Melilla (Congress of Deputies constituency)

For the Senate constituency, see Melilla (Senate constituency).

Melilla
Congress of Deputies Electoral constituency
Location of Melilla within Spain.
Province	Málaga (1977–1995) None (1995–present)
Autonomous community	Andalusia (1977–1995) None (1995–present)
Population	85,170 (2022) [1]
Electorate	61,118 (2023)
Major settlements	Melilla
Current constituency
Created	1977
Seats	1
Member(s)	PP (1)

Melilla is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish : circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects one deputy using plurality voting. Its boundaries correspond to those of the autonomous city of Melilla.

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies, ^[2] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales. ^[3]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish : Voto rogado). ^[4] 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting. ^{[3] [5] [6]} The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude. ^[7]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies. ^{[5] [6]}

Deputies

Deputies 1977–present
Key to parties    PSOE    UCD    PP    CP
Legislature	Election	Distribution
Constituent	1977	1
1st	1979	1
2nd	1982	1
3rd	1986	1
4th	1989	1
	1990	1
5th	1993	1
6th	1996	1
7th	2000	1
8th	2004	1
9th	2008	1
10th	2011	1
11th	2015	1
12th	2016	1
13th	2019 (Apr)	1
14th	2019 (Nov)	1
15th	2023	1

Elections

2023 general election

Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	13,446	49.16	+19.62	1	±0
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	6,943	25.39	+8.94	0	±0
	Vox (Vox)	4,359	15.94	–2.46	0	±0
	Coalition for Melilla (CpM)	1,298	4.75	–24.20	0	±0
	Unite (Sumar)1	827	3.02	+0.40	0	±0
	Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)	160	0.59	New	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	40	0.15	+0.05	0	±0
	Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero)	23	0.08	+0.02	0	±0
Blank ballots		253	0.93	+0.33
Total		27,349			1	±0
Valid votes		27,349	98.91	–0.32
Invalid votes		300	1.09	+0.32
Votes cast / turnout		27,649	45.24	–7.15
Abstentions		33,469	54.76	+7.15
Registered voters		61,118
Sources [8]
Footnotes: 1 Unite results are compared to United We Can totals in the November 2019 election.

November 2019 general election

Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	9,136	29.54	+5.58	1	±0
	Coalition for Melilla (CpM)	8,955	28.95	+8.64	0	±0
	Vox (Vox)	5,692	18.40	+1.20	0	±0
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	5,087	16.45	–4.25	0	±0
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)	917	2.96	–9.93	0	±0
	United We Can (Podemos–IU)	809	2.62	–1.21	0	±0
	The Greens (Verdes)	101	0.33	New	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	31	0.10	–0.02	0	±0
	Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)	19	0.06	–0.23	0	±0
Blank ballots		185	0.60	–0.10
Total		30,932			1	±0
Valid votes		30,932	99.23	+0.17
Invalid votes		240	0.77	–0.17
Votes cast / turnout		31,172	52.39	–5.14
Abstentions		28,325	47.61	+5.14
Registered voters		59,497
Sources [9]

April 2019 general election

Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	8,087	23.96	–25.90	1	±0
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	6,989	20.70	–4.39	0	±0
	Coalition for Melilla (CpM)	6,857	20.31	New	0	±0
	Vox (Vox)	5,807	17.20	New	0	±0
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)	4,351	12.89	+0.53	0	±0
	United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)	1,292	3.83	–6.00	0	±0
	Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)	99	0.29	+0.13	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	39	0.12	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		237	0.70	–0.29
Total		33,758			1	±0
Valid votes		33,758	99.06	+0.38
Invalid votes		319	0.94	–0.38
Votes cast / turnout		34,077	57.53	+9.98
Abstentions		25,156	42.47	–9.98
Registered voters		59,233
Sources [9]

2016 general election

Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	13,522	49.86	+5.95	1	±0
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	6,805	25.09	+0.50	0	±0
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)	3,352	12.36	–3.19	0	±0
	United We Can (Unidos Podemos)1	2,667	9.83	–2.92	0	±0
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	317	1.17	+0.05	0	±0
	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)	146	0.54	–0.31	0	±0
	Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)	44	0.16	±0.00	0	±0
Blank ballots		268	0.99	–0.07
Total		27,121			1	±0
Valid votes		27,121	99.68	–0.04
Invalid votes		362	1.32	+0.04
Votes cast / turnout		27,483	47.55	–1.80
Abstentions		30,312	52.45	+1.80
Registered voters		57,795
Sources [9]
Footnotes: 1 United We Can results are compared to the combined totals of We Can and Popular Unity–United Left in the 2015 election.

