1910 Spanish general election

1910 Spanish general election

←  1907 8 May 1910 (Congress) [a] 22 May 1910 (Senate) [b] 1914  →
All 404 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 (of 360) seats in the Senate 203 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
First party Second party Third party   Leader José Canalejas Antonio Maura Benito Pérez Galdós Party Democratic–Liberal Conservative Republican–Socialist Leader since 9 February 1910 [c] 11 November 1903 1909 Leader's seat Alcoy Palma Madrid Last election 79 (C) ·31 (S) [d] 256 (C) ·113 (S) 17 (C) ·2 (S) [e] Seats won 223 (C) ·104 (S) 110 (C) ·46 (S) 29 (C) ·3 (S) Seat change 144 (C) · 73 (S) 146 (C) · 67 (S) 12 (C) · 1 (S)   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Bartolomé Feliú Enric Prat de la Riba José María Vallés Party Jaimist Regionalist UFNR Leader since 1909 1902 1910 Leader's seat Tafalla Did not run Barcelona (lost) Last election 14 (C) ·6 (S) 13 (C) ·5 (S) 18 (C) ·5 (S) [f] Seats won 10 (C) ·3 (S) 8 (C) ·5 (S) 10 (C) ·1 (S) Seat change 4 (C) · 3 (S) 5 (C) · 0 (S) 8 (C) · 4 (S)
Election results by Congress of Deputies electoral constituency and district Election results by Senate electoral constituencies
Prime Minister before election José Canalejas Liberal Prime Minister after election José Canalejas Liberal

A general election was held in Spain on Sunday, 8 May (for the Congress of Deputies) ^[a] and on Sunday, 22 May 1910 (for the Senate), ^[b] to elect the members of the 14th Restoration Cortes. All 404 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.

The informal turno system had allowed the country's two main parties—the Conservatives and the Liberals—to alternate in power by determining in advance the outcome of elections through electoral fraud, often facilitated by the territorial clientelistic networks of local bosses (the caciques ). The absence of politically authoritative figureheads since the deaths of Cánovas and Sagasta, together with the national trauma from the Spanish–American War, weakened the internal unity of both parties and allowed faction leaders and local caciques to strengthen their positions as power brokers.

Antonio Maura's return to power in 1907 was characterized by his attempt to implement regenerationism from inside the system (a "revolution from above") and a Spanish nationalist agenda. Legislatively prolific but politically controversial, Maura's tenure oversaw the Pact of Cartagena, the passage of a new electoral law, a naval shipbuilding programme, a promotion of national industry and an approach to the social question that included the approval of legal channels for labour dispute resolution, a legal framework for labour strikes and the creation of bodies responsible for social welfare. He also attempted—but failed—to reform local government through decentralization and corporatism, as well as passing a heavily repressive Law on Terrorism. The outbreak of war in Morocco, followed by Maura's decision to call up reservists and conscripts from Barcelona, unleashed a wave of anti-military unrest that reached its height during the Tragic Week. The government's repressive response (with Francisco Ferrer's execution sparking international outrage) ultimately led to Maura's downfall in October 1909 before completing his agenda.

In the government crisis that ensued, King Alfonso XIII appointed Liberal leader Segismundo Moret as new prime minister. However, concerns from various party sectors towards the latter's alliances with republicans (dubbed the "Left Bloc") ultimately led to his resignation after only four months—before an election could be organized—and in a new government under José Canalejas. While Canalejas managed to secure a parliamentary majority in ensuing election and re-assert his leadership over the Liberal Party, the crisis further eroded the Restoration regime. The end of the Left Bloc led the left-wing anti-monarchist parties joining into the Republican–Socialist Conjunction, which saw the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)—whose leader, Pablo Iglesias Posse, had abandoned the party's isolationist stance—secure parliamentary representation for the first time.

