Magnesium stearate

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Magnesium stearate
Magnesium stearate.png
Names
IUPAC name
Magnesium octadecanoate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.008.320 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
E number E572 (acidity regulators, ...)
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/2C18H36O2.Mg/c2*1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20;/h2*2-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20);/q;;+2/p-2 Yes check.svgY
    Key: HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/2C18H36O2.Mg/c2*1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20;/h2*2-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20);/q;;+2/p-2
    Key: HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-NUQVWONBAM
  • [Mg+2].[O-]C(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.[O-]C(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Properties
Mg(C
18H
35O
2)
2
Molar mass 591.27 g/mol
Appearancelight white powder
Odor slight
Density 1.026 g/cm3
Melting point 88.5 °C (191.3 °F; 361.6 K)
0.003 g/100 mL (15 °C)
0.004 g/100 mL (25 °C)
0.008 g/100 mL (50 °C)
Solubility negligible in ether and alcohol
slightly soluble in benzene
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineFlammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
1
0
Flash point 250 °C (482 °F; 523 K)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
> 1000 mg/kg (oral, rat)
Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yes check.svgY  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Magnesium stearate is the chemical compound with the formula Mg(C
18H
35O
2)
2. It is a soap, consisting of salt containing two equivalents of stearate (the anion of stearic acid) and one magnesium cation (Mg2+). Magnesium stearate is a white, water-insoluble powder. Its applications exploit its softness, insolubility in many solvents, and low toxicity. It is used as a release agent and as a component or lubricant in the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. [1]

Contents

Manufacturing

Magnesium stearate is produced by the reaction of sodium stearate with magnesium salts or by treating magnesium oxide with stearic acid. [1] [2]

Uses

Magnesium stearate is often used as an anti-adherent [3] in the manufacture of medical tablets, capsules and powders. [4] In this regard, the substance is also useful because it has lubricating properties, preventing ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets; magnesium stearate is the most commonly used lubricant for tablets. [5] However, it might cause lower wettability and slower disintegration of the tablets and slower and even lower dissolution of the drug. [6]

Magnesium stearate can also be used efficiently in dry coating processes. [7] [8] [9]

In the production of pressed candies, magnesium stearate serves as a release agent. It is also used to bind sugar in hard candies such as mints. [10]

Magnesium stearate is a common ingredient in baby formulas. [11]

In the EU and EFTA it is listed as food additive E470b.

Occurrence

Magnesium stearate is a major component of bathtub rings[ citation needed ]. When produced by soap and hard water, magnesium stearate and calcium stearate both form a white solid insoluble in water, and are collectively known as soap scum.

Safety

Magnesium stearate is generally considered safe for human consumption at levels below 2500 mg per kg of body weight per day [12] and is classified in the United States as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). In 1979, the FDA's Subcommittee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) reported, "There is no evidence in the available information on ... magnesium stearate ... that demonstrates, or suggests reasonable grounds to suspect, a hazard to the public when they are used at levels that are now current and in the manner now practiced, or which might reasonably be expected in the future." [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tablet (pharmacy)</span> Drug delivery form in which the ingredients are solidified for later consumption

A tablet is a pharmaceutical oral dosage form or solid unit dosage form. Tablets may be defined as the solid unit dosage form of medication with suitable excipients. It comprises a mixture of active substances and excipients, usually in powder form, that are pressed or compacted into a solid dose. The main advantages of tablets are that they ensure a consistent dose of medicine that is easy to consume.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stearin</span> Chemical compound

Stearin, or tristearin, or glyceryl tristearate is an odourless, white powder. It is a triglyceride derived from three units of stearic acid. Most triglycerides are derived from at least two and more commonly three different fatty acids. Like other triglycerides, stearin can crystallise in three polymorphs. For stearin, these melt at 54 (α-form), 65, and 72.5 °C (β-form).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stearic acid</span> Eighteen-carbon straight-chain fatty acid

Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain. The IUPAC name is octadecanoic acid. It is a soft waxy solid with the formula CH3(CH2)16CO2H. The triglyceride derived from three molecules of stearic acid is called stearin. Stearic acid is a prevalent fatty-acid in nature, found in many animal and vegetable fats, but is usually higher in animal fat than vegetable fat. It has a melting point of 69.4 °C and a pKa of 4.50.

