| Lycodichthys | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Lycodichthys antarcticus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Zoarcidae |
| Subfamily: | Lycodinae |
| Genus: | Lycodichthys Paul Pappenheim , 1911 [1] |
| Type species | |
| Lycodichthys antarcticus Pappenheim, 1911 [2] | |
| Synonyms [3] | |
| |
Lycodichthys is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. They are found in the Southern Ocean.
Lycodichthys was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1911 by the German zoologist Paul Pappenheim when he described L. antarcticus giving its type locality as the Gauss winter station on the coast of Kaiser Wilhelm II Land in Antarctica. [2] [4] The American ichthyologist Hugh Hamilton DeWitt described Rhigophila dearbornii in 1962 but in 1988 this taxon was reviewed by the South African based American ichthyologist M. Eric Anderson and reclassified as the second species in Lycodichthys, making Rhigophila as synonym of Lycodichthys. [5] This genus is classified in the subfamily Lycodinae, one of four subfamilies in the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. [6]
Lycodichthys combines the name of the Northern genus Lycodes with ichthys, meaning "fish", as this genus closely resembles Lycodes in the shape of the body and fins. [7]
Lycodichthys contains the following species: [8]
Lycodichthys eelpouts have robust bodies which have a depth which is equal to 8.4% to 12.7% of their standard length. They have firm, thick skin and both scales and the lateral line are present. Pelvic fins can be either present or absent. There are five suborbital bones and five pores on the head. The gill slit does not typically extend as far as the lower edge of the base of the pectoral fin. There are no vomerine or palatine teeth. [5] Both species within Lycodichthys are similar in size with maximum published of 24 cm (9.4 in) for L. antarcticus and 23 cm (9.1 in) for L. dearbornii. [8]
The evolution of the antifreeze protein in L. dearborni provides a prime example of neofunctionalization after gene duplication. In the case of the Antarctic zoarcid fish type III antifreeze protein gene (AFPIII; P12102 ) diverged from a paralogous copy of sialic acid synthase (SAS) gene. [9] The ancestral SAS gene was found to have both sialic acid synthase and rudimentary ice-binding functionalities. After duplication one of the paralogs began to accumulate mutations that led to the replacement of SAS domains of the gene allowing for further development and optimization of the antifreeze functionality. [9] The new gene is now capable of noncolligative freezing-point depression, and thus is neofunctionalized. [9] This specialization allows Antarctic zoarcid fish to survive in the frigid temperatures of the Antarctic Seas.
Lycodichthys are endemic to the waters of the Southern Ocean off Antarctica, L. antarcticus occurs from the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula east as far as Wilkes Land being found at depths between 195 and 540 m (640 and 1,772 ft) while L. dearborni has only been recorded from the Ross Sea at depths between 550 and 588 m (1,804 and 1,929 ft), [5]
Zoarces is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. It is the only genus in the subfamily Zoarcinae. These eelpouts are found in the northern Atlantic and northern Pacific Oceans.
Aiakas is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae the eelpouts. These fishes are found in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean.
Bothrocara is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. They are found in the Pacific Ocean with one species reaching the southwestern Atlantic Ocean.
Petroschmidtia is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The species in this genus are placed in the genus Lycodes by FishBase but Catalog of Fishes recognises this as a valid genus.
Lycodes is a genus of zoarcid fish in the subfamily Lycodinae. It is the most species-rich genus in its taxonomic family as well as in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent waters. They occupy both shallow waters and deeper waters down to 3000 meters. A few species can occur in brackish waters.
Lycenchelys is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Lycodes terraenovae, also called the Newfoundland eelpout, Atlantic eelpout or fish doctor, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. It is found in deep waters of the Atlantic Ocean.
Gymnelinae is a subfamily of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. Most species are found in the North Pacific Ocean but one genus is cosmopolitan, and another is endemic to the Southern Ocean.
Davidijordania is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The fishes in this genus are found in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.
Lycodinae is a subfamily of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. These eelpouts are found are in all the world's oceans, with a number of species being found off southern South America.
Austrolycus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The two species in this genus are found in the southeastern Pacific Ocean and the western South Atlantic Ocean off southern South America and the Falkland Islands.
Bentartia is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. Some authorities treat this genus as monospecific, with the only species being Bentartia cinerea of the Southern Ocean, but other authorities include 4 species from the eastern Pacific Ocean.
The cuskpout is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. It is the only species in the monospecific genus Derepodichthys and is found in the eastern North Pacific Ocean.
Iluocoetes is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The only species in the genus is Iluocoetes fimbriatus. This species is found off southern South America, off Chile and Argentina, in the southeastern Pacific and southwestern Atlantic Oceans.
Lycenchelys muraena, the moray wolf eel, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. It is found in the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans.
Lycodapus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The species in this genus are found in the Pacific and Southern Oceans.
Lycodonus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The species in this genus are found in the North and Southern Atlantic Ocean. These fishes are sometimes called scutepouts.
Lycogrammoides is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. Its only species is Lycogrammoides schmidti, a rare species of the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.
Maynea is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. Its only species is Maynea puncta which is found in the Magellan Province of the southeastern Pacific Ocean and the southwestern Atlantic Ocean.
Lycozoarces is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts, its only species being Lycozoarces regani. It is the only genus in the monogeneric subfamily Lycozoarinae. This taxon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Tatar Strait in the northern Sea of Japan.
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