Background

Following the Bourbon Restoration in 1874, the Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a semi-constitutional monarchy , awarding the monarch —under the royal prerogative —the right of legislative initiative together with the bicameral Cortes ; the capacity to veto laws passed by the legislative body; the power to appoint government members (including the prime minister ); the ability to grant or deny parliamentary dissolution , the adjournment of legislative sessions and the signature of royal decrees ; as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the armed forces . ^{[5] [6]} The monarch would play a key role in the turno system by appointing and dismissing governments, which would then organize elections to provide themselves with a parliamentary majority. This informal system allowed the two major " dynastic " political parties at the time, the Conservatives and the Liberals —characterized as oligarchic , elite parties with loose structures dominated by internal factions, each led by powerful individuals—to alternate in power by means of electoral fraud ( pucherazo ). This was achieved by assigning candidates to districts before the elections were held ( encasillado ), then arrange their victory through the links between the Ministry of Governance and the territorial clientelistic networks of provincial governors and local bosses (the caciques ), excluding minor parties from the power sharing. ^{[7] [8]}

The Restoration system had entered a phase of decline following the national trauma from the Spanish–American War (the "1898 disaster") and the absence of politically authoritative figureheads since the deaths of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1897) and Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1903), ^[9] weakening the internal unity of both dynastic parties and strengthening the position of faction leaders and local caciques as power brokers. ^{[10] [11]} Concurrently, the anti-monarchist opposition became increasingly competitive in urban and some rural districts, partly due to the introduction of universal suffrage since 1890, partly due to the progressive weakening of the pro-government electoral apparatus. ^{[12] [13] [14]}

Spanish battleship España, the first ship of the España-class, entered on active service in 1913.

Antonio Maura, who had briefly served as prime minister between 1903 and 1904, was reappointed to the post in January 1907, forming what would become known as the "Long Government" (gobierno largo). ^{[15] [16]} Aiming to secure a solid parliamentary majority that enabled him to implement his agenda—a regenerationist approach from power (a "revolution from above") that would end political corruption and curb the power of local caciques to secure popular support for the monarchy ^{[17] [18]} —Maura used the system's own mechanisms to organize a rigged election and secure a disproportionate amount of seats at the expense of the Liberals, breaching a tacit pact between the elites of the two parties. ^{[19] [20] [21]} He immediately passed a new electoral law introducing compulsory voting, independent scrutineers, additional election crimes, judicial arbitration by the Supreme Court in disputed cases and a transfer of the power to review electoral rolls from local councils to the Geographic and Statistic Institute, while allowing the automatic election of unopposed candidates. ^{[22] [23] [24]}

Through the Pact of Cartagena, Maura's government strengthened ties with the United Kingdom and France following the Tangier Crisis, while also approving the 1908 Navy Law that would authorize the construction of the España-class battleships. ^{[25] [26] [27]} The government promoted the protection and strengthening of national industry to increase employment and raise living standards, ^[25] whereas Maura's approach to the social question aimed at defusing labour disputes through conciliation, arbitration or containing them within legal channels (such as a legal framework for labour strikes and the creation of the National Welfare Institute). ^{[18] [28]}

The government also suffered several major defeats, such as opposition to its proposed Law on Terrorism in 1908, whose heavily repressive nature prompted the birth of a Liberal–republican "Left Bloc", seeing monarchists and republicans allying for the first time against one of the dynastic parties with support from the "Trust" press (the media group comprising the three main liberal newspapers: El Liberal , El Imparcial and El Heraldo de Madrid ). ^{[26] [29] [30]} In the flagship proposal of his Spanish nationalist agenda, Maura attempted to reform the local administration by introducing municipal self-governance, decentralization and corporate suffrage, ^{[31] [32] [33]} but the Liberal–republican opposition was able to obstruct the passage of this law. ^{[26] [34] [35]} Seeking to strengthen cohesion among the various party factions that questioned his position, Liberal leader Segismundo Moret maintained this strategy during this period. ^[19]

Barcelona during the Tragic Week.

