1993 Spanish general election

1993 Spanish general election

←  1989 6 June 1993 1996  →
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 256) seats in the Senate 176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered	31,030,511 4.8%
Turnout	23,718,816 (76.4%) 6.7 pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader Felipe González José María Aznar Julio Anguita Party PSOE PP IU Leader since 28 September 1979 4 September 1989 12 February 1989 Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid Last election 177 seats, 40.1% [a] 107 seats, 25.8% 17 seats, 9.1% Seats won 159 141 18 Seat change 18 34 1 Popular vote 9,150,083 8,201,463 2,253,722 Percentage 38.8% 34.8% 9.6% Swing 1.3 pp 9.0 pp 0.5 pp   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Miquel Roca Iñaki Anasagasti Luis Mardones Party CiU EAJ/PNV CC Leader since 4 July 1982 1986 18 April 1986 Leader's seat Barcelona Biscay Santa Cruz de Tenerife Last election 18 seats, 5.0% 5 seats, 1.2% 1 seats, 0.3% Seats won 17 5 4 Seat change 1 0 3 Popular vote 1,165,783 291,448 207,077 Percentage 4.9% 1.2% 0.9% Swing 0.1 pp 0.0 pp 0.6 pp
Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress) Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress) Election results by constituency (Congress)
Prime Minister before election Felipe González PSOE Prime Minister after election Felipe González PSOE

A general election was held in Spain on Sunday, 6 June 1993, to elect the members of the 5th Cortes Generales under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 256 seats in the Senate.

Felipe González's third term in office had seen Spain completing projects like the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line and hosting events such as the Seville Expo '92 and the Barcelona '92 Summer Olympics, which contributed to the modernization of the country's international image. Several corruption scandals affecting the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) were uncovered during this period: deputy prime minister Alfonso Guerra resigned in 1991 after his brother was accused of nepotism and tax evasion, and a judicial probe was started on the alleged illegal funding of PSOE campaigns (the "Filesa case"). The outset of the early 1990s recession and its impact on the Spanish economy—amid unemployment growth and rising inflation—forced the government to devalue the peseta three times in nine months. As a result of mounting crises and rising political tension, González chose to call a snap election for June 1993.

Amid a large voter turnout of 76.4%, González's PSOE emerged as the largest party for the fourth consecutive time, though it lost the overall majority it had held since 1982 and fell to 159 deputies. In contrast, José María Aznar's People's Party (PP) gained from the collapse of the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) and made significant inroads, increasing its support to 34.8% of the vote and 141 seats. However, the party fell short of opinion poll predictions that gave it the most seats, which was attributed to González being perceived as decisively defeating Aznar in the second of two head-to-head debates held during the campaign. United Left (IU) remained stagnant, with party leader Julio Anguita having suffered a stroke in the week previous to the election that prevented him from campaigning.

For the first time since 1979, the election brought in a hung parliament, but parliamentary arithmetics meant that the PSOE remained the only party able to form a government. González was forced to seek the support of Catalan and Basque nationalist groups—such as Convergence and Union (CiU) and the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV)—in order to renew his tenure, in exchange for regional concessions. His fourth government was a minority one, in spite of coalition offerings made to CiU and PNV being rejected.

Background

The 175-seat victory of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in the 1989 general election, exactly half of Congress, allowed it to govern with a de facto absolute majority or with minor support from other parties, depending on Herri Batasuna's policy of abstentionism. ^{[1] [2]} Due to election irregularities reported in a number of constituencies, only 332 deputies were sworn in by Felipe González's investiture as prime minister, ^[3] prompting him to submit a motion of confidence on his government in April 1990, ^{[4] [5]} which he won. ^[6]

Internationally, the country would participate in the multinational military coalition formed in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait leading to the Gulf War (which saw an increase in conscientious objectors to compulsory military service in Spain), ^{[7] [8]} and in the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, which established the European Union (EU) and provided a roadmap towards a common currency. ^[9] The establishment of a "European citizenship" required a constitutional reform—the first since the approval of the 1978 Spanish Constitution—to introduce active and passive suffrage in local elections for nationals of EU member states. ^{[10] [11]} Internally, the 1990 liberalization of the television market saw the first private channels in Spain—Antena 3, Telecinco and Canal+—challenging RTVE's monopoly until then. ^[12] The approval in 1992 of a new Law on Citizen Security Protection—aimed at repealing the public order legislation in force since the Franco's dictatorship and combating drug-related crimes—came under criticism due to its empowerment to law enforcement to enter a home without the need for a warrant or judicial authorization. ^{[13] [14]} These provisions (which earned the bill the nickname "kick-in-the-door law") would be eventually overturned by the Constitutional Court in November 1993, prompting the resignation of the law's promoter, interior minister José Luis Corcuera. ^{[15] [16]}

The Spanish economy temporarily weathered the impact of the early 1990s recession thanks to investments in the Seville Expo '92, the Barcelona Olympics or the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line.

