Lycodes

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Lycodes
PolarEelpout-B-Sheiko.jpg
Lycodes turneri
Lycodes vahlii.jpg
Lycodes vahlii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Zoarcidae
Subfamily: Lycodinae
Genus: Lycodes
J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1831 [1]
Type species
Lycodes vahlii
Reinhardtm, 1831 [2]
Synonyms [2]

Lycodes is a genus of zoarcid fish in the subfamily Lycodinae. [1] [3] It is the most species-rich genus in its taxonomic family as well as in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent waters. They occupy both shallow waters and deeper waters down to 3000 meters. A few species can occur in brackish waters. [4]

Contents

Taxonomy

Lycodes was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1831 by the Danish zoologist Johan Reinhard when he described Lycodes vahlii, [2] which he described from off Greenland. [1] The genus is classified in the subfamily Lycodinae, one of four subfamilies in the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. [5] Four species, L. albonotata, L. teraoi, L. toyamensis and L. toyamesnsis are classified within the genus Petroschmidtia by some authorities. [6]

Etymology

Lycodes means "having the form of a wolf", being a combination of lykos meaning "wolf" and oides meaning "similar to". Reinhardt though the teeth were similar to those of Anarhichas lupus and thought that the two taxa were closely related. [7]

Species

Saddled eelpout Saddled eelpout.jpg
Saddled eelpout

Currently, 64 species are placed in this genus, divided into two subgenera: [3] [7]

Description

The genus is characterized by one autapomorphy: submental crests, the more or less pronounced cartilage extensions on the lower jaws. Within the genus, one clade has been identified, the "short-tailed" Lycodes that are associated with shallower depths (0–1200 m) than the long-tailed species (3–3000 m). Short tail might represent an adaptation to shallow, Arctic waters; the clade includes many Arctic endemics. In contrast, the long-tailed species do not form a monophyletic group. Coloration of all short-tailed Lycodes includes some sorts of stripes, marks, or reticulations, while the long-tailed species are uniformly brownish, striped, or spotted. [4]

Ecology

Lycodes are bottom-dwelling fish with a relatively stationary life style. The eggs are benthic, few in number (<2000) and large in size (as large as 10 mm (0.4 in)). [4]

Related Research Articles

The eelpouts are the ray-finned fish family Zoarcidae. As the common name suggests, they are somewhat eel-like in appearance. All of the 300 species are marine and mostly bottom-dwelling, some at great depths. Eelpouts are predominantly found in the Northern Hemisphere. The Arctic, north Pacific and north Atlantic oceans have the highest concentration of species; however, species are found around the globe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scaled sculpin</span> Group of fishes

The scaled sculpins, Icelus, are a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Cottidae, the typical sculpins. Most of the fishes in this genus are found in the northern Pacific Ocean but they also occur in the North Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Bothrocara</i> Genus of fishes

Bothrocara is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. They are found in the Pacific Ocean with one species reaching the southwestern Atlantic Ocean.

Petroschmidtia is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The species in this genus are placed in the genus Lycodes by FishBase but Catalog of Fishes recognises this as a valid genus.

Lycodes vahlii, Vahl's eelpout or the checker eelpout, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. It is native to coasts of Northern Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Lycodichthys</i> Genus of fishes

Lycodichthys is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. They are found in the Southern Ocean.

<i>Lycenchelys</i> Genus of fishes

Lycenchelys is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

Lycodinae is a subfamily of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. These eelpouts are found are in all the world's oceans, with a number of species being found off southern South America.

<i>Austrolycus</i> Genus of fishes

Austrolycus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The two species in this genus are found in the southeastern Pacific Ocean and the western South Atlantic Ocean off southern South America and the Falkland Islands.

Bothrocarina is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The two species in this genus are found in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean.

Dieidolycus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The genus comprises three species which are found in the western central Pacific, southeastern Pacific and Southern Oceans.

Japonolycodes is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The only species in the genus is Japonolycodes abei. This species is found Northwestern Pacific Ocean off Japan.

Lycodapus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The species in this genus are found in the Pacific and Southern Oceans.

Lycodes gracilis, Vahl's eelpout or the gracile eelpout, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. It is found in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent areas of the Arctic Ocean.

Lycodes esmarkii, Esmark's eelpout or the greater eelpout, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. This species is found in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Lycodonus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The species in this genus are found in the North and Southern Atlantic Ocean. These fishes are sometimes called scutepouts.

<i>Lycogrammoides</i> Monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish

Lycogrammoides is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. Its only species is Lycogrammoides schmidti, a rare species of the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

The bearded eelpout is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. This species is the only species in the monospecific genus Lyconema. It is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Pyrolycus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the subfamily Lycodinae, the eelpouts, within the family Zoarcidae. The genus was first described in 2002 by Japanese ichthyologists Yoshihiko Machida and Jun Hashimoto. The type species is P. manusanus, which was discovered in the Manus Basin off Papua New Guinea.

Lycozoarces is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts, its only species being Lycozoarces regani. It is the only genus in the monogeneric subfamily Lycozoarinae. This taxon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Tatar Strait in the northern Sea of Japan.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Lycodes". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Lycodinae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  3. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Lycodes". FishBase . June 2018 version.
  4. 1 2 3 Møller, Peter R. & Gravlund, Peter (2003). "Phylogeny of the eelpout genus Lycodes (Pisces, Zoarcidae) as inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rDNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 26 (3): 369–388. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00362-7. PMID   12644398.
  5. ↑ Anderson, M. E. and V. V . Fedorov (2004). "Family Zoarcidae Swainson 1839 — eelpouts" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes. 34.
  6. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Petroschmidtia". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  7. 1 2 Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (6 May 2022). "Order Perciformes Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Family: Zoarcidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
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