In July 1909, the attack on Spanish railway workers by Riffian tribes led to the outbreak of the second Melillan campaign; the disaster of Wolf Ravine later that month, in which over 150 Spanish soldiers were killed, prompted the government to order the immediate mobilization of reservists from Barcelona. ^{[26] [36]} The recruitment proved unpopular, unleashing a wave of anti-war unrest among the working class—motivated by anger at wealthier families being able to "exempt" their offspring from military service by paying a fee (the redención en metálico or "cash redemption") or by hiring a replacement ("substitution"), in a system known as the quintas—that reached its peak during the events of the Tragic Week. ^[29] The state's heavy-handed response (with over 100 killed and 1,700 arrested in the riots and a two-month suspension of constitutional rights across the country) ^[37] and the execution of anarchist activist Francisco Ferrer on 13 October sparked widespread outrage: protests took place in major cities across Europe and Latin America under the chant "Maura, no!", with the scale of the international outcry being compared to that of the Dreyfus affair. ^{[26] [38] [39]} The parliamentary counterattack from the Left Bloc proved effective: Maura resigned on 21 October and King Alfonso XIII appointed Moret as prime minister. ^{[34] [40] [41]} This episode became the first occasion in the Restoration system that political pressure from the dynastic party in opposition was successful in bringing down the party in power, ^[42] which would lead to Maura declaring the liquidation of the Pact of El Pardo and "implacable hostility" to the Liberals in power. ^{[43] [44]}

Once in power, the Liberal Party saw itself embroiled in an internal crisis, as Moret marginalized the Count of Romanones due to his involvement with the Spanish Rif Mining Company (CEMR), whereas his Left Bloc's dominance over more experienced Liberals was a cause of concern for others. ^{[34] [45] [46]} With election preparations underway, mounting political pressure from Romanones and various party sectors—fearing that Moret would relegate them in the encasillado in favour of newcomers and republican allies—led the King to deny Moret a parliamentary dissolution, prompting the latter's resignation and the appointment of José Canalejas in his place on 9 February 1910. ^{[34] [47] [48]} Moret's downfall marked both the first time that the monarchy prevented the first government in a new "turn" from calling an election, ^[49] and that it bypassed the official leader of one of the dynastic leaders. ^[50]

In the aftermath of the Tragic Week and with the Liberal takeover of power leading to the breakdown of the "Left Bloc", a number of anti-monarchist parties joined into the Republican–Socialist Conjunction ahead of incoming elections, including Pablo Iglesias Posse's Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Alejandro Lerroux's Radical Republican Party (PRR) and a faction within the Republican Union opposed to Nicolás Salmerón's decision to join Catalan Solidarity in 1906. ^{[51] [52] [53]} The Catalan Solidarity alliance, having been internally weakened following the favourable stance of the Regionalist League towards Maura's proposed Local Administration Law and the PRR's successes in the 1908 Barcelona by-elections, disbanded entirely following the Tragic Week. ^[54]

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameral system. ^[55] Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, the first reading of which corresponded to Congress, and impeachment processes against government ministers, in which each chamber had separate powers of indictment (Congress) and trial (Senate). ^{[56] [57]} Voting for each chamber of the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage and censitary suffrage, respectively: ^[58]

• For the Congress, it comprised all national males over 25 years of age, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 1907 introduced compulsory voting, though those older than 70, the clergy, first instance judges and public notaries (the latter two categories, within their respective area of jurisdiction) were exempt from this obligation. ^{[59] [60] [61]}

Electors were required to not being in active military service; nor being sentenced—by a final court ruling—to perpetual disqualification from political rights or public offices, to afflictive penalties not legally rehabilitated at least two years in advance, nor to other criminal penalties that remained unserved at the time of the election; neither being legally incapacitated, bankrupt, insolvent, debtors of public funds, nor homeless. ^[59]

• For the Senate, it comprised archbishops and bishops (in the ecclesiastical councils); full academics (in the royal academies); rectors, full professors, enrolled doctors, directors of secondary education institutes and heads of special schools in their respective territories (in the universities); members with at least a three-year-old membership (in the economic societies of Friends of the Country); major taxpayers and Spanish citizens of age, being householders residing in Spain and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights (for delegates in the local councils); and provincial deputies. ^[62]