This period also saw Spain hosting events such as the Madrid Conference of 1991, ^[17] the Seville Expo '92 and the Barcelona '92 Summer Olympics—which allowed the fledgeling democracy to present itself to the international community as a modern country, different from what it had been under the Francoist regime ^{[18] [19]} —as well as the completion of major infrastructure projects such as the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line and the establishment of the first AVE service. ^[20] However, the Spanish economy was hit hard by the effects of the ongoing international recession: the large investments of these years left public administrations and companies highly indebted, while the 1990 oil price shock affected inflation (whose rise forced the government to devalue the peseta three times in nine months; the last of which, on 13 May 1993, would become known as "Black Thursday"), which was followed by an increase of the unemployment rate. ^{[21] [22] [23]}

ETA intensified its attacks in the early 1990s in the run up to the Barcelona Olympics in order to try to gain worldwide attention; this saw the Sabadell bombing in 1990, the Vic and Mutxamel bombings in 1991, and the 1992 Madrid bombing, as well as a number of attacks in the Netherlands. In March 1992, the group leaders at the time—José Luis Álvarez Santacristina "Txelis", José Javier Zabaleta Elosegi "Baldo", Francisco Múgica Garmendia "Pakito" y José Arregi Erostarbe "Fitti"—were detained in the French commune of Bidart thanks to cooperation between Spanish and French forces. ^[24]

During these years, a string of political scandals began to undermine the government's public image. ^[25] Alfonso Guerra resigned as deputy prime minister in January 1991, ^[26] following a scandal involving his brother Juan—amid accusations of nepotism and tax evasion ^[27] —which had been ongoing for over a year. ^{[28] [29]} In May, it was revealed that a number of PSOE-linked companies had been paid hundreds of millions for consultancy works that were never carried out (funds which were allegedly used to illegally fund the party's campaigns in 1989) in what would come to be known as the "Filesa case". ^{[30] [31] [32]} Several months later, health minister Julián García Valverde was forced to abandon politics after revelations that RENFE—a state-owned company which he had presided between 1985 and 1991—had purchased lands at an inflated price that suggested a possible embezzlement. ^{[33] [34]}

Amid party divisions, a scandal affecting his brother forced Alfonso Guerra's resignation as deputy prime minister.

Other scandals saw the "Ibercorp case" that broke out in February 1992, in which it was unveiled that governor of the Bank of Spain Mariano Rubio owned stock shares in the Ibercorp investment bank, that he had concealed these from the National Securities Market Commission (CNMV) and that he had amassed a fortune by carrying out financial operations based on privileged information; while Rubio denied all accusations, he was replaced from his post in July. ^{[35] [36]} In November that year, a scheme to collect illegal kickbacks from the awarding of contracts for the purchase of newsprint used by the Official State Gazette (BOE) printing presses was uncovered. ^{[37] [38]} The scandal would bring about the arrest one year later of former BOE director, Carmen Salanueva, ^{[39] [40]} who was also accused of fraud by buying paintings at a low price invoking the name of Queen Sofía and Carmen Romero, spouse of then prime minister Felipe González. ^{[41] [42]}

The growing unpopularity of the government sewed divisions within the ruling PSOE: starting in its 1990 congress, supporters of deputy secretary-general Alfonso Guerra (colloquially referred to as guerristas) clashed with supporters of prime minister Felipe González (renovadores, Spanish for "renovators") over party control. ^[43] Opposition to the Socialist government coalesced around the newly-amalgamated People's Party (PP)—formed in 1989 by several right-of-centre parties: the People's Alliance (AP), the Christian Democracy (DC) and the Liberal Party (PL)—and its new party leader, José María Aznar, ^[44] particularly following the 1991 local and regional elections, which saw the PSOE losing important local governments such as Valencia and Seville, ^{[45] [46]} as well as the collapse of the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) and the farewell of its leader, Adolfo Suárez, from active politics. ^[47]

