2004 Spanish general election

2004 Spanish general election

←  2000 14 March 2004 2008  →
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 259) seats in the Senate 176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered	34,571,831 1.8%
Turnout	26,155,436 (75.7%) 7.0 pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Mariano Rajoy Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida Party PSOE PP CiU Leader since 22 July 2000 2 September 2003 24 January 2004 Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Barcelona Last election 125 seats, 34.2% [a] 183 seats, 44.5% 15 seats, 4.2% Seats won 164 148 10 Seat change 39 35 5 Popular vote 11,026,163 9,763,144 835,471 Percentage 42.6% 37.7% 3.2% Swing 8.3 pp 6.8 pp 1.0 pp   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira Josu Erkoreka Gaspar Llamazares Party ERC EAJ/PNV IU Leader since 2 February 2004 2004 29 October 2000 Leader's seat Barcelona Biscay Madrid Last election 1 seat, 0.8% 7 seats, 1.5% 9 seats, 6.0% [b] Seats won 8 7 5 Seat change 7 0 4 Popular vote 652,196 420,980 1,284,081 Percentage 2.5% 1.6% 5.0% Swing 1.7 pp 0.1 pp 1.0 pp
Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress) Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress) Election results by constituency (Congress)
Prime Minister before election José María Aznar PP Prime Minister after election José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero PSOE

A general election was held in Spain on Sunday, 14 March 2004, to elect the members of the 8th Cortes Generales under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 259 seats in the Senate. It was held concurrently with a regional election in Andalusia.

Since 2000, the ruling People's Party (PP) had governed with an absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies, allowing it to renegue from its previous agreements with peripheral nationalist parties. This period saw sustained economic growth, but the controversial management—and, at times, attempted cover-up—of a number of crises affected the standing of Aznar's government and fostered perceptions of arrogance: this included the Gescartera case, the Prestige oil spill and the Yak-42 plane crash. A reform of unemployment benefits led to a general strike in 2002, and the unpopular decision to intervene in the Iraq War sparked massive protests across Spain. The incumbent prime minister, José María Aznar, renounced to seek a third term at the 2002 party congress, being replaced as candidate by the first deputy prime minister, Mariano Rajoy. The opposition Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) elected José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero as new leader in July 2000, under a platform of party renewal. The fight against terrorism (particularly from the Basque separatist ETA group) and the need for political change were themes that dominated party campaigns going into the election.

The electoral outcome was heavily influenced by the Madrid train bombings on 11 March, which saw Aznar's government blaming ETA for the attacks in spite of mounting evidence suggesting Islamist authorship. The ruling PP was accused by the opposition of staging a disinformation campaign to prevent the blame on the bombings being linked to Spain's involvement in Iraq. Results saw Zapatero's PSOE securing an unprecedented 11 million votes, with a net gain of 39 seats up to 164, whereas the PP (which had been predicted by opinion polls to secure a diminished but still commanding victory) was left in shock as it unexpectedly lost 35 seats in the worst defeat for a sitting Spanish government up to that point since 1982. ^{[1] [2]} Republican Left of Catalonia benefitted from the impact of the Carod case—the revelation that party leader Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira had held a meeting with ETA shortly after joining the new Catalan regional government of Pasqual Maragall—which gave the party publicity to the detriment of Convergence and Union. The 75.7% voter turnout was among the highest since the Spanish transition to democracy and was attributed to public shock and grief caused by the Madrid attacks, with no subsequent general election having exceeded such figure. ^[3] The number of votes cast, at 26.1 million votes, remained the highest figure in gross terms for any Spanish election until April 2019. ^{[4] [5] [6]}

The election result was described by some media as an "unprecedented electoral upset". ^[7] Perceived PP abuses and public rejection at Spain's involvement in Iraq were said to help fuel a wave of discontent against the incumbent ruling party, with Aznar's mismanagement of the 11M bombings serving as the final catalyst for change to happen. ^{[8] [9]} Zapatero announced his will to form a minority PSOE government, seeking the parliamentary support of other parties once elected. ^[10]

Background

See also: Premiership of José María Aznar

The People's Party (PP) secured an absolute majority of seats for the first time ever in the 2000 general election, which allowed José María Aznar to be re-elected for a second term in office as prime minister of Spain. ^{[11] [12] [13]} The defeat of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) prompted the resignation of party leader Joaquín Almunia and a leadership contest being triggered. ^{[14] [15]} A dark horse candidate, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, emerged as new leader in a surprise victory over the president of Castilla–La Mancha, José Bono, by adhering to a "New Way" position that proposed party renewal and internal reforms. ^{[16] [17]}

With a low unemployment under Spanish standards and the country's economy growing at a steady pace, Aznar's government continued its liberalization policy in a wide range of activities (including sectors previously subject to state monopoly), ^[18] as well as the completion of the privatization of the Iberia airline (postponed several times over pilots' opposition, adverse economic conditions and failed acquisition talks). ^{[19] [20]} Together with the continued inflow of European funds, this provided Spain with extraordinary revenues that contributed to curb the fiscal deficit and reduce public debt, though the Spanish government's overreliance on housing as an economic locomotive generated a real estate bubble due to a rise in speculation. ^{[19] [21]} The cash rounding resulting from the final replacement of the Spanish peseta by the euro on 1 January 2002 also led to a rise in the inflation rate. ^{[22] [23]}