The Congress of Deputies was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, distributed among the provinces of Spain. ^[63] 98 seats were distributed among 28 multi-member constituencies and elected using a partial block voting system: in constituencies electing ten seats or more, electors could vote for no more than four candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than eight seats and up to ten, for no more than three less; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; and in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less. ^[64] The remaining seats—306 for the 1910 election—were allocated to single-member districts and elected using plurality voting. ^[65] Additionally, in those districts where the number of candidates was equal or less than the number of seats up for election, candidates were to be automatically elected. ^{[66] [67]}

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats: ^{[65] [68]}

Seats	Constituencies
8	Madrid
7	Barcelona
5	Palma, Seville
4	Cartagena
3	Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Las Palmas, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid, Zaragoza

For the Senate, 180 seats were elected using an indirect, write-in, two-round majority voting system. ^{[69] [70]} Voters in the economic societies, the local councils and major taxpayers elected delegates—equivalent in number to one per each 50 members (in each economic society) or to one-sixth of the councillors (in each local council), with an initial minimum of one—who, together with other voting-able electors, would in turn vote for senators. ^[71] The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150. ^{[72] [73]} The remaining 30 were allocated to special districts comprising a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the six oldest royal academies (the Royal Spanish; History; Fine Arts of San Fernando; Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences; Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine); the universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the economic societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia. ^[74]

An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; grandees of Spain with an annual income of at least Pts 60,000 (from their own real estate or from rights that enjoy the same legal consideration); captain generals of the Army and admirals of the Navy; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; and the presidents of the Council of State, the Supreme Court, the Court of Auditors, the Supreme Council of War and Navy, after two years of service—as well as senators for life appointed directly by the monarch. ^[75]

The law provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated in both the Congress and Senate throughout the legislature's term. ^{[76] [77]}

Eligibility

For the Congress, Spanish citizens of age, of secular status, in full enjoyment of their civil rights and with the legal capacity to vote could run for election, provided that they were not contractors of public works or services, within the territorial scope of their contracts; nor holders of government-appointed offices, the judiciary, the prosecution ministry and presidents or members of provincial deputations—during their tenure of office and up to one year after their dismissal—in constituencies within the whole or part of their respective area of jurisdiction, except for government ministers and civil servants in the Central Administration. ^{[78] [79]} A number of other positions were exempt from ineligibility, provided that no more than 40 deputies benefitted from these: ^{[80] [81]}

• Civil, military and judicial positions with a permanent residence in Madrid and a yearly public salary of at least Pts 12,500;
• The holders of a number of positions: the president, prosecutors and chamber presidents of the territorial court of Madrid; the rector and full professors of the Central University of Madrid; inspectors of engineers; and general officers of the Army and Navy based in Madrid.

Amendments to the electoral law in 1907 introduced, for candidates intending to run, the requirement to either have previously served as deputies, elected in a general or by-election; to secure the endorsement of two current or former senators or deputies from the same provinces, or from three current or former provincial deputies representing a territory that, in whole or in part, was included in the constituencies for which they sought election; or to secure the endorsement of at least one twentieth of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election. ^[82]

For the Senate, eligibility was limited to Spanish citizens over 35 years of age and not subject to criminal prosecution, disfranchisement nor asset seizure, provided that they were entitled to be appointed as senators in their own right or belonged or had belonged to one of the following categories: ^{[83] [84]}