On 12 April 1993, Felipe González announced the dissolution of parliament and the calling of a snap election for 6 June, four months ahead of schedule, to solve "tensions in Spanish political life" that prevented his government from "addressing the economic crisis". ^{[48] [49]} The rising number of revelations of corruption scandal, internal party divisions, and the increasingly hostile opposition staged by the PP were also said to have González's decision. ^{[50] [51]}

Overview

Electoral system

Under the 1978 Constitution, the Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override. ^{[52] [53]} Voting for each chamber of the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights, provided that they were not sentenced—by a final court ruling—to deprivation of the right to vote, nor being legally incapacitated. ^{[54] [55]}

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. The two remaining seats were allocated to Ceuta and Melilla as single-member districts and elected using plurality voting. ^{[56] [57]} The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies. ^[58]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats: ^[59]

Seats	Constituencies
34	Madrid (+1)
32	Barcelona
16	Valencia
12	Seville
10	Alicante, Málaga
9	Asturias, Biscay (–1), Cádiz, La Coruña, Murcia
8	Pontevedra
7	Balearics (+1), Córdoba, Granada, Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6	Badajoz, Guipúzcoa (–1), Jaén, Tarragona (+1)
5	Almería, Cáceres, Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Girona, Huelva, León, Lugo, Navarre, Toledo, Valladolid
4	Álava, Albacete, Burgos, La Rioja, Lleida, Orense (–1), Salamanca
3	Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Zamora

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants. ^{[60] [61]}

The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacated seats; instead, any vacancies that occurred after the proclamation of candidates and into the legislature's term were to be covered by the successive candidates in the list and, when needed, by the designated substitutes, of which the list was required to include three. ^[62]

Eligibility

Spanish citizens of age and with the legal capacity to vote could run for election, provided that they were not sentenced to imprisonment by a final court ruling nor convicted, even if by a non-final ruling, to forfeiture of eligibility or to specific disqualification or suspension from public office under particular offences: rebellion and terrorism when involving crimes against life, physical integrity or freedom of the person. Other causes of ineligibility were imposed on the following officials: ^{[63] [64]}

• Members of the Spanish royal family and their spouses;
• The holders of a number of positions: the president and members of the Constitutional Court, the General Council of the Judiciary, the Supreme Court, the Council of State, the Court of Auditors and the Economic and Social Council; the Ombudsman; the State's Attorney General; high-ranking members—undersecretaries, secretaries-general, directors-general and chiefs of staff—of Spanish government departments, the Office of the Prime Minister, the Social Security and other government agencies; government delegates in the autonomous communities, and civil governors and sub-governors; the director-general of the Spanish Radio and Television Corporation; the director of the Electoral Register Office; the governor and deputy governor of the Bank of Spain; the chairs of the Official Credit Institute and other official credit institutions; and members of electoral commissions and of the Nuclear Safety Council;
• Heads of diplomatic missions in foreign states or international organizations (ambassadors and plenipotentiaries);
• Judges and public prosecutors in active service;
• Personnel of the Armed Forces (Army, Navy and Air Force) and law enforcement corps in active service.

Other causes of ineligibility for both chambers were imposed on a number of territorial-level officers in the aforementioned categories—during their tenure of office—in constituencies within the whole or part of their respective area of jurisdiction, as well as employees of foreign states and members of regional governments. ^{[63] [64]} Incompatibility provisions extended to the president of the Competition Defence Court; members of the board of the Spanish Radio and Television Corporation and the offices of the prime minister, the ministers and the secretaries of state; government delegates in port authorities, hydrographic confederations and toll highway concessionary companies; presidents and other high-ranking members of public entities, state monopolies, companies with majority public participation and public saving banks; as well as the impossibility of simultaneously holding the positions of deputy and senator or regional legislator. ^[65]

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. ^[66]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. ^[67] The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place between the fifty-fourth and the sixtieth day from publication. ^[68] The previous election was held on 29 October 1989, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 29 October 1993. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 5 October 1993, with the election taking place on the sixtieth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Saturday, 4 December 1993. ^[69]

The prime minister had the prerogative to propose the monarch to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. ^[70] Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot. ^[71] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections to the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2025, there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 13 April 1993 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 6 June and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 29 June. ^[59]