2015 general election

Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	12,331	43.91	–22.80	1	±0
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	6,905	24.59	–0.73	0	±0
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)	4,366	15.55	New	0	±0
	We Can (Podemos)	3,215	11.45	New	0	±0
	Popular Unity–United Left (UP–IU)	366	1.30	New	0	±0
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	314	1.12	+0.61	0	±0
	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)	240	0.85	–2.86	0	±0
	Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)	46	0.16	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		299	1.06	–0.80
Total		28,082			1	±0
Valid votes		28,082	98.72	–0.14
Invalid votes		363	1.28	+0.14
Votes cast / turnout		28,445	49.35	–0.08
Abstentions		29,194	50.65	+0.08
Registered voters		57,639
Sources [9]

2011 general election

Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	17,828	66.71	+17.68	1	±0
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	6,766	25.32	–22.78	0	±0
	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)	992	3.71	+2.57	0	±0
	Equo (Equo)	427	1.60	New	0	±0
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	137	0.51	New	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	80	0.30	+0.20	0	±0
Blank ballots		496	1.86	+0.97
Total		26,726			1	±0
Valid votes		26,726	98.86	–0.40
Invalid votes		308	1.14	+0.40
Votes cast / turnout		27,034	49.43	–14.25
Abstentions		27,656	50.57	+14.25
Registered voters		54,690
Sources [9]

2008 general election

Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	15,717	49.03	–5.57	1	±0
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	15,420	48.10	+6.67	0	±0
	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)	367	1.14	New	0	±0
	The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV)	77	0.24	–0.26	0	±0
	Social Democratic Party (PSD)	73	0.23	New	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	44	0.14	New	0	±0
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)	39	0.12	New	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	33	0.10	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		285	0.89	–0.71
Total		32,055			1	±0
Valid votes		32,055	99.26	+0.08
Invalid votes		240	0.74	–0.08
Votes cast / turnout		32,295	63.68	+7.84
Abstentions		18,416	36.32	–7.84
Registered voters		50,711
Sources [9]

2004 general election

Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	14,856	54.60	+4.80	1	±0
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	11,273	41.43	+21.01	0	±0
	United Left (IU)	229	0.84	–0.67	0	±0
	The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV)	135	0.50	–0.16	0	±0
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	89	0.33	New	0	±0
	Republican Left (IR)	57	0.21	New	0	±0
	The Phalanx (FE)	46	0.17	–0.01	0	±0
	Spanish Democratic Party (PADE)	35	0.13	+0.08	0	±0
	National Democracy (DN)	30	0.11	New	0	±0
	Spain 2000 (E–2000)	22	0.08	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		435	1.60	–0.50
Total		27,207			1	±0
Valid votes		27,207	99.18	–0.10
Invalid votes		225	0.82	+0.10
Votes cast / turnout		27,432	55.84	+1.84
Abstentions		21,697	44.16	–1.84
Registered voters		49,129
Sources [9]

2000 general election

Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party–Melillan People's Union (PP–UPM)	13,078	49.80	–0.77	1	±0
	Localist Bloc of Melilla (BLM)	6,514	24.81	New	0	±0
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party–Progressives (PSOE–p)	5,363	20.42	–22.90	0	±0
	United Left (IU)	397	1.51	–1.97	0	±0
	The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV)	174	0.66	New	0	±0
	Nationalist Aprome (Aprome)	60	0.23	–0.50	0	±0
	The Phalanx (FE)	48	0.18	New	0	±0
	Independent Spanish Phalanx–Phalanx 2000 (FEI–FE 2000)	38	0.14	+0.02	0	±0
	Natural Law Party (PLN)	23	0.09	New	0	±0
	Spanish Democratic Party (PADE)	13	0.05	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		551	2.10	+0.48
Total		26,259			1	±0
Valid votes		26,259	99.28	+0.19
Invalid votes		191	0.72	–0.19
Votes cast / turnout		26,450	54.00	–7.95
Abstentions		22,535	46.00	+7.95
Registered voters		48,985
Sources [9]