• Those who had ever served as senators before the promulgation of the 1876 Constitution; and deputies having served in at least three different congresses or eight terms;
• The holders of a number of positions: presidents of the Senate and the Congress; government ministers; bishops; grandees of Spain not eligible as senators in their own right; and presidents and directors of the royal academies;
• Provided an annual income of at least Pts 7,500 from either their own property, salaries from jobs that cannot be lost except for legally proven cause, or from retirement, withdrawal or termination: full academics of the aforementioned corporations on the first half of the seniority scale in their corps; first-class inspectors general of the corps of civil, mining and forest engineers; and full professors with at least four years of seniority in their category and practice;
• Provided two prior years of service: Army's lieutenant generals and Navy's vice admirals; and other members and prosecutors of the Council of State, the Supreme Court, the Court of Auditors, the Supreme Council of War and Navy, and the dean of the Court of Military Orders;
• Ambassadors after two years of service and plenipotentiaries after four;
• Those with an annual income of Pts 20,000 or were taxpayers with a minimum quota of Pts 4,000 in direct contributions at least two years in advance, provided that they either belonged to the Spanish nobility, had been previously deputies, provincial deputies or mayors in provincial capitals or towns over 20,000 inhabitants.

Other causes of ineligibility for the Senate were imposed on territorial-level officers in government bodies and institutions—during their tenure of office and up to three months after their dismissal—in constituencies within the whole or part of their respective area of jurisdiction; contractors of public works or services; tax collectors and their guarantors; debtors of the State; deputies; local councillors (except those in Madrid); and provincial deputies for their respective provinces. ^[85]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. ^[86] The previous Congress and Senate elections were held on 21 April and 5 May 1907, which meant that the legislature's terms would have expired on 21 April and 5 May 1912, respectively. The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election. ^{[87] [88]} There was no constitutional requirement for concurrent elections to the Congress and the Senate, nor for the elective part of the Senate to be renewed in its entirety except in the case that a full dissolution was agreed by the monarch. Still, there was only one case of a separate election (for the Senate in 1877) and no half-Senate elections taking place under the 1876 Constitution.

The Cortes were officially dissolved on 14 April 1910, with the dissolution decree setting the election dates for 8 May (for the Congress) and 22 May 1910 (for the Senate) and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 15 June. ^[89]

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 8 May 1910 Congress of Deputies election results →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote		Seats
		Votes	%	A.29	Cont.	Total
	Democratic–Liberal Party (D–L)			70	153	223
	Conservative Party (PC)			38	72	110
	Republican–Socialist Conjunction (CRS)			3	26	29
	Republican Nationalist Federal Union (UFNR)			0	10	10
	Traditionalist Communion (Jaimist) (CT)			3	7	10
	Regionalist League (LR)			2	6	8
	Integrist Party (PI)			1	2	3
	Autonomist Republican Union Party (PURA)			0	2	2
	Independents (INDEP)			2	7	9
Total				119	285	404
Votes cast / turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters
Sources [a] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97]

Seats D–L   55.20% PC   27.23% CRS   7.18% UFNR   2.48% CT   2.48% LR   1.98% PI   0.74% PURA   0.50% INDEP   2.23%

Senate

← Summary of the 22 May 1910 Senate of Spain election results →

Parties and alliances		Seats
	Democratic–Liberal Party (D–L)	104
	Conservative Party (PC)	46
	Integrist Party (PI)	5
	Regionalist League (LR)	5
	Republican–Socialist Conjunction (CRS)	3
	Traditionalist Communion (Jaimist) (CT)	3
	Republican Nationalist Federal Union (UFNR)	1
	Social Defence Committee (CDS)	1
	Independents (INDEP)	3
	Archbishops (ARCH)	9
Total elective seats		180
Sources [b] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104]

Seats D–L   57.78% PC   25.56% PI   2.78% LR   2.78% CRS   1.67% CT   1.67% UFNR   0.56% CDS   0.56% INDEP   1.67% ARCH   5.00%

Maps

• 
  Election results by constituency (Congress).
• 
  Election results by constituency (Senate).