Domestically, Aznar had to deal with the mad cow crisis early into his second term, with the first confirmed case of the disease in Spain. ^{[24] [25]} In the summer of 2001, it was unveiled that the Gescartera investment company had engaged in profit-making activities by defrauding its clients through the misappropriation of funds and influence peddling; ^{[26] [27]} the scandal saw the resignations of the then treasury state secretary, Enrique Giménez-Reyna (brother to Gescartera's chairwoman) and the president of the National Securities Market Commission. ^{[28] [29]} On the issue of immigration, Aznar's government reformed the Aliens Law to curtail some migrants' rights and introduce harsher entry restrictions, a faster deportation process, and tighter conditions for travel visas. ^{[19] [30] [31] [32]} An attempt by the government to tighten unemployment benefits and other working conditions through decree-law led to a general strike in 2002, ^{[33] [34]} forcing the proposal—which would later be struck by the Constitutional Court of Spain in 2007 ^[35] —to be watered down. ^{[36] [37]} The Perejil Island crisis in July 2002, which saw a squad of the Royal Moroccan Navy temporarily occupy the uninhabited island, was resolved after a bloodless intervention by the Spanish military. ^{[38] [39]} Finally, a proposal for a water transfer from the Ebro river to south-eastern provinces to supply tourism and agriculture was criticized as poorly planned and met with mass protests, particularly in Aragon and Catalonia. ^{[40] [41] [42]}

The Prestige oil spill in November 2002 became Spain's biggest environmental crisis and came to be seen in the country as a symbol of government mismanagement.

Terrorism was a major issue during Aznar's second tenure as prime minister, as the ETA group conducted major attacks such as the killings of Ernest Lluch (a former health minister), ^[43] the October 2000 Madrid bombing which killed a Supreme Court judge, ^[44] or the 2001 Madrid bombing injuring 99. ^[45] PP and PSOE signed the 2000 Anti-Terrorist Pact as a show of unity in response, ^[46] and a new Political Parties Law was approved in 2002 which allowed the banning of the Batasuna party over its links and support to ETA's actions. ^{[19] [47] [48]} The increase of counterterrorism cooperation with France and the European Union, together with renewed police action, eroded ETA's operational capacity. ^[49] Concurrently, and in opposition to Aznar's hardline position against ETA violence, the Basque Nationalist Party under Lehendakari Juan José Ibarretxe sought to resolve the Basque conflict through sovereigntism and broad-based talks, a position which received the endorsement of voters in the snap 2001 Basque election. ^{[50] [51] [52]} Following failed talks with the Spanish government, ^[53] Ibarretxe laid out a peace scheme in 2003—dubbed the Ibarretxe Plan—that envisaged a referendum to decide on a proposed reform of the Basque Statute of Autonomy which, if approved, would turn the Basque Country into an associated state on an equal footing with Spain (including a right to self-determination). ^{[54] [55] [56]}

This period also saw the controversial management of a number of crises by Aznar's government; criticism over the perceived cover-up nature of its actions—frequently through denialism and diffusion of responsibility—negatively affected its public standing and fostered a perception of arrogance in the exercise of power. ^{[57] [58]} The Prestige oil spill in November 2002 saw extensive damage to the coast of Galicia in what was described as Spain's biggest environmental crisis. ^[59] The Spanish government was criticized for its decision to tow the ailing wreck out to sea (where it split in two) rather than allow it to take refuge in a sheltered port, which was seen as a major contributing factor to the scale of the disaster. ^{[60] [61]} The Yak-42 plane crash in May 2003, with the death of all 75 occupants, saw a misidentification of bodies (with some remains being returned to the wrong relatives and others being mixed-up) as well as questions on the plane's poor condition and the pilots' readiness. ^{[62] [63]}

The Azores Summit preceded the U.S. invasion of Iraq, which was unpopular among the Spanish public and led to anti-war protests.

At the international level, the election of George W. Bush as U.S. president and the 9/11 attacks in 2000 saw Spain aligning closer to the United States, with Aznar voicing his support to Bush's missile shield, war on terror and invasion of Afghanistan, ^{[64] [65]} in exchange for U.S. support to Spain's fight against ETA's terrorism. ^{[66] [67]} Spain's rapprochement to the United States and Tony Blair's United Kingdom, and their unsuccessful attempts to secure a new UN Security Council resolution that could lead to war—superseding Resolution 1441—culminated in the Azores Summit on 16 March 2003, which led to the subsequent invasion of Iraq under the alleged aim of disarming Saddam Hussein's regime of "weapons of mass destruction". ^{[68] [69]} The Spanish government's decision to intervene in the Iraq War proved highly unpopular among the public, ^{[70] [71]} sparking massive anti-war protests across the country. ^{[72] [73]} Aznar had also hinted at withdrawing from politics after two consecutive terms, ^{[74] [75]} a decision he confirmed at the 2002 PP congress, ^{[76] [77] [78]} while also rejecting a new run as MP. ^[79] The first deputy prime minister, Mariano Rajoy, was selected to succeed him as the party's prime ministerial candidate in September 2003. ^{[80] [81] [82]}

Despite the growing unpopularity of Aznar's government, the PP was able to come out of the 2003 local and regional elections with limited losses. ^{[83] [84]} The outcome of the regional election in Madrid was significant as it hinted at the formation of a left-wing coalition government in Spain's capital region. ^[85] However, a parliamentary scandal seeing two PSOE MPs refusing to follow party discipline (which would be referred to as the Tamayazo ) ^[86] prevented the regional PSOE leader from becoming president, ^{[87] [88]} forcing a repeat election in October in which PP's Esperanza Aguirre secured a majority. ^[89] The Catalan election in November 2003 saw the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)—PSOE's sister party—oust the nationalist Convergence and Union from the regional government after 23 years of uninterrupted rule, ^{[90] [91]} with a tripartite cabinet between PSC, Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Initiative for Catalonia Greens being formed under Pasqual Maragall. ^[92] The new Catalan government came under fire in January 2004 after it was unveiled that its deputy head, ERC's Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira, had held a secret meeting with ETA to negotiate a Catalonia-limited ceasefire, in what became known as the Carod case; ^[93] while Carod-Rovira denied all claims of deal-seeking, the public backlash prompted him to apologize and resign from his government posts. ^{[94] [95]}

Overview

Under the 1978 Constitution, the Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. ^{[96] [97]} The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. ^[98] Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a limited number of functions—such as ratification of international treaties, authorization of collaboration agreements between autonomous communities, enforcement of direct rule, regulation of interterritorial compensation funds, and its role in constitutional amendment and in the appointment of members to the Constitutional Court and the General Council of the Judiciary—which were not subject to the Congress's override. ^[99]