Excipient is a substance formulated alongside the active ingredient of a medication. Excipients serve various purposes, including long-term stabilization, bulking up solid formulations containing potent active ingredients in small amounts, or enhancing the therapeutic properties of the active ingredient in the final dosage form. They can facilitate drug absorption, reduce viscosity, or enhance solubility. Excipients can also aid in the manufacturing process by improving the handling of active substances, facilitating powder flowability, or preventing denaturation and aggregation during the expected shelf life. The selection of excipients depends on factors such as the route of administration, dosage form, and active ingredient.

Stearyl alcohol, or 1-octadecanol, is an organic compound classified as a saturated fatty alcohol with the formula CH3(CH2)16CH2OH. It takes the form of white granules or flakes, which are insoluble in water. It has a wide range of uses as an ingredient in lubricants, resins, perfumes, and cosmetics. It is used as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in ointments, and is widely used as a hair coating in shampoos and hair conditioners. Stearyl heptanoate, the ester of stearyl alcohol and heptanoic acid (enanthic acid), is found in most cosmetic eyeliners. Stearyl alcohol has also found application as an evaporation suppressing monolayer when applied to the surface of water.

An anticaking agent is an additive placed in powdered or granulated materials, such as table salt or confectioneries, to prevent the formation of lumps (caking) and for easing packaging, transport, flowability, and consumption. Caking mechanisms depend on the nature of the material. Crystalline solids often cake by formation of liquid bridge and subsequent fusion of microcrystals. Amorphous materials can cake by glass transitions and changes in viscosity. Polymorphic phase transitions can also induce caking.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium stearate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium stearate is the sodium salt of stearic acid. This white solid is the most common soap. It is found in many types of solid deodorants, rubbers, latex paints, and inks. It is also a component of some food additives and food flavorings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zinc stearate</span> Chemical compound

Zinc stearate is a "zinc soap" that is widely used industrially. In this context, soap is used in its formal sense, a metal salt of a fatty acid: in this case stearic acid. It is a white solid that repels water. It is insoluble in polar solvents such as alcohol and ether but soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons when heated. It is the most powerful mold release agent among all metal soaps. It contains no electrolyte and has a hydrophobic effect. Its main application areas are the plastics and rubber industry, where it is used as a releasing agent and lubricant which can be easily incorporated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dipotassium phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4) (also dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate; potassium phosphate dibasic) is the inorganic compound with the formula K2HPO4.(H2O)x (x = 0, 3, 6). Together with monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4.(H2O)x), it is often used as a fertilizer, food additive, and buffering agent. It is a white or colorless solid that is soluble in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Release agent</span> Substance applied to prevent adhesion to a surface

A release agent is a chemical used to prevent other materials from bonding to surfaces. Release agents aid in processes involving mold release, die-cast release, plastic release, adhesive release, and tire and web release. Release agents are one of many additives used in the production of plastics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium stearate</span> Chemical compound

Calcium stearate is a carboxylate salt of calcium, classified as a calcium soap. The salt is a component of some lubricants, surfactants, as well as many foodstuffs. It is a white waxy powder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Defoamer</span> Chemical additive that reduces and hinders the formation of foam in liquids

A defoamer or an anti-foaming agent is a chemical additive that reduces and hinders the formation of foam in industrial process liquids. The terms anti-foam agent and defoamer are often used interchangeably. Strictly speaking, defoamers eliminate existing foam and anti-foamers prevent the formation of further foam. Commonly used agents are insoluble oils, polydimethylsiloxanes and other silicones, certain alcohols, stearates and glycols. The additive is used to prevent formation of foam or is added to break a foam already formed.

Ethylene bis stearamide (EBS) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2NHC(O)C17H35)2. It is a waxy white solid and is also found as powder or beads that is widely used as a form release agent. The compound is derived from the reaction of ethylenediamine and stearic acid. It is a white solid of low toxicity that provides a slippery coating for a variety of applications.

Soap scum or lime soap is the white solid composed of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, and similar alkaline earth metal derivatives of fatty acids. These materials result from the addition of soap and other anionic surfactants to hard water. Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions, which react with the surfactant anion to give these metallic or lime soaps.