Distribution by group

Summary of political group distribution in the 14th Restoration Cortes (1910–1914)

Group		Parties and alliances		C	S	Total
	D–L		Monarchist Democratic Party (PDM)	152	16	327
			Liberal Party (PL)	68	86
			Basque Dynastics (Urquijist) (DV)	1	2
			Monarchist Coalition (MON)	2	0
	PC		Conservative Party (PC)	109	45	156
			Anti-Liberal Catholic Alliance (ACA)	1	1
	CRS		Republican Union (UR)	13	2	32
			Radical Republican Party (PRR)	11	0
			Federal Republican Party (PRF)	3	1
			Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	1	0
			Independents (INDEP)	1	0
	CT		Traditionalist Communion (Jaimist) (CT)	5	3	13
			Anti-Liberal Catholic Alliance (ACA)	5	0
	LR		Regionalist League (LR)	8	5	13
	UFNR		Republican Nationalist Federal Union (UFNR)	10	1	11
	PI		Integrist Party (PI)	2	3	8
			Anti-Liberal Catholic Alliance (ACA)	1	2
	PURA		Autonomist Republican Union Party (PURA)	2	0	2
	CDS		Social Defence Committee (CDS)	0	1	1
	INDEP		Independents (INDEP)	7	3	12
			Independent Catholics (CAT)	2	0
	ARCH		Archbishops (ARCH)	0	9	9
Total				404	180	584

See also

• Encasillado

Notes

1. Congress candidates elected automatically under Article 29 of the Electoral Law were proclaimed on 1 May 1910. ^[1]
2. The Senate election in the province of the Canary Islands was postponed to 27 May 1910. ^{[2] [3]}
3. As prime minister. Canalejas would be elected leader of the Liberal Party on 20 July 1910. ^[4]
4. Results for PL (72 deputies and 25 senators) and PDM (7 deputies and 6 senators) in the 1907 election.
5. Results for UR, not including Catalonia (15 deputies and 1 senator), and RAS (2 deputies and 1 senator) in the 1907 election.
6. Results for PRF (9 deputies and 3 senators), UR in Catalonia (5 deputies and 2 senators) and CNR (4 deputies and 0 senators) in the 1907 election.