Parliamentary composition

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution. ^{[72] [73]}

Parliamentary composition in April 1993 [74] Congress of Deputies Groups Parties Deputies Seats Total Socialist Group of the Congress PSOE 155 175 PSC 20 People's Parliamentary Group in the Congress PP 104 106 UPN 2 Catalan Parliamentary Group (Convergence and Union) CDC 13 18 UDC 5 United Left–Initiative for Catalonia Parliamentary Group IU 14 17 IC 3 CDS Parliamentary Group CDS 12 12 Basque Parliamentary Group (PNV) EAJ/PNV 5 5 Mixed Parliamentary Group HB 4 17 PA 2 UV 2 EA 2 EE 1 EuE 1 PAR 1 AIC 1 INDEP 3 [b]

Parliamentary composition in April 1993 [75] Senate Groups Parties Senators Seats Total Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE 120 128 PSC 8 People's Parliamentary Group in the Senate PP 88 91 UPN 2 UM 1 Convergence and Union's Catalan Parliamentary Group in the Senate CDC 11 14 UDC 3 Basque Nationalist Senators' Parliamentary Group EAJ/PNV 6 6 Mixed Parliamentary Group IU 3 15 HB 3 AIC 3 CDS 1 EA 1 PAR 1 AM 1 AHI 1 ENV 1

Parties and candidates

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy		Parties and alliances	Leading candidate		Ideology	Previous result				Gov.	Ref.
						Congress		Senate
						Vote %	Seats	Vote %	Seats
	PSOE	List Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)		Felipe González	Social democracy	40.1% [a]	177	40.7% [c]	107		[76] [77] [78]
	PP	List People's Party (PP) Navarrese People's Union (UPN)		José María Aznar	Conservatism Christian democracy	25.8%	107	26.1%	78		[79] [80]
	CiU	List Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC)		Miquel Roca	Catalan nationalism Centrism	5.0%	18	5.3%	10
	IU	List United Left (IU) – Communist Party of Spain (PCE) – Socialist Action Party (PASOC) – Republican Left (IR) – Collectives for the Unity of Workers (CUT) – Galician Left (EG) Initiative for Catalonia (IC) – Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC)		Julio Anguita	Socialism Communism	9.1%	17	8.8%	1
	CDS	List Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)		Rafael Calvo Ortega	Centrism Liberalism	7.9%	14	7.6%	1		[81]
	EAJ/PNV	List Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)		Iñaki Anasagasti	Basque nationalism Christian democracy	1.2%	5	1.3%	4
	HB	List Popular Unity (HB) – Basque Nationalist Action (EAE/ANV) – Patriotic Socialist Committees (ASK)		Jon Idigoras	Basque independence Abertzale left Revolutionary socialism	1.1%	4	1.1%	3
	PA	List Andalusian Party (PA)		Salvador Pérez Bueno	Andalusian nationalism Social democracy	1.0%	2	1.2%	0
	UV	List Valencian Union (UV)		Vicente González Lizondo	Blaverism Conservatism	0.7%	2	0.6%	0
	EA–EuE	List Basque Solidarity (EA) Basque Left (EuE)		Xabier Albistur	Basque nationalism Social democracy	0.7%	2	0.7%	0
	PAR	List Aragonese Party (PAR)		José María Mur	Regionalism Centrism	0.4%	1	0.4%	0
	CC	List Canarian Independent Groups (AIC) – Tenerife Group of Independents (ATI) – La Palma Group of Independents (API) – Gomera Group of Independents (AGI) – Independents of Fuerteventura (IF) – Lanzarote Independents Party (PIL) Nationalist Canarian Initiative (ICAN) Independent Canarian Centre (CCI) Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) Independent Herrenian Group (AHI) Majorera Assembly (AM)		Lorenzo Olarte	Regionalism Canarian nationalism Centrism	0.3% [d]	1	0.2% [d]	4
	ERC	List Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)		Pilar Rahola	Catalan independence Left-wing nationalism Social democracy	0.4%	0	0.4%	0

Campaign

Election debates

1993 Spanish general election debates

Date	Organisers	Moderator(s)	P Present [e]   S Surrogate [f]
			PSOE	PP	Audience	Ref.
24 May	Antena 3	Manuel Campo Vidal	P González	P Aznar	61.8% (9,625,000)	[82] [83]
31 May	Tele 5	Luis Mariñas	P González	P Aznar	75.3% (10,526,000)	[82] [83]