Lithium stearate is a chemical compound with the formula LiO2C(CH2)16CH3. It is formally classified as a soap (a salt of a fatty acid). Lithium stearate is a white soft solid, prepared by the reaction of lithium hydroxide and stearic acid.

Lithium 12-hydroxystearate (C18H35LiO3) is a chemical compound classified as a lithium soap. In chemistry, "soap" refers to salts of fatty acids. Lithium 12-hydroxystearate is a white solid. Lithium soaps are key component of many lubricating greases.

Cadmium stearate is a salt with the formula Cd(O2CC17H35)2. Classified as a metallic soap, this a white solid is used as a lubricant and as a heat- and light-stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride. The use of cadmium stearate is being phased out because of its toxicity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glyceryl behenate</span> Chemical compound

Glyceryl behenate is a fat used in cosmetics, foods, and oral pharmaceutical formulations. In cosmetics, it is mainly used as a viscosity-increasing agent in emulsions.

A metallic soap is a metallic salt of a fatty acid. Theoretically, soaps can be made of any metal, although not all enjoy practical uses. Varying the metal can strongly affect the properties of the compound, particularly its solubility.

Animal products in pharmaceuticals play a role as both active and inactive ingredients, the latter including binders, carriers, stabilizers, fillers, and colorants. Animals and their products may also be used in pharmaceutical production without being included in the product itself.

References

  1. 1 2 Angelo Nora, Alfred Szczepanek, Gunther Koenen, "Metallic Soaps" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi : 10.1002/14356007.a16_361
  2. ↑ A. G. Dobson and H. H. Hatt (1953). "Stearone". Organic Syntheses. 33: 84. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.033.0084.
  3. ↑ Ritter, Steve (2008). "What's That Stuff? Excipients: Inactive ingredients in medicines serve multiple functions in drug delivery". Chemical & Engineering News . 86 (1): 25. doi:10.1021/cen-v086n001.p025.
  4. ↑ Sworbrick, James; Boylan, James C. (1990). Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical technology. Taylor & Francis. p. 2274. ISBN   978-0-8247-2824-3.
  5. ↑ Weiner, Myra L.; Kotkoskie, Lois A. (1999). Excipient Toxicity and Safety . Taylor & Francis. p.  10. ISBN   978-0-8247-8210-8.
  6. ↑ Demuth; et al. (2017). "Investigation of Deteriorated Dissolution of Amorphous Itraconazole: Description of Incompatibility with Magnesium Stearate and Possible Solutions". Molecular Pharmaceutics. 14 (11): 3927–3934. doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00629. PMID   28972782.
  7. ↑ Ouabbas Y, Dodds J., Galet L., Chamayou A. , Baron M. (2009). "Particle-particle coating in a cyclomix impact mixer" (PDF). Powder Technol. 189 (2): 245–252. doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2008.04.031.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Thomas G., Ouabbas Y., Grosseau P., Baron M., Chamayou A., Galet L. (2009). "Modeling the main interaction forces between powder particles. Application to silica gel-magnesium stearate mixtures". Applied Surface Science. 255 (17): 7500–7507. Bibcode:2009ApSS..255.7500T. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.591.1899 . doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.03.099.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ Sato A., Serris E., Grosseau P., Thomas G., Galet L., Chamayou A. , Baron M. (2013). "Experiment and simulation of dry particle coating" (PDF). Chem. Eng. Science. 86: 164–172. Bibcode:2013ChEnS..86..164S. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2012.07.037.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/FST-9.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  11. ↑ Erich Lück and Gert-Wolfhard von Rymon Lipinski (2002). "Foods, 3. Food Additives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_561. ISBN   978-3-527-30673-2.
  12. ↑ Søndergaarda, D.; Meyera, O.; Würtzena, G. (1980). "Magnesium stearate given peroprally to rats. A short term study". Toxicology. 17 (1): 51–55. doi:10.1016/0300-483X(80)90026-8. PMID   7434368.
  13. ↑ FDA's SCOGS Database; Report No. 60; ID Code: 557-04-0; Year: 1979
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