1996 general election

Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	13,788	50.57	+5.65	1	+1
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	11,810	43.32	–5.47	0	–1
	United Left (IU)	950	3.48	+0.88	0	±0
	Nationalist Party of Melilla (PNM)	200	0.73	New	0	±0
	Centrist Union (UC)	74	0.27	–1.88	0	±0
Blank ballots		441	1.62	+0.39
Total		27,263			1	±0
Valid votes		27,263	99.09	–0.48
Invalid votes		251	0.91	+0.48
Votes cast / turnout		27,514	61.95	–4.19
Abstentions		16,901	38.05	+4.19
Registered voters		44,415
Sources [9]

1993 general election

Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	12,885	48.79	+10.29	1	+1
	People's Party (PP)	11,865	44.92	–10.76	0	–1
	United Left (IU)	687	2.60	New	0	±0
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	569	2.15	+0.35	0	±0
	Natural Law Party (PLN)	80	0.30	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		325	1.23	+0.33
Total		26,411			1	±0
Valid votes		26,411	99.57	+0.28
Invalid votes		115	0.43	–0.28
Votes cast / turnout		26,526	66.14	+14.25
Abstentions		13,579	33.86	–14.25
Registered voters		40,105
Sources [9]

1990 by-election

Summary of the 25 March 1990 Congress of Deputies by-election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	9,748	55.68	+16.28	1	+1
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	6,741	38.50	–3.50	0	–1
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	316	1.80	–6.64	0	±0
	Spanish Nationalist Party of Melilla (PNEM)	301	1.72	–5.34	0	±0
	Workers' Socialist Party (PST)	130	0.74	+0.07	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	115	0.66	–0.39	0	±0
Blank ballots		157	0.90	–0.49
Total		17,508			1	±0
Valid votes		17,508	99.29	+0.57
Invalid votes		126	0.71	–0.57
Votes cast / turnout		17,634	51.89	–6.06
Abstentions		16,351	48.11	+6.06
Registered voters		33,985
Sources [9]

1989 general election

The results of the 1989 general election in Melilla were declared void by the Spanish Constitutional Court because of perceived irregularities in the vote tally, with provisional results awarding the district's single seat to the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) by 507 votes. ^[10] After a by-election was held on 25 March 1990, the district's seat was won by the People's Party (PP) by a large majority of 3,007 votes. ^[11]

Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	8,178	42.00	+6.35	1	+1
	People's Party (PP)1	7,671	39.40	–6.54	0	–1
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	1,644	8.44	–2.78	0	±0
	Spanish Nationalist Party of Melilla (PNEM)	1,374	7.06	New	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	204	1.05	New	0	±0
	Workers' Socialist Party (PST)	131	0.67	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		270	1.39	–0.07
Total		19,472			1	±0
Valid votes		19,472	98.72	–0.16
Invalid votes		253	1.28	+0.16
Votes cast / turnout		19,725	57.95	–2.03
Abstentions		14,314	42.05	+2.03
Registered voters		34,039
Sources [9] [12]
Footnotes: 1 People's Party results are compared to People's Coalition totals in the 1986 election.

1986 general election

Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1	9,082	45.94	+19.51	1	+1
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	7,048	35.65	–13.34	0	–1
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	2,218	11.22	+3.53	0	±0
	United Left (IU)	549	2.78	New	0	±0
	Democratic Reformist Party (PRD)	465	2.35	New	0	±0
	Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)	118	0.60	+0.29	0	±0
Blank ballots		289	1.46	+0.74
Total		19,769			1	±0
Valid votes		19,769	98.88	–0.09
Invalid votes		224	1.12	+0.09
Votes cast / turnout		19,993	59.98	–10.52
Abstentions		13,337	40.02	+10.52
Registered voters		33,330
Sources [9]
Footnotes: 1 People's Coalition results are compared to People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party totals in the 1982 election.