Opinion polls

Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate

Debate	Polling firm/Commissioner	PSOE	PP	Tie	None	?
24 May	Demoscopia/El País [84]	21.0	50.0	29.0
	Opina/La Vanguardia [85]	18.4	42.5	8.1	13.9	17.2
	Sigma Dos/El Mundo [86]	28.0	49.8	22.2
31 May	Demoscopia/El País [87]	48.0	18.0	34.0
	Opina/La Vanguardia [88]	36.2	15.3	17.4	13.6	17.5

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 1993 Spanish general election

Local regression trend line of poll results from 29 October 1989 to 6 June 1993, with each line corresponding to a political party.

Results

Congress of Deputies

For results by autonomous community/constituency, see Results breakdown of the 1993 Spanish general election (Congress).

← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1	9,150,083	38.78	−1.33	159	−18
	People's Party (PP)	8,201,463	34.76	+8.97	141	+34
	United Left (IU)	2,253,722	9.55	+0.48	18	+1
	Convergence and Union (CiU)	1,165,783	4.94	−0.10	17	−1
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	414,740	1.76	−6.13	0	−14
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	291,448	1.24	±0.00	5	±0
	Canarian Coalition (CC)2	207,077	0.88	+0.45	4	+3
	Popular Unity (HB)	206,876	0.88	−0.18	2	−2
	Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)	189,632	0.80	+0.39	1	+1
	The Greens (Verdes)3	185,940	0.79	−0.11	0	±0
	Aragonese Party (PAR)	144,544	0.61	+0.26	1	±0
	Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE)	129,293	0.55	−0.12	1	−1
	Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)	126,965	0.54	+0.31	0	±0
	Valencian Union (UV)	112,341	0.48	−0.23	1	−1
	Andalusian Party (PA)	96,513	0.41	−0.63	0	−2
	The Ecologists (LE)	68,851	0.29	−0.38	0	±0
	Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE)	54,518	0.23	−0.84	0	±0
	Andalusian Progress Party (PAP)	43,169	0.18	New	0	±0
	Valencian People's Union (UPV)	41,052	0.17	−0.03	0	±0
	Workers' Socialist Party (PST)	30,068	0.13	−0.27	0	±0
	Union for the Progress of Cantabria (UPCA)	27,005	0.11	New	0	±0
	Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE)	20,118	0.09	+0.05	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)	18,608	0.08	New	0	±0
	Alavese Unity (UA)	16,623	0.07	New	0	±0
	Liberal Independent Group (GIL)	16,452	0.07	New	0	±0
	Party of Gran Canaria (PGC)	15,246	0.06	New	0	±0
	Leonese People's Union (UPL)	13,097	0.06	New	0	±0
	Natural Law Party (PLN)	11,392	0.05	New	0	±0
	Asturianist Party (PAS)	11,088	0.05	+0.02	0	±0
	United Extremadura (EU)	10,653	0.05	±0.00	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	10,233	0.04	−0.27	0	±0
	Majorcan, Menorcan and Pityusic Union (UMMP)	10,053	0.04	New	0	±0
	Ecologist Party of Catalonia–VERDE (PEC–VERDE)	9,249	0.04	−0.06	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	8,834	0.04	−0.04	0	±0
	Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR)	8,667	0.04	±0.00	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	8,000	0.03	−0.09	0	±0
	Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)4	7,991	0.03	−0.03	0	±0
	Riojan Party (PR)	7,532	0.03	New	0	±0
	Aragonese Union (CHA)	6,344	0.03	+0.01	0	±0
	Galician Nationalist Convergence (CNG)	4,663	0.02	New	0	±0
	Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)	4,647	0.02	New	0	±0
	Galician Alternative (AG)	3,286	0.01	New	0	±0
	Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE)	3,063	0.01	+0.01	0	±0
	Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL)	2,715	0.01	New	0	±0
	Party of El Bierzo (PB)	2,681	0.01	New	0	±0
	Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx)	2,086	0.01	New	0	±0
	Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES)	1,959	0.01	New	0	±0
	Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM)5	1,917	0.01	−0.01	0	±0
	Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI)	1,644	0.01	New	0	±0
	Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV)	1,517	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI)	1,415	0.01	+0.01	0	±0
	People's Palentine Group (APP)	1,410	0.01	New	0	±0
	Rainbow (Arcoiris)	1,407	0.01	New	0	±0
	The Greens of the Alicantine Country (PVPA)	1,375	0.01	New	0	±0
	Cantonal Party (PCAN)	1,300	0.01	New	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)	1,193	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE)	1,178	0.00	New	0	±0
	Tenerife Assembly (ATF)	1,159	0.00	New	0	±0
	Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC)	1,155	0.00	New	0	±0
	Insular Group of Gran Canaria (AIGRANC)	1,009	0.00	New	0	±0
	Castilianist Union (UC)	949	0.00	New	0	±0
	Andecha Astur (AA)	787	0.00	New	0	±0
	Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA)	747	0.00	New	0	±0
	Alicantine Democratic Union (UniDA)	715	0.00	New	0	±0
	Progressive Front of Spain (FPE)	641	0.00	New	0	±0
	Union of Autonomies (UDLA)	594	0.00	New	0	±0
	Socialist October (OS)	540	0.00	New	0	±0
	Independent Council of Asturias (Conceyu)	528	0.00	New	0	±0
	Integration Party for Almeria and its Peoples (PIAP)	466	0.00	New	0	±0
	Spanish Balearic Alternative (ABE)	416	0.00	New	0	±0
	Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG)	408	0.00	New	0	±0
	Party of The People (LG)	385	0.00	New	0	±0
	Nationalist Party of Cantabria (PNC)	383	0.00	New	0	±0
	Federated Independents of Aragon (IF)	303	0.00	New	0	±0
	Radical Balearic Party (PRB)	282	0.00	New	0	±0
	Tagoror Party (Tagoror)	278	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU)	267	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Social Democratic Spanish Christian Monarchy (MCES)	244	0.00	New	0	±0
	Progressive Sorian Union (US)	98	0.00	New	0	±0
	Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL)	70	0.00	−0.01	0	±0
	Initiative for Ceuta (INCE)	42	0.00	New	0	±0
	Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)	0	0.00	New	0	±0
	Coalition for Free Canaries (CCL)	0	0.00	New	0	±0
	Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED)	0	0.00	−0.02	0	±0
	Freixes Independent Group (Freixes)	0	0.00	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		188,679	0.80	+0.11
Total		23,591,864			350	±0
Valid votes		23,591,864	99.46	+0.20
Invalid votes		126,952	0.54	−0.20
Votes cast / turnout		23,718,816	76.44	+6.70
Abstentions		7,311,695	23.56	−6.70
Registered voters		31,030,511
Sources [89] [90]
Footnotes: 1 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party results are compared to the combined totals of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and Basque Country Left in the 1989 election. 2 Canarian Coalition results are compared to Canarian Independent Groups totals in the 1989 election. 3 The Greens results are compared to the combined totals of Green List and Green Alternative–Ecologist Movement of Catalonia in the 1989 election. 4 Coalition for a New Socialist Party results are compared to Alliance for the Republic totals in the 1989 election. 5 Madrilenian Independent Regional Party results are compared to Regional Party of Madrid totals in the 1989 election.

