1903 Spanish general election

1903 Spanish general election

←  1901 26 April 1903 (Congress) 10 May 1903 (Senate) 1905  →
All 403 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 (of 360) seats in the Senate 202 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
First party Second party Third party   Leader Francisco Silvela Eugenio Montero Ríos Nicolás Salmerón Party Conservative Liberal Republican Leader since 1899 1902 1903 Leader's seat Piedrahita Senator (for life) Barcelona Last election 91 (C) ·41 (S) [a] 252 (C) ·117 (S) [b] 15 (C) ·3 (S) [c] Seats won 228 (C) ·101 (S) 95 (C) ·50 (S) 28 (C) ·1 (S) Seat change 137 (C) · 60 (S) 157 (C) · 67 (S) 13 (C) · 2 (S)   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader José Canalejas None [d] José María Vallés Party Democratic Tetuanist Federal Leader since 1902 — 1901 Leader's seat Alcoy — La Bisbal Last election Did not contest 10 (C) ·7 (S) 2 (C) ·0 (S) Seats won 9 (C) ·4 (S) 6 (C) ·6 (S) 8 (C) ·1 (S) Seat change 9 (C) · 4 (S) 4 (C) · 1 (S) 6 (C) · 1 (S)
Election results by Congress of Deputies electoral constituency and district
Prime Minister before election Francisco Silvela Conservative Prime Minister after election Francisco Silvela Conservative

A general election was held in Spain on Sunday, 26 April (for the Congress of Deputies) and on Sunday, 10 May 1903 (for the Senate), to elect the members of the 11th Restoration Cortes. All 403 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.

Since the Pact of El Pardo, an informal system known as turno or turnismo was operated by the monarchy and the country's two main parties—the Conservatives and the Liberals—to determine in advance the outcome of elections by means of electoral fraud, often achieved through the territorial clientelistic networks of local bosses (the caciques ), ensuring that both parties would have rotating periods in power. As a result, elections were often neither truly free nor fair, though they could be more competitive in the country's urban centres where caciquism was weaker.

Prime Minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta's last period in power was dominated by the rise of Catalan regionalism and a string of worker strikes, as well as a number of issues—such as the religious and the educational questions—in which the government's results were mixed. A deteriorating health condition forced Sagasta's resignation on 6 December 1902, with power being handed over to Francisco Silvela and his Conservative Party; Sagasta would end up dying one month later, on 5 January. As a result, 1903 was the first election in the Restoration period not to be contested either by Sagasta or by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, both of whom had been the regime's pillars by ensuring its duration and stability for decades. It was also the first election with Alfonso XIII as King regnant, following his coming of age and the end of his mother's regency.

Background

Following the Bourbon Restoration in 1874, the Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a semi-constitutional monarchy , awarding the monarch —under the royal prerogative —the right of legislative initiative together with the bicameral Cortes ; the capacity to veto laws passed by the legislative body; the power to appoint government members (including the prime minister ); the ability to grant or deny parliamentary dissolution , the adjournment of legislative sessions and the signature of royal decrees ; as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the armed forces . ^{[1] [2]} The monarch would play a key role in the turno system by appointing and dismissing governments, which would then organize elections to provide themselves with a parliamentary majority. This informal system allowed the two major " dynastic " political parties at the time, the Conservatives and the Liberals —characterized as oligarchic , elite parties with loose structures dominated by internal factions, each led by powerful individuals—to alternate in power by means of electoral fraud ( pucherazo ). This was achieved by assigning candidates to districts before the elections were held ( encasillado ), then arrange their victory through the links between the Ministry of Governance and the territorial clientelistic networks of provincial governors and local bosses (the caciques ), excluding minor parties from the power sharing. ^{[3] [4]}

