Lychniscosida

Lychniscosida; Temporal range: Middle Jurassic–recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Porifera
Class:	Hexactinellida
Subclass:	Hexasterophora
Order:	Lychniscosida ; Schrammen, 1903

Last updated October 22, 2023

Lychniscosida (sometimes spelled Lychniscosa) is an order of sponges belonging to the class Hexactinellida and subclass Hexasterophora.^[1]^[2] They are dictyonal sponges (with parenchymal spicules fully fused into a 3D framework) characterized by the presence of additional struts at the nodes of the skeleton. These struts create octahedral frames, known as lychniscs ("lanterns").

Most members of the order are extinct, with their highest diversity as major reef builders in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.^[3] A few uncertain^[4] claims of Triassic lychniscosids have also been reported from China.^[5]^[6] Only three genera are still alive today:^[7] Lychnocystis (family Aulocystidae),^[8] Neoaulocystis (family Aulocystidae),^[8] and Scleroplegma (family Diapleuridae).^[9]

Families

Aulocystidae [Cretaceous–Holocene]
†Callodictyonidae [Upper Jurassic^[3]–Oligocene]
†Calyptrellidae [Upper Cretaceous]^[3]
†Camerospongiidae [Cretaceous]^[3]
†Coeloptychidae [Cretaceous]^[3]
†Cypelliidae [Jurassic]^[3]
†Dactylocalycidae [Jurassic–Upper Cretaceous]
Diapleuridae [Eocene^[10]–Holocene]
†Polyblastidiidae [Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous]^[3]
†Sporadopylidae [Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous]^[3]
†Ventriculitidae [Jurassic–Upper Cretaceous]^[3]

Related Research Articles

Leucosolenida is an order of sponges in the class Calcarea and the subclass Calcaronea. Species in the order Leucosolenida are calcareous, with a skeleton composed exclusively of free spicules without calcified non-spicular reinforcements.

Minchinellidae is a family of calcareous sponges, members of the class Calcarea. It is the only family in the monotypic order Lithonida. The families Petrobionidae and Lepidoleuconidae have also sometimes been placed within Lithonida, though more recently they have been moved to the order Baerida. Thanks to their hypercalcified structure, minchinellids have a fossil record reaching as far back as the Jurassic Period.

Hexasterophora are a subclass of glass sponges in the class Hexactinellida. Most living hexasterophorans can be divided into three orders: Lyssacinosida, Lychniscosida, and Sceptrulophora. Like other glass sponges, hexasterophorans have skeletons composed of overlapping six-rayed spicules. In addition, they can be characterized by the presence of hexasters, a type of microsclere with six rays unfurling into multi-branched structures.

Lyssacinosida is an order of glass sponges (Hexactinellida) belonging to the subclass Hexasterophora. These sponges can be recognized by their parenchymal spicules usually being unconnected, unlike in other sponges in the subclass where the spicules form a more or less tightly connected skeleton. Lyssacine sponges have existed since the Upper Ordovician, and three families are still alive today. The Venus' flower basket is one of the most well-known and culturally significant of the glass sponges.

Potamolepidae is a family of freshwater sponges, with seven genera:

Heteractinida is an extinct grade of Paleozoic (Cambrian–Permian) sponges, sometimes used as a class or order. They are most commonly considered paraphyletic with respect to Calcarea, though some studies instead argue that they are paraphyletic relative to Hexactinellida. Heteractinids can be distinguished by their six-pronged (snowflake-shaped) spicules, whose symmetry historically suggested a relationship with the triradial calcarean sponges.

Rossellidae is a family of glass sponges belonging to the order Lyssacinosa. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution and is found at a large range of depths.

Staurocalyptus is a genus of sponge. It was circumscribed in 1897 by Isao Ijima.

Anheteromeyenia is a genus of freshwater sponge. It has been recorded in the Nearctic, the Neotropics. This taxon was initially a subgenus of Heteromeyenia when K. Schöder circumscribed it in 1927, but W. M. de Laubenfels made it a genus in its own right in 1936.

Sceptrulophora is an order of hexactinellid sponges. They are characterized by sceptrules, a type of microsclere with a single straight rod terminating at a bundle of spines or knobs. An anchor- or nail-shaped sceptrule is called a clavule. A fork-shaped sceptrule, ending at a few large tines, is called a scopule. A broom-shaped sceptrule, ending at many small bristles, is called a sarule.

Aspidoscopulia is a genus of glass sponge in the family Farreidae.

Leuclathrina is a genus of sponges belonging to the family Dendyidae. Species are found in the northeast Atlantic and in the Indian Ocean.