Electoral system

Voting for each chamber of the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights, provided that they were not sentenced—by a final court ruling—to deprivation of the right to vote, nor being legally incapacitated. ^{[100] [101]}

The Congress of Deputies was entitled to a minimum of 300 and a maximum of 400 seats, with the electoral law setting its size at 350. 348 members were elected in 50 multi-member constituencies—corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations—using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional voting system, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes (which included blank ballots) being applied in each constituency. The two remaining seats were allocated to Ceuta and Melilla as single-member districts and elected using plurality voting. ^{[102] [103]} The use of the electoral method resulted in a higher effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies. ^[104]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats: ^[105]

Seats	Constituencies
35	Madrid (+1)
31	Barcelona
16	Valencia
12	Seville (–1)
11	Alicante
10	Málaga
9	A Coruña, Biscay, Cádiz, Murcia
8	Asturias (–1), Balearic Islands (+1), Las Palmas (+1)
7	Córdoba, Granada, Pontevedra (–1), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6	Badajoz, Girona (+1), Guipúzcoa, Jaén, Tarragona
5	Almería, Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, León, Navarre, Toledo, Valladolid
4	Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres (–1), La Rioja, Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3	Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Zamora

208 seats in the Senate were elected using an open list partial block voting system: in constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger (Mallorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife) being allocated three seats each, and the smaller (Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma) one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants. ^{[106] [107] [108]}

The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacated seats; instead, any vacancies that occurred after the proclamation of candidates and into the legislative term were to be covered by the successive candidates in the list and, when required, by the designated substitutes. ^[109]

Eligibility

Spanish citizens of age and with the legal capacity to vote could run for election, provided that they were not sentenced to imprisonment by a final court ruling nor convicted, even if by a non-final ruling, to forfeiture of eligibility or to specific disqualification or suspension from public office under particular offences: rebellion, terrorism or other crimes against the state. Other causes of ineligibility were imposed on the following officials: ^{[110] [111]}

• Members of the Spanish royal family and their spouses;
• The holders of a number of positions: the president and members of the Constitutional Court, the General Council of the Judiciary, the Supreme Court, the Council of State, the Court of Auditors and the Economic and Social Council; the Ombudsman; the State's Attorney General; high-ranking members—undersecretaries, secretaries-general, directors-general and chiefs of staff—of Spanish government departments, the Office of the Prime Minister, the Social Security and other government agencies; government delegates and sub-delegates in the autonomous communities; the director-general of RTVE; the director of the Electoral Register Office; the governor and deputy governor of the Bank of Spain; the chairs of the Official Credit Institute and other official credit institutions; and members of electoral commissions and of the Nuclear Safety Council;
• Heads of diplomatic missions in foreign states or international organizations (ambassadors and plenipotentiaries);
• Judges and public prosecutors in active service;
• Personnel of the Armed Forces (Army, Navy and Air Force) and law enforcement corps in active service.

Other causes of ineligibility for both chambers were imposed on a number of territorial-level officers in the aforementioned categories—during their tenure of office—in constituencies within the whole or part of their respective area of jurisdiction, as well as employees of foreign states and members of regional governments. ^{[110] [111]} Incompatibility provisions extended to the president of the Competition Defence Court; members of RTVE's board and of the offices of the prime minister, the ministers and the secretaries of state; government delegates in port authorities, hydrographic confederations and toll highway concessionary companies; presidents and other high-ranking members of public entities, state monopolies, companies with majority public participation and public saving banks; as well as the impossibility of simultaneously holding the positions of deputy and senator or regional legislator. ^[112]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. ^[113] The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the scheduled date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. ^[114] The previous election was held on 12 March 2000, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 12 March 2004. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 17 February 2004, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible date for election day on Sunday, 11 April 2004.

The prime minister had the prerogative to propose the monarch to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. ^[115] Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot. ^[116] Barring this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections to the Congress and the Senate. ^[117] Still, as of 2026, there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

On 9 January 2004, it was announced that the general election would be held in March, ^{[118] [119]} with the election date being agreed with Andalusian president Manuel Chaves to make it being held concurrently with the 2004 Andalusian regional election. ^[120]

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 20 January 2004 with the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting election day for 14 March and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 2 April. ^[105]

Outgoing parliament

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution. ^{[121] [122]}

Parliamentary composition in January 2004 [123] Congress of Deputies Groups Parties Deputies Seats Total People's Parliamentary Group in the Congress PP 180 183 UPN 3 Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE 107 124 PSC 17 Catalan Parliamentary Group (Convergence and Union) CDC 11 15 UDC 4 United Left's Federal Parliamentary Group IU 8 8 Basque Parliamentary Group (EAJ/PNV) EAJ/PNV 7 7 Canarian Coalition's Parliamentary Group AIC 2 4 ICAN 2 Mixed Parliamentary Group BNG 3 9 PA 1 ERC 1 ICV 1 EA 1 CHA 1 INDEP 1 [c]

Parliamentary composition in January 2004 [125] Senate Groups Parties Senators Seats Total People's Parliamentary Group in the Senate PP 147 150 UPN 3 Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE 67 67 Catalan Agreement of Progress Parliamentary Group PSC 9 12 ERC 2 ICV 1 Convergence and Union's Catalan Parliamentary Group in the Senate CDC 7 10 UDC 3 Basque Nationalist Senators' Parliamentary Group EAJ/PNV 7 7 Canarian Coalition Senators' Parliamentary Group AIC 2 6 ICAN 2 AHI 1 AM 1 Mixed Parliamentary Group IU 3 7 BNG 1 PAR 1 PIL 1 INDEP 1 [d]