The last period in power of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1901–1902) saw the coming of age of King Alfonso XIII in May 1902, but also the continuation of the social and regionalist conflicts that had afflicted previous governments. A general strike in Barcelona in February 1902 was violently suppressed, while the government proved unable to address the improvement of labour conditions demanded by the working classes. ^[5] Sagasta's cabinet also proved unable to resolve the religious question—regarding a disproportionate growth in the establishment of religious congregations, considered contrary to law—nor to tackle Catalan regionalism through decentralizing formulas, but was able to approve a major reform of the education system underwent by the Count of Romanones, public instruction minister (comprising a new study plan in secondary education, the reestablishment of academic freedom, the attribution to the State of the payment of primary school teachers and an expansion of compulsory schooling). ^[6]

Sagasta tendered his resignation as prime minister two times throughout 1902—first to Queen Regent Maria Christina in March, then to the newly-crowned King Alfonso XIII in November—but they were both rejected. However, growing criticism from the opposition, waning support within his party and a deteriorating health condition forced his final resignation on 6 December and the entrustment of power to Francisco Silvela of the Conservative Party. Sagasta would die of bronchopneumonia one month after leaving office, on 5 January 1903, at age 77. ^{[6] [7] [8]}

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameral system. ^[9] Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, the first reading of which corresponded to Congress, and impeachment processes against government ministers, in which each chamber had separate powers of indictment (Congress) and trial (Senate). ^{[10] [11]} Voting for each chamber of the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage and censitary suffrage, respectively: ^[12]

• For the Congress, it comprised all national males over 25 years of age, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights. ^{[13] [14] [15]}

Voters were required to not being sentenced—by a final court ruling—to perpetual disqualification from political rights or public offices, to afflictive penalties not legally rehabilitated at least two years in advance, nor to other criminal penalties that remained unserved at the time of the election; neither being legally incapacitated, bankrupt, insolvent, debtors of public funds, nor homeless. ^[13]

• For the Senate, it comprised archbishops and bishops (in the ecclesiastical councils); full academics (in the royal academies); rectors, full professors, enrolled doctors, directors of secondary education institutes and heads of special schools in their respective territories (in the universities); members with at least a three-year-old membership (in the economic societies of Friends of the Country); major taxpayers and Spanish citizens of age, being householders residing in Spain and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights (for delegates in the local councils); and provincial deputies. ^[16]

The Congress of Deputies was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, distributed among the provinces of Spain. ^[17] 95 seats were distributed among 27 multi-member constituencies and elected using a partial block voting system: in constituencies electing eight seats or more, electors could vote for no more than three candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; and in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less. ^[18] The remaining seats—308 for the 1903 election—were allocated to single-member districts and elected using plurality voting. ^[19] Additionally, literary universities, economic societies of Friends of the Country and officially organized chambers of commerce, industry and agriculture were entitled to one seat per each 5,000 registered voters that they comprised. ^{[20] [21]}

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats: ^{[19] [22]}

Seats	Constituencies
8	Madrid
7	Barcelona
5	Palma, Seville
4	Cartagena
3	Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva (+2), Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid, Zaragoza

For the Senate, 180 seats were elected using an indirect, write-in, two-round majority voting system. ^{[23] [24]} Voters in the economic societies, the local councils and major taxpayers elected delegates—equivalent in number to one per each 50 members (in each economic society) or to one-sixth of the councillors (in each local council), with an initial minimum of one—who, together with other voting-able electors, would in turn vote for senators. ^[25] The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150. ^{[26] [27]} The remaining 30 were allocated to special districts comprising a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the six oldest royal academies (the Royal Spanish; History; Fine Arts of San Fernando; Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences; Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine); the universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the economic societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia. ^[28]

An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; grandees of Spain with an annual income of at least Pts 60,000 (from their own real estate or from rights that enjoy the same legal consideration); captain generals of the Army and admirals of the Navy; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; and the presidents of the Council of State, the Supreme Court, the Court of Auditors, the Supreme Council of War and Navy, after two years of service—as well as senators for life appointed directly by the monarch. ^[29]