References

1. Soldevilla 1911, p. 144.
2. "Real decreto disponiendo que las elecciones de Senadores que, con arreglo al Real decreto de 14 de Abril último, tendrán lugar en todas las provincias de la Monarquía el día 22 del corriente, se verifiquen en la de Canarias el día 27 del actual" (PDF). Madrid Gazette (in Spanish) (136). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 301. 16 May 1910.
3. "Senadores por Canarias". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Época. 28 May 1910. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
4. Soldevilla 1911, pp. 362–363.
5. Calero 1987, p. 275.
6. Constitution (1876), arts. 18, 22, 32, 41, 44 & 51–54.
7. Martorell Linares 1997, pp. 139–143.
8. Martínez Relanzón 2017, pp. 147–148.
9. Dendle 1986, p. 34.
10. Fernández Almagro 1943, p. 415.
11. Martorell Linares 1997, p. 144.
12. Martorell Linares 1997, pp. 144–145.
13. Montagut, Eduardo (24 March 2016). "El republicanismo durante la Restauración borbónica". Eduardo Montagut (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 August 2025.
14. Serrano Lahoz 2020, p. 32.
15. Martínez Ruiz, Maqueda Abreu & De Diego 1999, pp. 121–123.
16. González 2002, p. 308.
17. González 2002, p. 315.
18. Ruiz Franco 2024, p. 1.
19. Martorell Linares 1997, p. 145.
20. Juliá 1999 , pp. 29–30: "... Maura not only left the electoral cleanup to a better occasion, but also the balanced encasillado: he maintained electoral fraud while breaking the pact between the liberal and conservative elites. [Spanish: ... Maura dejó para mejor ocasión no ya la limpieza electoral sino también el encasillado equilibrado: mantuvo el fraude electoral a la vez que rompía el pacto entre las elites liberal y conservadora.]"
21. González 2002, p. 320.
22. Fernández Almagro 1943, p. 416.
23. López 1998, pp. 186–189.
24. González 2002, pp. 322–323.
25. González 2002, p. 324.
26. Royal Academy of History 2022, Cuenca Toribio, José Manuel. Personajes: Antonio Maura y Montaner. Retrieved 19 August 2025.
27. Villa Caro, Raúl. "El Presidente de Gobierno Antonio Maura clave de la Escuadra del Siglo XX en Exponav" (in Spanish). Exponav . Retrieved 21 August 2025.
28. González 2002, pp. 325–326.
29. Martínez Ruiz, Maqueda Abreu & De Diego 1999, p. 123.
30. González 2002, pp. 326–327.
31. López 1998, p. 204.
32. González 2002, p. 321.
33. Ruiz Franco 2024, p. 2.
34. Royal Academy of History 2022, Ferrera Cuesta, Carlos. Personajes: Segismundo Moret y Prendergast. Retrieved 18 August 2025.
35. González 2002, p. 323.
36. Ruiz Franco 2024, pp. 2–3.
37. Robles Muñoz 2009, p. 109.
38. González 2002, pp. 327–328.
39. Ruiz Franco 2024, p. 3.
40. "Dimisión del gobierno. Los liberales en el poder". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Imparcial. 22 October 1909. Retrieved 23 August 2025.
41. Soldevilla 1910, pp. 406–410.
42. Juliá 1999, pp. 34–35.
43. Soldevilla 1910, pp. 413–417.
44. Royal Academy of History 2022, Seco Serrano, Carlos. Personajes: Eduardo Dato Iradier. Retrieved 19 August 2025.
45. Soldevilla 1911, pp. 30–33.
46. Royal Academy of History 2022, Moreno Luzón, Javier. Personajes: Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres. Retrieved 19 August 2025.
47. Soldevilla 1911, pp. 35–44.
48. Robles Egea 1982, pp. 147–148.
49. Soldevilla 1911, p. 50.
50. Royal Academy of History 2022, Ferrera Cuesta, Carlos. Personajes: Segismundo Moret y Prendergast. Retrieved 18 August 2025: "... This decision was crucial in the history of the Restoration: for the first time, the Monarch breached the turno system by choosing a politician over the leader of a dynastic party. [Spanish: ... Tal decisión fue crucial en la historia de la Restauración: por primera vez, el Monarca vulneraba el sistema del turno al escoger a un político por encima del líder de un partido dinástico.]".
51. Robles Egea 1982, pp. 153–155.
52. Serrano Lahoz 2020, pp. 38–40.
53. Fayanás Escuer, Edmundo (24 May 2024). "El republicanismo en los inicios del siglo XX". Nueva Tribuna (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 August 2025.
54. Montagut, Eduardo (22 July 2015). "Solidaritat Catalana". Nueva Tribuna (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 August 2025.
55. Constitution (1876) , arts. 18–19 & 41.
56. Constitution (1876) , arts. 38, 42 & 45.
57. "El Senado en la historia constitucional española". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2016.
58. Ortega Álvarez & Santaolaya Machetti 1996, p. 90.
59. Law of 8 August (1907) , arts. 1–3.
60. García Muñoz 2002, pp. 107–108.
61. Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
62. Law of 8 February (1877) , arts. 1–3, 12–13 & 25.
63. Constitution (1876) , arts. 27–28.
64. Law of 8 August (1907) , art. 21.
65. Law of 8 August (1907) , add. art. 3, applying Law of 26 June (1890) , trans. prov. 1, applying Law of 28 December (1878) , art. 2, applying Law of 1 January (1871) , art. 1.
66. Law of 8 August (1907) , art. 29.
67. Ortega Álvarez & Santaolaya Machetti 1996, pp. 89–92.
68. Rules modifying constituency boundaries:
    • Ley dividiendo la provincia de Guipúzcoa en distritos para la elección de Diputados a Cortes (PDF) (Law). Madrid Gazette (in Spanish). King of Spain. 23 June 1885. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