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant electoral commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. ^[127]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy		Parties and alliances	Leading candidate		Ideology	Previous result				Gov.	Ref.
						Congress		Senate
						Vote %	Seats	Vote %	Seats
	PP	List People's Party (PP) Navarrese People's Union (UPN) Valencian Union (UV) Independents of Fuerteventura (IF)		Mariano Rajoy	Conservatism Christian democracy	44.5%	183	45.4%	127		[81] [128] [129]
	PSOE	List Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) The Greens (LV)		José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero	Social democracy	34.2% [a]	125	26.3%	53		[130] [131] [132]
	CiU	List Convergence and Union (CiU) – Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) – Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC)		Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida	Catalan nationalism Centrism	4.2%	15	4.5%	8		[133] [134]
	IU	List United Left (IU) – Communist Party of Spain (PCE) – Collective for the Unity of Workers–Andalusian Left Bloc (CUT–BAI) – Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) – Workers' Revolutionary Party–Revolutionary Left (PRT–IR) Initiative for Catalonia Greens–United and Alternative Left (ICV–EUiA) – Initiative for Catalonia Greens (ICV) – United and Alternative Left (EUiA) Bloc for Asturias (BA) The Greens of Aragon (LV) The Greens–United Left–Citizens' Alternative Initiative (LV–IU–AC25M) – 25 May Citizens' Alternative (AC25M) Independent Socialists of Extremadura (SIEx) United Left–The Agreement (Entesa) – United Left of the Valencian Country (EUPV) – Republican Left (IR)		Gaspar Llamazares	Socialism Communism	6.0% [b]	9	7.7%	0		[135]
	EAJ/PNV	List Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)		Josu Erkoreka	Basque nationalism Christian democracy	1.5% [e]	7	1.6% [f]	6		[136] [137]
	CC	List Canarian Independent Groups (AIC) – Tenerife Group of Independents (ATI) – La Palma Group of Independents (API) – Gomera Group of Independents (AGI) Nationalist Canarian Initiative (ICAN) Nationalist Canarian Centre (CCN) Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) Independent Herrenian Group (AHI) Majorera Assembly (AM)		Paulino Rivero	Regionalism Canarian nationalism Centrism	1.1%	4	0.7%	5
	BNG	List Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) – Galician People's Union (UPG) – Socialist Collective (CS) – Galician Nationalist Party–Galicianist Party (PNG–PG) – Nationalist Left (EN) – Inzar (Inzar)		Francisco Rodríguez	Galician nationalism Left-wing nationalism Socialism	1.3%	3	1.4%	0
	PA	List Andalusian Party (PA)		José Antonio González	Andalusian nationalism Social democracy	0.9%	1	0.9%	0
	ERC	List Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)		Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira	Catalan independence Left-wing nationalism Social democracy	0.8%	1	—N/a [g]			[95] [138] [139]
	EA	List Basque Solidarity (EA)		Begoña Lasagabaster	Basque nationalism Social democracy	0.4% [e]	1	0.4% [f]	0		[136] [140] [141]
	CHA	List Aragonese Union (CHA)		José Antonio Labordeta	Aragonese nationalism Eco-socialism	0.3%	1	0.3%	0		[142]
	NaBai	List Basque Solidarity (EA) Aralar (Aralar) Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) Assembly (Batzarre)		Uxue Barkos	Basque nationalism Social democracy	0.1% [h]	0	0.1% [i]	0		[143] [144] [145]
	PSC–ERC– ICV–EUiA	List Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) Initiative for Catalonia Greens (ICV) United and Alternative Left (EUiA)		Mercedes Aroz	Catalanism Social democracy Eco-socialism	—N/a		6.0%	8		[146]

The Socialists' Party of Catalonia, ERC and Initiative for Catalonia Greens agreed to continue with the Catalan Agreement of Progress alliance for the Senate with the inclusion of United and Alternative Left. ^[146] In the Balearic Islands, PSM–Nationalist Agreement, United Left of the Balearic Islands, The Greens of the Balearic Islands and ERC formed the Progressives for the Balearic Islands alliance. ^[147] A proposal for an all-left electoral alliance for the Senate in the Valencian Community, comprising the PSOE, United Left of the Valencian Country and the Valencian Nationalist Bloc, was ultimately discarded. ^{[148] [149] [150]}

Campaign

Party slogans

Party or alliance		Original slogan	English translation	Ref.
	PP	« Juntos vamos a más »	"Together we go for more"	[151]
	PSOE	« Merecemos una España mejor »	"We deserve a better Spain"	[152]
	CiU	« Duran per Catalunya: sentit comú »	"Duran for Catalonia: common sense"	[153] [154] [155]
	IU	« Con tu voto, es posible. Palabra »	"With your vote, it is possible. Promise"	[156]
	EAJ/PNV	« Tú tienes la palabra » « Tu voz es importante en Madrid »	"You have the word" "Your voice is important in Madrid"	[157]
	CC	« Gana Canarias, ganas tú »	"The Canaries win, you win"	[158]
	BNG	« Dálle un Sí a Galiza »	"Give a Yes to Galicia"	[157]
	PA	« Andalucía es nuestro trabajo »	"Andalusia is our job"	[159]
	ERC	« Parlant la gent s'entén »	"People understand [each other] by talking"	[160]
	CHA	« Labordeta, gente como tú »	"Labordeta, people like you"	[158]
	NaBai	« Orain da geroa! » « ¡Ahora es el futuro! »	"The future is now!"	[161]

Events and issues

The issues of terrorism and the State's model (with a particular focus on the major parties' relationship with peripheral nationalisms) featured predominantly in the campaign, particularly over the crisis in the Catalan government following the Carod case and the political row in the Basque Country over the Ibarretxe Plan. ^[162] Unemployment and economic progress were also campaign themes. ^[163] On the issue of the Iraq War, the PSOE vowed to withdraw the 1,300 Spanish troops destined for the occupation of the country, whereas the PP advocated for a continued military presence and declined to reveal whether they would double the contingent of soldiers. ^{[164] [165]}