The law provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated in both the Congress and Senate throughout the legislature's term. ^{[30] [31]}

Eligibility

For the Congress, Spanish citizens of age, of secular status, in full enjoyment of their civil rights and with the legal capacity to vote could run for election, provided that they were not contractors of public works or services, within the territorial scope of their contracts; nor holders of government-appointed offices and presidents or members of provincial deputations—during their tenure of office and up to one year after their dismissal—in constituencies within the whole or part of their respective area of jurisdiction, except for government ministers and civil servants in the Central Administration. ^{[32] [33]} A number of other positions were exempt from ineligibility, provided that no more than 40 deputies benefitted from these: ^{[34] [35]}

• Civil, military and judicial positions with a permanent residence in Madrid and a yearly public salary of at least Pts 12,500;
• The holders of a number of positions: the president, prosecutors and chamber presidents of the territorial court of Madrid; the rector and full professors of the Central University of Madrid; inspectors of engineers; and general officers of the Army and Navy based in Madrid.

For the Senate, eligibility was limited to Spanish citizens over 35 years of age and not subject to criminal prosecution, disfranchisement nor asset seizure, provided that they were entitled to be appointed as senators in their own right or belonged or had belonged to one of the following categories: ^{[36] [37]}

• Those who had ever served as senators before the promulgation of the 1876 Constitution; and deputies having served in at least three different congresses or eight terms;
• The holders of a number of positions: presidents of the Senate and the Congress; government ministers; bishops; grandees of Spain not eligible as senators in their own right; and presidents and directors of the royal academies;
• Provided an annual income of at least Pts 7,500 from either their own property, salaries from jobs that cannot be lost except for legally proven cause, or from retirement, withdrawal or termination: full academics of the aforementioned corporations on the first half of the seniority scale in their corps; first-class inspectors general of the corps of civil, mining and forest engineers; and full professors with at least four years of seniority in their category and practice;
• Provided two prior years of service: Army's lieutenant generals and Navy's vice admirals; and other members and prosecutors of the Council of State, the Supreme Court, the Court of Auditors, the Supreme Council of War and Navy, and the dean of the Court of Military Orders;
• Ambassadors after two years of service and plenipotentiaries after four;
• Those with an annual income of Pts 20,000 or were taxpayers with a minimum quota of Pts 4,000 in direct contributions at least two years in advance, provided that they either belonged to the Spanish nobility, had been previously deputies, provincial deputies or mayors in provincial capitals or towns over 20,000 inhabitants.

Other causes of ineligibility for the Senate were imposed on territorial-level officers in government bodies and institutions—during their tenure of office and up to three months after their dismissal—in constituencies within the whole or part of their respective area of jurisdiction; contractors of public works or services; tax collectors and their guarantors; debtors of the State; deputies; local councillors (except those in Madrid); and provincial deputies for their respective provinces. ^[38]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. ^[39] The previous Congress and Senate elections were held on 19 May and 2 June 1901, which meant that the legislature's terms would have expired on 19 May and 2 June 1906, respectively. The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election. ^{[40] [41]} There was no constitutional requirement for concurrent elections to the Congress and the Senate, nor for the elective part of the Senate to be renewed in its entirety except in the case that a full dissolution was agreed by the monarch. Still, there was only one case of a separate election (for the Senate in 1877) and no half-Senate elections taking place under the 1876 Constitution.

The Cortes were officially dissolved on 26 March 1903, with the dissolution decree setting the election dates for 26 April (for the Congress) and 10 May 1903 (for the Senate) and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 18 May. ^[42]

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 26 April 1903 Congress of Deputies election results →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote		Seats
		Votes	%
	Conservative Party (PC)			228
	Liberal Party (PL)			95
	Republican Union (UR)			28
	Democratic Party (PD)			9
	Federal Republican Party (PRF)			8
	Liberal Reformist Party (PLR)			7
	Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT)			7
	Tetuanist Conservatives (T)			6
	Regionalist League (LR)			4
	Integrist Party (PI)			3
	Independents (INDEP)			8
Total				403
Votes cast / turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters
Sources [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50]