    • Ley dividiendo el distrito electoral de Tarrasa en dos, que se denominarán de Tarrasa y de Sabadell (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 18 January 1887. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
    • Ley fijando la división de la provincia de Álava en distritos electorales para Diputados a Cortes (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 10 July 1888. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
    • Ley disponiendo que las primeras y sucesivas elecciones que se verifiquen en la provincia de Zamora se dividirá en siete distritos en la forma que se expresa (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 18 June 1895. Retrieved 14 August 2025.
    • Leyes aprobando la división electoral de las provincias de León y Vizcaya (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 2 August 1895. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
    • Leyes aprobando la división electoral en las provincias de Sevilla y de Barcelona (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 5 July 1898. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
    • Ley mandando que en lo sucesivo sean cuatro los Diputados a Cortes que elegirá la circunscripción electoral de Cartagena (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 7 August 1899. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
    • Ley estableciendo una circunscripción para elegir tres Diputados a Cortes, que la constituirán los cuatro partidos judiciales de Ayamonte, Hueva, Moguer y la Palma, con todas las poblaciones que de ellos forman parte (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Regent of the Kingdom p.p King of Spain. 24 March 1902. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
    • Ley sancionada por S. M. formando un solo distrito electoral para Diputados a Cortes con los de Las Palmas y Guía (PDF) (Law). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). King of Spain. 5 April 1904. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
69. Constitution (1876) , art. 20.
70. Law of 8 February (1877) , arts. 21–22 & 53.
71. Law of 8 February (1877) , arts. 1 & 30–31.
72. Law of 8 February (1877) , art. 2.
73. "Real decreto disponiendo el número de Senadores que han de elegir las provincias que se citan" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish) (76). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 1021. 16 March 1899.
74. Law of 8 February (1877) , art. 1.
75. Constitution (1876) , arts. 20–21.
76. Law of 8 February (1877) , arts. 56–59.
77. Law of 8 August (1907) , arts. 55–58.
78. Constitution (1876) , arts. 29 & 31.
79. Law of 8 August (1907) , arts. 4–7.
80. Law of 7 March (1880) , arts. 1–4.
81. Law of 31 July (1887).
82. Law of 8 August (1907) , art. 24.
83. Constitution (1876) , arts. 22 & 26.
84. Law of 8 February (1877) , art. 4.
85. Law of 8 February (1877) , arts. 5–9.
86. Constitution (1876) , arts. 24 & 30.
87. Constitution (1876) , art. 32.
88. Law of 8 February (1877) , art. 11.
89. Real decreto declarando disueltos el Congreso de los Diputados y la parte electiva del Senado, y disponiendo que las Cortes se reúnan en Madrid el 15 de Junio próximo, y que las elecciones de Diputados y Senadores se verifiquen el 8 y 22 de Mayo próximo, respectivamente (PDF) (Royal Decree). Madrid Gazette (in Spanish). King of Spain. 14 April 1910. Retrieved 18 August 2025.
90. Soldevilla 1911, pp. 149–162.
91. "Las elecciones de hoy. Candidatos que luchan". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Imparcial. 8 May 1910. Retrieved 21 August 2025.
92. "El resultado de las elecciones". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Heraldo de Madrid. 9 May 1910. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
93. "Datos oficiales de toda España". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Mañana. 9 May 1910. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
94. "Las elecciones". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Globo. 9 May 1910. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
95. "Las elecciones generales". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Época. 9 May 1910. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
96. "Resultados oficiales". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Siglo Futuro. 9 May 1910. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
97. "El nuevo Congreso". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Época. 13 May 1910. Retrieved 1 September 2025.
98. Soldevilla 1911, pp. 179–183.
99. "La elección de senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Imparcial. 22 May 1910. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
100. "Los nuevos senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El País. 23 May 1910. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
101. "Los nuevos senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Mañana. 23 May 1910. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
102. "Elección de senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Liberal. 23 May 1910. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
103. "Elección de senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Globo. 23 May 1910. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
104. "La elección de senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Correspondencia de España. 23 May 1910. Retrieved 17 December 2022.

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