No leaders' debates were held in the 2004 general election campaign due to the PP's refusal to have one, ^{[166] [167]} particularly a face off between prime ministerial candidates Rajoy and Zapatero requested by the latter. ^[168] Instead, the PP proposed having a debate with all twelve parties with parliamentary representation in the Congress of Deputies, ^{[169] [170]} but it was considered logistically complex. ^[171] Previously, Rajoy had demanded an electoral debate with the leaders of the PSOE, IU and ERC. ^[172] Las noticias del guiñol , a satirical news programme on Canal+, aired on 2 March a fictional debate between Rajoy and Zapatero using latex puppets. ^[173]

Madrid train bombings

Main articles: 2004 Madrid train bombings, Reactions to the 2004 Madrid train bombings, and Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings

During the peak of Madrid rush hour on the morning of Thursday, 11 March 2004, ten explosions occurred aboard four commuter trains (cercanías) between Alcalá de Henares and Atocha station, killing 193 people and injuring around 2,500, in what would become the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of Spain and the deadliest in Europe since the Lockerbie bombing in 1988. ^{[174] [175]}

Map of the bombings.

In response to the bombings, political parties announced the suspension of their campaigns. ^[176] At first, politicians from all parties—including the PSOE, ^[177] CiU, ^[178] IU, ^[179] PNV, ^[180] and ERC ^[181] —blamed ETA. The Spanish government immediately declared three days of national mourning and claimed ETA's responsibility, with Prime Minister José María Aznar personally phoning newspaper editors to uphold this version at noon on the day of the attacks while dismissing any other authorship. ^{[182] [183]} Aznar's government also sent messages to all Spanish embassies abroad ordering that they uphold the version that ETA was responsible. ^[184] However, ETA denied any involvement in the attacks, ^{[185] [186]} and evidence obtained by police and security forces started pointing to an Islamist authorship by the afternoon of 11 March; ^[187] particularly, the discovery of a van containing a tape with Qur'anic verses and an al-Qaeda claim of responsibility being published by the Al-Quds Al-Arabi London Arabic-language newspaper. ^{[188] [189]} The government insisted on the ETA's authorship claim into 12 March (despite the discovery that day of a detonator that did not match those used by ETA) ^[190] and, on the eve of the election, PP candidate Mariano Rajoy claimed in an El Mundo interview that he had "the moral conviction that it was ETA". ^[191] By that point, however, interior minister Ángel Acebes had publicly acknowledged that the government had not "closed off any line of investigation". ^[182]

In the days previous to the election, millions of Spaniards took to the streets in massive demonstrations across the country to condemn terrorism and express solidarity for the victims, ^[192] but also to demand answers about the attacks—with cabinet members at the Madrid demonstration on 12 March being met with booing and shouts of "Who did it?"—amid growing concerns that the government was deliberately concealing evidence from the public to seek political advantage in the election. ^{[193] [194] [195]}

Remains of a commuter train after the bombings.

During the day of election silence on 13 March, spontaneous cell phone messages ending in the catchphrase pásalo (Spanish for "pass it on") invoked thousands to unofficial demonstrations in front of the ruling PP's headquarters in major cities throughout the country, ^{[196] [197]} blaming the attacks on Aznar's decision to engage in the Iraq War (with shouts of "your war, our dead" and "murderers"). ^[198] On the evening of that day, the Spanish government announced the arrest of three Moroccans and two Indians, ^[182] concurrently with the discovery of a videotape from a purported al-Qaeda official claiming responsibility for the attacks. ^{[199] [200]} This stirred further anti-government unrest throughout the country demanding to "being told the truth", ^{[201] [202]} which prompted Rajoy to issue a statement denouncing that the "illegal" protests constituted "undemocratic acts of pressure on tomorrow's election", and accusing the opposition PSOE of staging them. ^[203] PSOE's campaign manager, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, replied in a press briefing rejecting Rajoy's accusations and condemning the government's handling of the crisis, revealing that party leaders had been aware for many hours that the main line of police investigation into the attacks was now pointing to Islamism—information which the government withheld from its public statements—and that they were never going to "use terrorism for political purposes", while uttering that "the Spanish people deserve a government that doesn't lie to them, that always tells them the truth". ^[204] By the end of the night, the entire opposition was accusing the PP government of manipulating and concealing information on the bombings. ^[205]

In the ensuing years, several sources would claim that the prospective electoral influence of the bombings was discussed in an emergency government meeting held on 11 March, which focused on the massacre's authorship: if ETA was proven to be responsible, it would favour the PP's hardline campaign on terrorism in a rally 'round the flag effect, but if an Islamist group appeared to have caused the blasts, people would link them to the Spanish intervention in the Iraq War and blame the PP for earning Spain enemies. Along these lines, a statement allegedly made in the meeting—and attributed by some accounts to Aznar's chief advisor, Pedro Arriola—claimed that "if it was ETA, we'll win [by a landslide]; if it was the Islamists, the PSOE shall win". ^{[j] [206] [207]}

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2004 Spanish general election

Local regression trend line of poll results from 12 March 2000 to 14 March 2004, with each line corresponding to a political party.

Voter turnout

The table below shows registered voter turnout on election day, without including non-resident citizens.