Seats PC   56.58% PL   23.57% UR   6.95% PD   2.23% PRF   1.99% CT   1.74% PLR   1.74% T   1.49% LR   0.99% PI   0.74% INDEP   1.99%

Senate

← Summary of the 10 May 1903 Senate of Spain election results →

Parties and alliances		Seats
	Conservative Party (PC)	101
	Liberal Party (PL)	50
	Tetuanist Conservatives (T)	6
	Democratic Party (PD)	4
	Regionalist League (LR)	2
	Republican Union (UR)	1
	Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT)	1
	Federal Republicans Party (PRF)	1
	Liberal Reformist Party (PLR)	1
	Independents (INDEP)	4
	Archbishops (ARCH)	9
Total elective seats		180
Sources [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56]

Seats PC   56.11% PL   27.78% T   3.33% PD   2.22% LR   1.11% UR   0.56% PRF   0.56% CT   0.56% PLR   0.56% INDEP   2.22% ARCH   5.00%

Maps

• 
  Election results by constituency (Congress).

Distribution by group

Summary of political group distribution in the 11th Restoration Cortes (1903–1905)

Group		Parties and alliances		C	S	Total
	PC		Conservative Party (PC)	227	99	329
			Basque Dynastics (Urquijist) (DV)	1	2
	PL		Liberal Party (PL)	93	49	145
			Liberal Coalition (CL)	2	1
	UR		Republican Union (UR)	28	1	29
	PD		Democratic Party (PD)	9	4	13
	T		Tetuanist Conservatives (T)	6	6	12
	PRF		Federal Republican Party (PRF)	8	1	9
	CT		Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT)	7	1	8
	PLR		Liberal Reformist Party (PLR)	7	1	8
	LR		Regionalist League (LR)	4	2	6
	PI		Integrist Party (PI)	3	0	3
	INDEP		Independents (INDEP)	6	4	12
			Independent Catholics (CAT)	2	0
	ARCH		Archbishops (ARCH)	0	9	9
Total				403	180	583

Notes

1. Results for PC (76 deputies and 38 senators) and G (15 deputies and 3 senators) in the 1901 election.
2. Results for PL (246 deputies and 116 senators) and UN (6 deputies and 1 senator) in the 1901 election.
3. Results for PRN (12 deputies and 2 senators), RI (2 deputies and 0 senators) and PRC (1 deputy and 1 senator) in the 1901 election.
4. Its leader, Carlos O'Donnell, had died on 9 February 1903.

