitive feature of consensual BDSM relationships.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Coalition for Sexual Freedom</span> Organization

The National Coalition for Sexual Freedom (NCSF) is an American sex-positive advocacy and educational organization founded in 1997. NCSF has over one hundred coalition partners, and over sixty supporting members. NCSF advocates on behalf of adults involved in alternative lifestyles with respect to sexuality and relationship composition, specifically for tolerance and non-discrimination of those so identified, as well as education for adults involved in such lifestyles. The organization's main office is in Baltimore, Maryland.

Hypersexuality is a medical condition that causes unwanted or excessive sexual arousal, causing people to engage in or think about sexual activity to a point of distress or impairment. It is controversial whether it should be included as a clinical diagnosis used by mental healthcare professionals. Nymphomania, satyromania and sex maniac were terms previously used for the condition in women and men, respectively.

Hebephilia is the strong, persistent sexual interest by adults in pubescent children who are in early adolescence, typically ages 11–14 and showing Tanner stages 2 to 3 of physical development. It differs from pedophilia, and from ephebophilia. While individuals with a sexual preference for adults may have some sexual interest in pubescent-aged individuals, researchers and clinical diagnoses have proposed that hebephilia is characterized by a sexual preference for pubescent rather than adult partners.

Chronophilia are forms of romantic preferences and/or sexual attractions limited to individuals of particular age ranges. Some such attractions, specifically those towards prepubescents and those towards the elderly, constitute types of paraphilia. The term was coined by John Money and has not been widely adopted by sexologists, who instead use terms that refer to the specific age range in question. An arguable historical precursor was Richard von Krafft-Ebing's concept of "age fetishism". Importantly, chronophilia are technically not determined by age itself, but by human sexual maturity stages, such as body type, secondary sexual characteristics and other visible features, particularly as measured by the stages of the Tanner scale.

Biastophilia and its Latin-derived synonym raptophilia, also paraphilic rape, is a paraphilia in which sexual arousal is dependent on, or is responsive to, the act of assaulting an unconsenting person, especially a stranger. Some dictionaries consider the terms synonymous, while others distinguish raptophilia as the paraphilia in which sexual arousal is responsive to actually raping the victim.

Paraphilic infantilism, also known as adult baby, is a form of ageplay that involves role-playing a regression to an infant-like state. Like other forms of adult play, depending on the context and desires of the people involved paraphilic infantilism may be expressed as a non-sexual fetish, kink, or simply as a comforting platonic activity. People who practice adult baby play are often colloquially referred to as "adult babies", or "ABs".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ray Blanchard</span> American-Canadian sexologist (born 1945)

Ray Milton Blanchard III is an American-Canadian sexologist who researches pedophilia, sexual orientation and gender identity. He has found that men with more older brothers are more likely to be gay than men with fewer older brothers, a phenomenon he attributes to the reaction of the mother's immune system to male fetuses. Blanchard has also published research studies on phallometry and several paraphilias, including autoerotic asphyxia. Blanchard also proposed a typology of transsexualism.

Attraction to disability is a sexualised interest in the appearance, sensation and experience of disability. It may extend from normal human sexuality into a type of sexual fetishism. Sexologically, the pathological end of the attraction tends to be classified as a paraphilia. Other researchers have approached it as a form of identity disorder. The most common interests are towards amputations, prosthesis, and crutches. As a sexual fetish, attraction to disability is known as devotism, and those with the fetish are known as devotees.

Pedophilia is a psychiatric disorder in which an adult or older adolescent experiences a primary or exclusive sexual attraction to prepubescent children. Although girls typically begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11, and boys at age 11 or 12, psychiatric diagnostic criteria for pedophilia extend the cut-off point for prepubescence to age 13. People with the disorder are often referred to as pedophiles.

Zoophilia is a paraphilia in which a person experiences a sexual fixation on non-human animals. Bestiality instead refers to cross-species sexual activity between humans and non-human animals. Due to the lack of research on the subject, it is difficult to conclude how prevalent bestiality is. Zoophilia, however, was estimated in one study to be prevalent in 2% of the population in 2021.

Martin Paul Kafka is an American psychiatrist best known for his work on sex offenders, paraphilias and what he calls "paraphilia-related disorders" such as sex addiction and hypersexuality.

Courtship disorder is a theoretical construct in sexology developed by Kurt Freund in which a certain set of paraphilias are seen as specific instances of anomalous courtship instincts in humans. The specific paraphilias are biastophilia, exhibitionism, frotteurism, telephone scatologia, and voyeurism. According to the courtship disorder hypothesis, there is a species-typical courtship process in humans consisting of four phases, and anomalies in different phases result in one of these paraphilic sexual interests. According to the theory, instead of being independent paraphilias, these sexual interests are individual symptoms of a single underlying disorder.

Diaper fetishism, or nappy fetishism, is a type of garment fetish in which a person derives pleasure from themselves or partners wearing or using a diaper. Diaper fetishism can be performed on its own or incorporated into other various kinks. These kinks may include paraphilic infantilism, omorashi, and BDSM. When combined with paraphilic infantilism, the fetish is often called adult baby/diaper lover or AB/DL for short.

Erotic target location error (ETLE) is a hypothesized dimension for paraphilias, defined by having a sexual preference or strong sexual interest in features that are somewhere other than on one's sexual partners. When one's sexual arousal is based on imagining oneself in another physical form the erotic target is said to be one's self, or erotic target identity inversion (ETII).

Sexual sadism disorder is the condition of experiencing great sexual arousal in response to the involuntary extreme pain, suffering or humiliation of other people. Several other terms are used to describe the condition, and it may overlap with other conditions that involve inflicting pain. It is distinct from situations in which consenting individuals use mild or simulated pain or humiliation for sexual excitement. The words sadism and sadist are derived from the French writer and libertine Marquis de Sade, who wrote several novels depicting sexualized torture and violence.

According to some classification systems, Sexual masochism disorder is the condition of experiencing recurring and intense sexual arousal in response to enduring moderate to extreme pain, suffering, or humiliation. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) of the American Psychiatric Association indicates that a person may have a masochistic sexual interest but that the diagnosis of sexual masochism disorder would only apply to individuals who also report psychosocial difficulties because of it.

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