Popular vote PSOE   38.78% PP   34.76% IU   9.55% CiU   4.94% CDS   1.76% EAJ/PNV   1.24% CC   0.88% HB   0.88% ERC   0.80% PAR   0.61% EA–EUE   0.55% UV   0.48% Others   3.97% Blank ballots   0.80%

Seats PSOE   45.43% PP   40.29% IU   5.14% CiU   4.86% EAJ/PNV   1.43% CC   1.14% HB   0.57% ERC   0.29% PAR   0.29% EA–EUE   0.29% UV   0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Senate of Spain election results →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1	25,441,605	39.02	−1.66	96	−11
	People's Party (PP)	22,467,236	34.46	+8.40	93	+15
	United Left (IU)	6,172,255	9.47	+0.70	0	−1
	Convergence and Union (CiU)	3,458,419	5.30	+0.01	10	±0
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	1,189,877	1.82	−5.78	0	−1
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	846,605	1.30	−0.04	3	−1
	Popular Unity (HB)	599,744	0.92	−0.22	1	−2
	The Greens (Verdes)2	570,793	0.88	+0.24	0	±0
	Aragonese Party (PAR)	465,162	0.71	+0.28	0	±0
	Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)	402,549	0.62	+0.36	0	±0
	Canarian Coalition (CC)3	396,799	0.61	+0.37	5	+1
	Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE)	381,356	0.58	−0.14	0	±0
	Valencian Union (UV)	347,593	0.53	−0.08	0	±0
	Andalusian Party (PA)	312,384	0.48	−0.67	0	±0
	Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)	239,546	0.37	−0.06	0	±0
	Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE)	180,139	0.28	−0.43	0	±0
	Union for the Progress of Cantabria (UPCA)	144,784	0.22	New	0	±0
	Valencian People's Union (UPV)	138,183	0.21	−0.03	0	±0
	Andalusian Progress Party (PAP)	133,514	0.20	New	0	±0
	The Ecologists (LE)	70,589	0.11	−0.43	0	±0
	Liberal Independent Group (GIL)	60,071	0.09	New	0	±0
	Leonese People's Union (UPL)	57,797	0.09	New	0	±0
	Ecologist Party of Catalonia (PEC)	52,053	0.08	New	0	±0
	Alavese Unity (UA)	49,120	0.08	New	0	±0
	United Extremadura (EU)	48,113	0.07	−0.01	0	±0
	Asturianist Party (PAS)	43,538	0.07	+0.04	0	±0
	Workers' Socialist Party (PST)	43,044	0.07	−0.15	0	±0
	Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE)	40,478	0.06	+0.03	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	35,618	0.05	−0.22	0	±0
	Party of Gran Canaria (PGC)	30,285	0.05	New	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)	28,769	0.04	New	0	±0
	Aragonese Union (CHA)	28,186	0.04	+0.02	0	±0
	Riojan Party (PR)	27,383	0.04	New	0	±0
	Majorcan, Menorcan and Pityusic Union (UMMP)	24,450	0.04	New	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	22,845	0.04	−0.09	0	±0
	Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)	17,953	0.03	New	0	±0
	Galician Nationalist Convergence (CNG)	16,405	0.03	New	0	±0
	Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)4	13,733	0.02	−0.02	0	±0
	Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL)	13,041	0.02	New	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)	12,147	0.02	−0.01	0	±0
	Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE)	11,830	0.02	+0.01	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	11,176	0.02	−0.05	0	±0
	Galician Alternative (AG)	10,849	0.02	New	0	±0
	Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI)	10,768	0.02	+0.02	0	±0
	Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM)5	10,713	0.02	−0.02	0	±0
	Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI)	10,681	0.02	New	0	±0
	Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR)	10,258	0.02	+0.01	0	±0
	Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx)	10,253	0.02	New	0	±0
	Green Social Unity (USV)	9,802	0.02	New	0	±0
	Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE)	9,704	0.01	−0.17	0	±0
	Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE)	9,507	0.01	−0.02	0	±0
	Rainbow (Arcoiris)	5,419	0.01	New	0	±0
	Party of El Bierzo (PB)	5,151	0.01	New	0	±0
	People's Palentine Group (APP)	4,869	0.01	New	0	±0
	Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV)	4,617	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	The Greens of the Alicantine Country (PVPA)	4,439	0.01	New	0	±0
	Natural Law Party (PLN)	4,422	0.01	New	0	±0
	Cantonal Party (PCAN)	4,333	0.01	New	0	±0
	Federal Socialist Party (PSF)	4,168	0.01	New	0	±0
	Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES)	4,083	0.01	New	0	±0
	Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED)	4,047	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Alicantine Democratic Union (UniDA)	3,611	0.01	New	0	±0
	Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA)	3,408	0.01	New	0	±0
	Andecha Astur (AA)	3,068	0.00	New	0	±0
	Castilianist Union (UC)	3,013	0.00	New	0	±0
	Tenerife Assembly (ATF)	2,638	0.00	New	0	±0
	Spanish Action (AE)	2,595	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Independent Council of Asturias (Conceyu)	2,326	0.00	New	0	±0
	Navarrese Regionalists (RN)	2,213	0.00	New	0	±0
	Insular Group of Gran Canaria (AIGRANC)	2,098	0.00	New	0	±0
	Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC)	1,961	0.00	New	0	±0
	Socialist October (OS)	1,751	0.00	New	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU)	1,641	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Nationalist Party of Cantabria (PNC)	1,566	0.00	New	0	±0
	Natural Culture (CN)	1,557	0.00	−0.01	0	±0
	Blue Party of Progressive Rightwing (PADP)	1,086	0.00	New	0	±0
	Integration Party for Almeria and its Peoples (PIAP)	1,026	0.00	New	0	±0
	Tagoror Party (Tagoror)	1,016	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Social Democratic Spanish Christian Monarchy (MCES)	1,009	0.00	New	0	±0
	Federated Independents of Aragon (IF)	842	0.00	New	0	±0
	Spanish Balearic Alternative (ABE)	717	0.00	New	0	±0
	Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG)	583	0.00	New	0	±0
	Proverist Party (PPr)	467	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Radical Balearic Party (PRB)	460	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL)	352	0.00	−0.02	0	±0
	Progressive Sorian Union (US)	347	0.00	New	0	±0
	Initiative for Ceuta (INCE)	70	0.00	New	0	±0
	Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)	0	0.00	New	0	±0
	Freixes Independent Group (Freixes)	0	0.00	New	0	±0
Blank ballots [g]		376,829	1.63	−0.04
Total		65,203,500			208	±0
Valid votes		23,189,174	97.70	+1.13
Invalid votes		546,821	2.30	−1.13
Votes cast / turnout		23,735,995	76.49	+6.62
Abstentions		7,294,516	23.51	−6.62
Registered voters		31,030,511
Sources [73] [89] [90] [91]
Footnotes: 1 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party results are compared to the combined totals of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and Basque Country Left in the 1989 election. 2 The Greens results are compared to the combined totals of Green List and Green Alternative–Ecologist Movement of Catalonia in the 1989 election. 3 Canarian Coalition results are compared to the combined totals of Canarian Independent Groups, Lanzarote Independents Group, Majorera Assembly and Independent Herrenian Group in the 1989 election. 4 Coalition for a New Socialist Party results are compared to Alliance for the Republic totals in the 1989 election. 5 Madrilenian Independent Regional Party results are compared to Regional Party of Madrid totals in the 1989 election.