References

1. Calero 1987, p. 275.
2. Constitution (1876), arts. 18, 22, 32, 41, 44 & 51–54.
3. Martorell Linares 1997, pp. 139–143.
4. Martínez Relanzón 2017, pp. 147–148.
5. Pons, Marc (17 February 2017). "Huelga general, por la jornada de 9 horas". El Nacional (in Spanish). Tarragona. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
6. De la Santa Cinta, Joaquín (13 September 2017). "Presidentes del Consejo de Ministros durante la Regencia de María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena: Francisco Silvela Le Vielleuze, Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero y Práxedes Mateo Sagasta". El Correo de Pozuelo (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 May 2023.
7. "Práxedes Mateo-Sagasta Escolar" (in Spanish). Royal Academy of History . Retrieved 6 September 2022.
8. "Práxedes Mateo Sagasta y Escolar" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
9. Constitution (1876) , arts. 18–19 & 41.
10. Constitution (1876) , arts. 38, 42 & 45.
11. "El Senado en la historia constitucional española". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2016.
12. Ortega Álvarez & Santaolaya Machetti 1996, p. 88.
13. Law of 26 June (1890) , arts. 1–2.
14. García Muñoz 2002, pp. 106–107.
15. Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
16. Law of 8 February (1877) , arts. 1–3, 12–13 & 25.
17. Constitution (1876) , arts. 27–28.
18. Law of 26 June (1890) , art. 22.
19. Law of 26 June (1890) , trans. prov. 1, applying Law of 28 December (1878) , art. 2, applying Law of 1 January (1871) , art. 1.
20. Law of 26 June (1890) , art. 24.
21. Ortega Álvarez & Santaolaya Machetti 1996, p. 89.
22. Rules modifying constituency boundaries:
    • Ley dividiendo la provincia de Guipúzcoa en distritos para la elección de Diputados a Cortes (PDF) (Law). Madrid Gazette (in Spanish). King of Spain. 23 June 1885. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
    • Ley dividiendo el distrito electoral de Tarrasa en dos, que se denominarán de Tarrasa y de Sabadell (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 18 January 1887. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
    • Ley fijando la división de la provincia de Álava en distritos electorales para Diputados a Cortes (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 10 July 1888. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
    • Ley disponiendo que las primeras y sucesivas elecciones que se verifiquen en la provincia de Zamora se dividirá en siete distritos en la forma que se expresa (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 18 June 1895. Retrieved 14 August 2025.
    • Leyes aprobando la división electoral de las provincias de León y Vizcaya (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 2 August 1895. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
    • Leyes aprobando la división electoral en las provincias de Sevilla y de Barcelona (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 5 July 1898. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
    • Ley mandando que en lo sucesivo sean cuatro los Diputados a Cortes que elegirá la circunscripción electoral de Cartagena (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 7 August 1899. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
    • Ley estableciendo una circunscripción para elegir tres Diputados a Cortes, que la constituirán los cuatro partidos judiciales de Ayamonte, Hueva, Moguer y la Palma, con todas las poblaciones que de ellos forman parte (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 24 March 1902. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
23. Constitution (1876) , art. 20.
24. Law of 8 February (1877) , arts. 21–22 & 53.
25. Law of 8 February (1877) , arts. 1 & 30–31.
26. Law of 8 February (1877) , art. 2.
27. "Real decreto disponiendo el número de Senadores que han de elegir las provincias que se citan" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish) (76). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 1021. 16 March 1899.
28. Law of 8 February (1877) , art. 1.
29. Constitution (1876) , arts. 20–21.
30. Law of 8 February (1877) , arts. 56–59.
31. Law of 26 June (1890) , arts. 73–76.
32. Constitution (1876) , arts. 29 & 31.
33. Law of 26 June (1890) , arts. 3–5.
34. Law of 7 March (1880) , arts. 1–4.
35. Law of 31 July (1887).
36. Constitution (1876) , arts. 22 & 26.
37. Law of 8 February (1877) , art. 4.
38. Law of 8 February (1877) , arts. 5–9.
39. Constitution (1876) , arts. 24 & 30.
40. Constitution (1876) , art. 32.
41. Law of 8 February (1877) , art. 11.
42. Real decreto declarando disueltos al Congreso de los Diputados y parte electiva del Senado, y disponiendo que las Cortes se reúnan en Madrid el 18 de Mayo próximo (PDF) (Royal Decree). Madrid Gazette (in Spanish). King of Spain. 26 March 1903. Retrieved 18 August 2025.
43. Armengol i Segú & Varela Ortega 2001, pp. 655–776.
44. "Elecciones". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Siglo Futuro. 27 April 1903. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
45. "Las elecciones". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Época. 27 April 1903. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
46. "Elecciones en provincias". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Liberal. 27 April 1903. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
47. "El resultado de las elecciones". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El País. 28 April 1903. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
48. "Las elecciones". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Globo. 28 April 1903. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
49. "El futuro Congreso". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Época. 28 April 1903. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
50. "Abril de 1903. Día 26. Elección general. Diputados proclamados". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Año Político. 1 January 1904. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
51. "Las elecciones de senadores en provincias". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Época. 10 May 1903. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
52. "Las elecciones de senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Imparcial. 11 May 1903. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
53. "Elecciones de senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Liberal. 11 May 1903. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
54. "Senadores electos". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Globo. 11 May 1903. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
55. "Las elecciones de senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Siglo Futuro. 11 May 1903. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
56. "Mayo de 1903. Día 10. Elección de Senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Año Político. 1 January 1904. Retrieved 30 October 2022.