1982 general election

Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	10,291	48.99	+27.59	1	+1
	People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party (AP–PDP)1	5,551	26.43	+21.59	0	±0
	Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)	3,083	14.68	–36.89	0	–1
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	1,615	7.69	New	0	±0
	New Force (FN)2	143	0.68	–1.77	0	±0
	Spanish Solidarity (SE)	105	0.50	New	0	±0
	Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)	66	0.31	New	0	±0
	Communist Movement (MC)	0	0.00	–1.03	0	±0
	Workers' Socialist Party (PST)	0	0.00	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		152	0.72	+0.36
Total		21,006			1	±0
Valid votes		21,006	98.97	–0.09
Invalid votes		218	1.03	+0.09
Votes cast / turnout		21,224	70.50	+9.83
Abstentions		8,883	29.50	–9.83
Registered voters		30,107
Sources [9]
Footnotes: 1 People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party results are compared to Democratic Coalition totals in the 1979 election. 2 New Force results are compared to National Union totals in the 1979 election.

1979 general election

Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)	9,035	51.57	–4.70	1	±0
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	3,750	21.40	–5.72	0	±0
	Independent Candidates of Melilla (CIME)	1,820	10.39	New	0	±0
	Democratic Coalition (CD)1	848	4.84	–6.04	0	±0
	Communist Party of Spain (PCE)	793	4.53	–0.54	0	±0
	National Union (UN)	429	2.45	New	0	±0
	Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)	353	2.01	New	0	±0
	Carlist Party (PC)	194	1.11	New	0	±0
	Communist Movement–Organization of Communist Left (MC–OIC)	180	1.03	New	0	±0
	Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)	46	0.26	New	0	±0
	Union for the Freedom of Speech (ULE)	9	0.05	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		63	0.36	–0.20
Total		17,520			1	±0
Valid votes		17,520	99.06	+0.28
Invalid votes		166	0.94	–0.28
Votes cast / turnout		17,686	60.67	–15.37
Abstentions		11,463	39.33	+15.37
Registered voters		29,149
Sources [9]
Footnotes: 1 Democratic Coalition results are compared to People's Alliance totals in the 1977 election.

1977 general election

Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)	10,723	56.27	n/a	1	n/a
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	5,168	27.12	n/a	0	n/a
	People's Alliance (AP)	2,074	10.88	n/a	0	n/a
	Communist Party of Spain (PCE)	966	5.07	n/a	0	n/a
Blank ballots		107	0.56	n/a
Total		19,056			1	n/a
Valid votes		19,056	98.78	n/a
Invalid votes		235	1.22	n/a
Votes cast / turnout		19,291	76.04	n/a
Abstentions		6,077	23.96	n/a
Registered voters		25,368
Sources [9]

References

1. "Real Decreto 1037/2022, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2022" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (305): 178928–178933. 21 December 2022. ISSN   0212-033X.
2. "Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política". Law No. 1 of 4 January 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
3. "Constitución Española". Act of 29 December 1978 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
4. Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
5. "Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales". Royal Decree-Law No. 20 of 18 March 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 December 2019.
6. "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985 (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2020.
7. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
8. "Resolución de 30 de agosto de 2023, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 400/2023, de 29 de mayo, y celebradas el 23 de julio de 2023, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y de Melilla" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (209): 122201–122274. 1 September 2023. ISSN   0212-033X.
9. "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
10. De la Cuadra, Bonifacio (20 February 1990). "Melilla repetirá las elecciones legislativas". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
11. Grijelmo, Álex (26 March 1990). "La derecha agrupó sus votos para vencer al PSOE". El País (in Spanish). Melilla. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
12. "1989 general election" (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 31 October 1989. Retrieved 24 September 2017.

35°16′N2°56′W / 35.267°N 2.933°W / 35.267; -2.933