Leucettusa is a genus of sponges belonging to the family Leucaltidae. The species of this genus are mostly known from the Arctic and Antarctic, New Zealand and Southwest Australia.

Acanthochaetetidae is a family of sponges belonging to the order Clionaida. It is largely extinct, but contains two extant genera, each of which are represented by single extant species.

Calcifibrospongiidae is a family of sponges belonging to the order Haplosclerida. The order Haplosclerida is distinguished by isodictyal skeleton. In general, Porifera are basal animals with bodies full of pores and channels. Calcifibrospongiidae includes the species Calcifibrospongia actinostromarioides. There have only been ten recorded occurrences of this species: in Hogsty Reef and San Salvador, as well as in the subtropics of the Bahamas.

Aulocystidae is a family of sponges belonging to the order Lychniscosida.

Diapleuridae is a family of glass sponges in the order Lychniscosida. The only living species, Scleroplegma lanterna, is endemic to the waters around Cuba and St. Croix in the Caribbean Sea.

Ectyonopsis is a genus of demosponges in the family Myxillidae. They are mostly known from the waters surrounding Australia and from the Southern Ocean.

Penares is a widely distributed genus of demosponges.

Stellispongiida is an order of calcareous sponges, most or all of which are extinct. Stellispongiids are one of several unrelated sponge groups described as "inozoans", a name referring to sponges with a hypermineralized calcitic skeleton independent from their spicules. Stellispongiids have a solid skeleton encasing calcite spicules arranged in trabeculae. "Inozoans" and the similar "sphinctozoans" were historically grouped together in the polyphyletic order Pharetronida.

References

↑ "Lychniscosida". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
↑ Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Order Lychniscosida Schrammen, 1903", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1377–1377, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_142, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5 , retrieved 2023-05-02
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3131-3.
↑ Pisera, Andrzej; Bodzioch, Adam (1991). "Middle Triassic lyssacinosan sponges from Upper Silesia (southern Poland), and the history of hexactinosan and Iychniscosan sponges". Acta Geologica Polonica. 41 (3–4): 193–207.
↑ Wendt, J.; Wu, Xichun; Reinhardt, J.W. (1989). "Deep-water hexactinellid sponge mounds from the upper triassic of northern Sichuan (China)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 76 (1–2): 17–29. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(89)90100-4.
↑ Wendt, Jobst (2001). "Upper Triassic (Carnian) mud mounds from northern Sichuan (China)". Acta Geologica Polonica. 51 (1): 1–13.
↑ "Lychniscosida". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species.
1 2 Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Aulocystidae Sollas, 1887", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1378–1382, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_143, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5 , retrieved 2023-05-02
↑ Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Diapleuridae Ijima, 1927", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1383–1385, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_144, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5 , retrieved 2023-05-02
↑ Frisone, Viviana; Pisera, Andrzej; Preto, Nereo (2016-01-18). "A highly diverse siliceous sponge fauna (Porifera: Hexactinellida, Demospongiae) from the Eocene of north-eastern Italy: systematics and palaeoecology". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (11): 949–1002. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1132015. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 87329356.

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[GBIF-1] "Lychniscosida". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 14 May 2021.

[2] Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Order Lychniscosida Schrammen, 1903", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1377–1377, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_142, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5 , retrieved 2023-05-02

[:02-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3131-3.

[4] Pisera, Andrzej; Bodzioch, Adam (1991). "Middle Triassic lyssacinosan sponges from Upper Silesia (southern Poland), and the history of hexactinosan and Iychniscosan sponges". Acta Geologica Polonica. 41 (3–4): 193–207.

[5] Wendt, J.; Wu, Xichun; Reinhardt, J.W. (1989). "Deep-water hexactinellid sponge mounds from the upper triassic of northern Sichuan (China)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 76 (1–2): 17–29. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(89)90100-4.

[6] Wendt, Jobst (2001). "Upper Triassic (Carnian) mud mounds from northern Sichuan (China)". Acta Geologica Polonica. 51 (1): 1–13.

[7] "Lychniscosida". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species.

[:0-8] 1 2 Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Aulocystidae Sollas, 1887", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1378–1382, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_143, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5 , retrieved 2023-05-02

[9] Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Diapleuridae Ijima, 1927", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1383–1385, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_144, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5 , retrieved 2023-05-02

[:1-10] Frisone, Viviana; Pisera, Andrzej; Preto, Nereo (2016-01-18). "A highly diverse siliceous sponge fauna (Porifera: Hexactinellida, Demospongiae) from the Eocene of north-eastern Italy: systematics and palaeoecology". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (11): 949–1002. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1132015. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 87329356.

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