Region	Time
	14:00			18:00			20:00
	2000	2004	+/–	2000	2004	+/–	2000	2004	+/–
Andalusia	36.72%	40.99%	+4.27	56.12%	63.16%	+7.04	69.77%	75.96%	+6.19
Aragon	38.45%	42.56%	+4.11	56.90%	62.78%	+5.88	72.25%	78.01%	+5.76
Asturias	34.39%	38.50%	+4.11	55.25%	60.41%	+5.16	69.36%	74.40%	+5.04
Balearic Islands	34.96%	40.86%	+5.90	49.86%	58.28%	+8.42	61.91%	69.45%	+7.54
Basque Country	35.42%	42.17%	+6.75	50.98%	61.99%	+11.01	64.51%	75.94%	+11.43
Canary Islands	26.00%	30.29%	+4.29	42.45%	50.44%	+7.99	61.63%	67.69%	+6.06
Cantabria	35.24%	43.67%	+8.43	58.14%	66.27%	+8.13	73.34%	79.20%	+5.86
Castile and León	38.95%	42.06%	+3.11	59.97%	65.43%	+5.46	74.37%	80.00%	+5.63
Castilla–La Mancha	40.10%	42.99%	+2.89	61.86%	66.41%	+4.55	77.03%	80.65%	+3.62
Catalonia	34.11%	42.21%	+8.10	49.71%	62.32%	+12.61	64.70%	76.96%	+12.26
Extremadura	43.40%	45.45%	+2.05	62.54%	66.68%	+4.14	76.67%	80.87%	+4.20
Galicia	31.86%	34.68%	+2.82	55.61%	61.48%	+5.87	69.49%	76.09%	+6.60
La Rioja	42.65%	46.75%	+4.10	60.08%	66.24%	+6.16	75.44%	80.77%	+5.33
Madrid	37.12%	38.84%	+1.72	57.63%	63.78%	+6.15	73.43%	80.74%	+7.31
Murcia	40.40%	44.00%	+3.60	60.96%	66.36%	+5.40	74.49%	78.05%	+3.56
Navarre	35.76%	41.24%	+5.48	52.74%	62.83%	+10.09	67.16%	77.59%	+10.43
Valencian Community	41.70%	46.49%	+4.79	59.95%	66.46%	+6.51	73.39%	78.82%	+5.43
Ceuta	28.48%	34.39%	+5.91	42.62%	51.47%	+8.85	56.20%	65.13%	+8.93
Melilla	27.01%	29.56%	+2.55	42.34%	45.98%	+3.64	55.93%	58.56%	+2.63
Total	36.50%	41.02%	+4.52	55.45%	63.02%	+7.57	70.00%	77.26%	+7.26
Sources [208]

Results

Congress of Deputies

For results by autonomous community/constituency, see Results breakdown of the 2004 Spanish general election (Congress).

← Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1	11,026,163	42.59	+8.42	164	+39
	People's Party (PP)	9,763,144	37.71	−6.81	148	−35
	United Left (IU)2	1,284,081	4.96	−0.93	5	−4
	Convergence and Union (CiU)	835,471	3.23	−0.96	10	−5
	Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)	652,196	2.52	+1.68	8	+7
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)3	420,980	1.63	+0.13	7	±0
	Canarian Coalition (CC)	235,221	0.91	−0.16	3	−1
	Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)	208,688	0.81	−0.51	2	−1
	Andalusian Party (PA)	181,868	0.70	−0.19	0	−1
	Aragonese Union (CHA)	94,252	0.36	+0.03	1	±0
	Basque Solidarity (EA)3	80,905	0.31	−0.06	1	±0
	The Eco-pacifist Greens (LVEP)	68,027	0.26	+0.16	0	±0
	The Eco-pacifist Greens (LVEP)	37,499	0.14	+0.04	0	±0
	The Greens–The Ecologist Alternative (EV–AE)	30,528	0.12	New	0	±0
	Navarre Yes (NaBai)4	61,045	0.24	+0.15	1	+1
	Valencian Nationalist Bloc–Green Left (Bloc–EV)	40,759	0.16	−0.09	0	±0
	Progressives for the Balearic Islands (PSM–EN, EU, EV, ER)5	40,289	0.16	−0.06	0	±0
	Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB)	40,208	0.16	New	0	±0
	Aralar–Stand up (Aralar–Zutik)	38,560	0.15	New	0	±0
	Aragonese Party (PAR)	36,540	0.14	−0.03	0	±0
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	34,101	0.13	+0.03	0	±0
	Socialist Party of Andalusia (PSA)	24,127	0.09	New	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	21,758	0.08	±0.00	0	±0
	The Greens of the Community of Madrid (LVCM)	19,600	0.08	−0.01	0	±0
	Republican Left (IR)	16,993	0.07	New	0	±0
	Cannabis Party for Legalisation and Normalisation (PCLyN)	16,918	0.07	New	0	±0
	Family and Life Party (PFyV)	16,699	0.06	New	0	±0
	The Greens (Verdes)	15,220	0.06	±0.00	0	±0
	The Greens of the Region of Murcia (LVRM)	7,074	0.03	±0.00	0	±0
	The Greens of Asturias (Verdes)	5,013	0.02	±0.00	0	±0
	The Greens of Extremadura (LV)	3,133	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	National Democracy (DN)	15,180	0.06	New	0	±0
	Leonese People's Union (UPL)	14,160	0.05	−0.13	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	12,979	0.05	−0.01	0	±0
	The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV)	12,749	0.05	−0.04	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE de las JONS)6	12,266	0.05	+0.02	0	±0
	Majorcan Union (UM)	10,558	0.04	±0.00	0	±0
	The Phalanx (FE)	10,311	0.04	−0.02	0	±0
	Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)	8,866	0.03	−0.05	0	±0
	Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)	8,003	0.03	−0.02	0	±0
	Republican Social Movement (MSR)	6,768	0.03	New	0	±0
	Spanish Democratic Party (PADE)	5,677	0.02	−0.02	0	±0
	Convergence of Democrats of Navarre (CDN)	5,573	0.02	−0.02	0	±0
	Authentic Phalanx (FA)	4,589	0.02	New	0	±0
	Asturianist Party (PAS)	4,292	0.02	−0.01	0	±0
	Spain 2000 (E–2000)	4,231	0.02	−0.02	0	±0
	Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC)	4,092	0.02	New	0	±0
	United Extremadura (EU)	3,916	0.02	±0.00	0	±0
	Party of Self-employed and Professionals (AUTONOMO)	3,124	0.01	−0.01	0	±0
	Initiative for the Development of Soria (IDES)	2,934	0.01	New	0	±0
	Andalusia Assembly (A)	2,930	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Canarian Popular Alternative (APCa)	2,715	0.01	New	0	±0
	European Green Group (GVE)	2,662	0.01	New	0	±0
	Independent Candidacy–The Party of Castile and León (CI–PCL)	2,421	0.01	−0.01	0	±0
	Unsubmissive Seats–Alternative of Discontented Democrats (Ei–ADD)	2,332	0.01	New	0	±0
	Party of the Democratic Karma (PKD)	2,300	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Galician People's Front (FPG)	2,257	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Galician Coalition (CG)	2,235	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Alliance for Development and Nature (ADN)	2,215	0.01	New	0	±0
	Party of Precarious Workers (PTPRE)	2,115	0.01	New	0	±0
	Kingdom of Valencia Identity (IRV)	2,111	0.01	New	0	±0
	Party of Self-employed, Retirees and Widows (PAE)	2,082	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Andecha Astur (AA)	1,970	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Union of the Salamancan People (UPSa)	1,871	0.01	New	0	±0
	The Greens–Green Alternative (EV–AV)	1,836	0.01	−0.04	0	±0
	Carlist Party (PC)	1,813	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Romantic Mutual Support Party (PMAR)	1,561	0.01	New	0	±0
	Cantabrian Nationalist Council (CNC)	1,431	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL)	1,322	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Another Democracy is Possible (ODeP)	1,302	0.01	New	0	±0
	Independent Social Group (ASI)	1,237	0.00	New	0	±0
	Independent Social Democratic Party of the Valencian Community (PSICV)	1,096	0.00	New	0	±0
	Republican Party (PRF)	1,051	0.00	New	0	±0
	Alternative for Gran Canaria (AxGC)	957	0.00	New	0	±0
	Alliance for National Unity (AUN)	923	0.00	New	0	±0
	Left Assembly–Initiative for Andalusia (A–IZ)	901	0.00	New	0	±0
	Christian Positivist Party (PPCr)	892	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Asturian Left (IAS)	854	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC)	807	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Liberal Centrist Union (UCL)	798	0.00	New	0	±0
	Caló Nationalist Party (PNCA)	757	0.00	−0.01	0	±0
	United Zamora (ZU)	754	0.00	New	0	±0
	Union of Centrists of Menorca (UCM)	751	0.00	New	0	±0
	Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI))	668	0.00	−0.01	0	±0
	Spanish Democratic Front (FDE)	619	0.00	New	0	±0
	Castilian Unity (UdCa)	601	0.00	New	0	±0
	Andalusian Social Democratic Party (PSDA)	583	0.00	New	0	±0
	Nationalist Maga Alternative (AMAGA)	468	0.00	New	0	±0
	Balearic People's Union (UPB)	411	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	European Nation State (N)	410	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Workers for Democracy Coalition (TD)	407	0.00	New	0	±0
	National Workers' Party (PNT)	379	0.00	New	0	±0
	Party of The People (LG)	378	0.00	New	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU)	330	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	National Union (UN)	318	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Citizens' Convergence of the South-East (CCSE)	308	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	National Democratic Party of Spain (PDNE)	232	0.00	New	0	±0
	Spanish Absolute Honesty Political Group (GPHAE)	52	0.00	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		407,795	1.58	±0.00
Total		25,891,299			350	±0
Valid votes		25,891,299	98.99	−0.33
Invalid votes		264,137	1.01	+0.33
Votes cast / turnout		26,155,436	75.66	+6.95
Abstentions		8,416,395	24.34	−6.95
Registered voters		34,571,831
Sources [208] [209] [210]
Footnotes: 1 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party results are compared to the combined totals of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party–Progressives and Extremaduran Coalition in the 2000 election. 2 United Left results are compared to the combined totals of United Left, Initiative for Catalonia–Greens and Independent Socialists of Extremadura in the 2000 election. It does not include results in the Balearic Islands. 3 Basque Nationalist Party and Basque Solidarity do not include results in Navarre. 4 Navarre Yes results are compared to the combined totals of Basque Solidarity and Basque Nationalist Party in Navarre in the 2000 election. 5 Progressives for the Balearic Islands results are compared to the combined totals of Socialist Party of Majorca–Nationalist Agreement, United Left of the Balearic Islands, The Greens of the Balearic Islands and Republican Left of Catalonia in the 2000 election, only in the Balearic Islands. 6 Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO results are compared to Independent Spanish Phalanx–Phalanx 2000 totals in the 2000 election.

Popular vote

PSOE			42.59%
PP			37.71%
IU			4.96%
CiU			3.23%
ERC			2.52%
EAJ/PNV			1.63%
CC			0.91%
BNG			0.81%
CHA			0.36%
EA			0.31%
NaBai			0.24%
Others			3.17%
Blank ballots			1.58%