Popular vote PSOE   39.02% PP   34.46% IU   9.47% CiU   5.30% CDS   1.82% EAJ/PNV   1.30% HB   0.92% CC   0.61% Others   6.52% Blank ballots   1.63%

Seats PSOE   46.15% PP   44.71% CiU   4.81% CC   2.40% EAJ/PNV   1.44% HB   0.48%

Maps

• 
  Election results by constituency (Congress).
• 
  Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress).
• 
  Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress).

Aftermath

Government formation

Further information: Fourth government of Felipe González

Investiture Congress of Deputies Nomination of Felipe González (PSOE)
Ballot →		9 July 1993
Required majority →		176 out of 350 Y
	Yes • PSOE (159) • CiU (17) • PNV (5)	181 / 350
	No • PP (141) • IU–IC (17) • CC (4) • ERC (1) • EA (1) • UV (1)	165 / 350
	Abstentions • PAR (1)	1 / 350
	Absentees • HB (2) • IU–IC (1)	3 / 350
Sources [92]

Notes

1. Results for PSOE (39.6%, 175 deputies) and EE (0.5%, 2 deputies) in the 1989 Congress election.
2. Carlos Revilla and Antoni Fernández Teixidó, former CDS legislators; Felipe Baeza, former PP legislator.
3. Results for PSOE (40.1%, 107 senators) and EE (0.5%, 0 senators) in the 1989 Senate election.
4. Results for AIC in the 1989 election.
5. Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
6. Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
7. The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

References

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85. "Aznar superó a González en el debate". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
86. "Las encuestas de "El Mundo", "La Vanguardia" y "El País" dan el triunfo a Aznar". ABC (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
87. "Victoria neta de González sobre Aznar en el segundo cara a cara televisivo". El País (in Spanish). 2 June 1993.
88. "González ganó por 20,9 puntos a Aznar". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2 June 1993.
89. "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales" (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior . Retrieved 15 April 2022.
90. Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones Generales 6 de junio de 1993". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
91. Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones al Senado 1993". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
92. Lozano, Carles. "Congreso de los Diputados: Votaciones más importantes". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.

Bibliography

• Constitución Española (Constitution). Official State Gazette (in Spanish). King of Spain. 29 December 1978 [version as of 28 August 1992]. BOE-A-1978-31229. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
• Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General (Organic Law 5/1985). Official State Gazette (in Spanish). King of Spain. 19 June 1985 [version as of 3 November 1992]. BOE-A-1985-11672. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
• Carreras de Odriozola, Albert; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. pp. 1072–1097. ISBN   84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.

External links

• Media related to Spanish general election, 1993 at Wikimedia Commons