Bibliography

• Ley mandando que los distritos para las elecciones de Diputados a Cortes sean los que se expresan en la división adjunta (PDF) (Law). Madrid Gazette (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom. 1 January 1871. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
• Constitución de la Monarquía Española (PDF) (Constitution). Madrid Gazette (in Spanish). King of Spain. 30 June 1876. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
• Ley electoral de Senadores (PDF) (Law). Madrid Gazette (in Spanish). King of Spain. 8 February 1877. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
• Ley electoral de los Diputados a Cortes (PDF) (Law). Madrid Gazette (in Spanish). King of Spain. 28 December 1878. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
• Ley enumerando los empleos con los cuales es compatible el cargo de Diputado a Cortes (PDF) (Law). Madrid Gazette (in Spanish). King of Spain. 7 March 1880. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
• Ley reformando el art. 4º. de la ley de Incompatibilidades (PDF) (Law). Madrid Gazette (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 31 July 1887. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
• Ley electoral para Diputados a Cortes (PDF) (Law). Madrid Gazette (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 26 June 1890. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
• Fernández Almagro, Melchor (1943). "Las Cortes del siglo XIX y la práctica electoral" (PDF). Revista de Estudios Políticos (in Spanish) (9–10). Madrid: Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies: 383–419. ISSN   0048-7694 . Retrieved 16 December 2020.
• Calero, Antonio María (1987). "La prerrogativa regia en la Restauración: teoría y práctica (1875-1902)" (PDF). Revista de Estudios Políticos (in Spanish) (55). Madrid: Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies: 273–315. ISSN   0048-7694.
• Ortega Álvarez, Luis; Santaolaya Machetti, Pablo (1996). "Evolución histórica del sistema electoral español". Revista de las Cortes Generales (in Spanish). 37. Cortes Generales: 65–107. doi:10.33426/rcg/1996/37/784. ISSN   0213-0130.
• Martorell Linares, Miguel Ángel (1997). "La crisis parlamentaria de 1913-1917. La quiebra del sistema de relaciones parlamentarias de la Restauración" (PDF). Revista de Estudios Políticos (in Spanish) (96). Madrid: Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies: 137–161. ISSN   0048-7694.
• Martínez Ruiz, Enrique; Maqueda Abreu, Consuelo; De Diego, Emilio (1999). Atlas histórico de España. El Reinado de Alfonso XIII (1902-1931) (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Bilbao: Ediciones KAL. pp. 121–132. ISBN   9788470903502.
• Armengol i Segú, Josep; Varela Ortega, José (2001). El poder de la influencia: geografía del caciquismo en España (1875-1923) (in Spanish). Madrid: Marcial Pons. pp. 655–776. ISBN   9788425911521.
• García Muñoz, Montserrat (2002). "La documentación electoral y el fichero histórico de diputados". Revista General de Información y Documentación (in Spanish). 12 (1): 93–137. ISSN   1132-1873 . Retrieved 13 September 2020.
• Carreras de Odriozola, Albert; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. pp. 1072–1097. ISBN   84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
• De Miguel Salanova, Santiago (2016). "La Unión Republicana en el corazón de la Monarquía. El triunfo electoral de 1903". Historia Contemporánea (in Spanish) (53). Madrid: University of the Basque Country: 553–591. ISSN   1130-2402.
• Martínez Relanzón, Alejandro (2017). "Political Modernization in Spain Between 1876 and 1923". Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sectio K. 24 (1). Madrid: Maria Curie-Skłodowska University: 145–154. doi: 10.17951/k.2017.24.1.145 . S2CID   159328027.