Seats

PSOE			46.86%
PP			42.29%
CiU			2.86%
ERC			2.29%
EAJ/PNV			2.00%
IU			1.43%
CC			0.89%
BNG			0.57%
CHA			0.29%
EA			0.29%
NaBai			0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 14 March 2004 Senate of Spain election results →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	26,639,965	37.92	−7.43	102	−25
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	25,666,070	36.53	+10.13	81	+28
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1	25,664,516	36.53	+10.13	81	+28
	For our Land (PSOE–PNC)	1,554	0.00	New	0	±0
	Catalan Agreement of Progress (PSC–ERC–ICV–EUiA)	6,087,158	8.66	+2.66	12	+4
	United Left (IU)	2,857,366	4.07	−3.60	0	±0
	Convergence and Union (CiU)	2,670,375	3.80	−0.73	4	−4
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)2	1,219,623	1.74	+0.12	6	±0
	Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)	750,251	1.07	−0.36	0	±0
	Andalusian Party (PA)	487,558	0.69	−0.24	0	±0
	Canarian Coalition (CC)	409,246	0.58	−0.13	3	−2
	The Eco-pacifist Greens (LVEP)	267,017	0.38	+0.30	0	±0
	The Greens–The Ecologist Alternative (EV–AE)	200,487	0.28	New	0	±0
	The Eco-pacifist Greens (LVEP)	66,530	0.09	+0.01	0	±0
	Basque Solidarity (EA)2	227,665	0.32	−0.09	0	±0
	Aragonese Union (CHA)	227,065	0.32	+0.02	0	±0
	Navarre Yes (NaBai)3	176,179	0.25	+0.21	0	±0
	Valencian Nationalist Bloc–Green Left (Bloc–EV)	135,872	0.19	+0.06	0	±0
	Aragonese Party (PAR)	124,777	0.18	−0.02	0	±0
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	92,564	0.13	+0.03	0	±0
	Aralar–Stand up (Aralar–Zutik)	92,118	0.13	New	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	85,877	0.12	+0.01	0	±0
	Progressives for the Balearic Islands (PSM–EN, EU, EV, ER)4	74,842	0.11	−0.11	0	±0
	Socialist Party of Andalusia (PSA)	73,843	0.11	New	0	±0
	Join Action (AY)	67,356	0.10	New	0	±0
	Burdened and Angry Citizens (CAyC)	66,213	0.09	New	0	±0
	Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	64,987	0.09	New	0	±0
	Cannabis Party for Legalisation and Normalisation (PCLyN)	57,312	0.08	New	0	±0
	The Greens (Verdes)	56,672	0.08	−0.05	0	±0
	The Greens of the Region of Murcia (LVRM)	24,257	0.03	−0.01	0	±0
	The Greens of Asturias (Verdes)	17,899	0.03	±0.00	0	±0
	The Greens of Extremadura (LV)	10,948	0.02	±0.00	0	±0
	The Greens–Left Forum (LV–FI)	2,847	0.00	New	0	±0
	The Greens of the Canaries (Verdes)	721	0.00	−0.03	0	±0
	Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)	56,300	0.08	±0.00	0	±0
	Leonese People's Union (UPL)	55,587	0.08	−0.12	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	49,495	0.07	−0.01	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE de las JONS)5	45,127	0.06	+0.02	0	±0
	Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)	41,992	0.06	−0.05	0	±0
	Family and Life Party (PFyV)	35,476	0.05	New	0	±0
	Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB)	35,385	0.05	New	0	±0
	Another Democracy is Possible (ODeP)	30,557	0.04	New	0	±0
	The Greens of the Community of Madrid (LVCM)	28,788	0.04	−0.05	0	±0
	Republican Left–Socialist Action Party (IR–PASOC)	27,973	0.04	+0.02	0	±0
	Majorcan Union (UM)	27,050	0.04	±0.00	0	±0
	Carlist Traditionalist Communion (CTC)	23,852	0.03	−0.02	0	±0
	National Democracy (DN)	23,544	0.03	New	0	±0
	Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV)	22,688	0.03	+0.01	0	±0
	The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV)	22,656	0.03	−0.04	0	±0
	Authentic Phalanx (FA)	19,413	0.03	New	0	±0
	United Extremadura (EU)	18,040	0.03	±0.00	0	±0
	Convergence of Democrats of Navarre (CDN)	16,946	0.02	−0.02	0	±0
	Spanish Democratic Party (PADE)	15,655	0.02	−0.01	0	±0
	Asturianist Party (PAS)	14,345	0.02	−0.01	0	±0
	Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI))	13,312	0.02	+0.01	0	±0
	Spain 2000 (E–2000)	13,150	0.02	+0.01	0	±0
	Galician People's Front (FPG)	13,149	0.02	+0.01	0	±0
	Lanzarote Independents Party (PIL)	11,457	0.02	±0.00	0	−1
	Initiative for the Development of Soria (IDES)	10,884	0.02	New	0	±0
	Party of Self-employed and Professionals (AUTONOMO)	10,647	0.02	±0.00	0	±0
	Carlist Party (PC)	10,487	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL)	10,434	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Unsubmissive Seats–Alternative of Discontented Democrats (Ei–ADD)	9,040	0.01	New	0	±0
	Party of Self-employed, Retirees and Widows (PAE)	8,673	0.01	+0.01	0	±0
	Andalusia Assembly (A)	8,355	0.01	−0.01	0	±0
	Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC)	8,047	0.01	New	0	±0
	Alliance for Development and Nature (ADN)	7,807	0.01	−0.01	0	±0
	Andecha Astur (AA)	7,665	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	The Phalanx (FE)	7,603	0.01	−0.05	0	±0
	Party of The People (LG)	7,507	0.01	New	0	±0
	The Greens–Green Alternative (EV–AV)	7,382	0.01	−0.07	0	±0
	Independent Candidacy–The Party of Castile and León (CI–PCL)	7,362	0.01	−0.01	0	±0
	Union of the Salamancan People (UPSa)	6,495	0.01	New	0	±0
	Party of Precarious Workers (PTPRE)	6,171	0.01	New	0	±0
	European Nation State (N)	5,982	0.01	+0.01	0	±0
	Cantabrian Nationalist Council (CNC)	5,526	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	25 May Citizens' Alternative (AC25M)	5,360	0.01	New	0	±0
	Party of the Democratic Karma (PKD)	5,099	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Independent Social Democratic Party of the Valencian Community (PSICV)	5,078	0.01	New	0	±0
	Canarian Popular Alternative (APCa)	4,853	0.01	New	0	±0
	Asturian Left (IAS)	4,474	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Socialist Party of Menorca–Nationalist Agreement (PSM–EN)	4,242	0.01	New	0	±0
	Republican Party (PRF)	4,206	0.01	New	0	±0
	Galician Coalition (CG)	4,173	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Caló Nationalist Party (PNCA)	3,356	0.00	New	0	±0
	Kingdom of Valencia Identity (IRV)	3,342	0.00	New	0	±0
	Romantic Mutual Support Party (PMAR)	3,277	0.00	New	0	±0
	Clean Hands Project (PML)	3,179	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Left Assembly–Initiative for Andalusia (A–IZ)	3,052	0.00	New	0	±0
	United Zamora (ZU)	2,992	0.00	New	0	±0
	Party Association of Widows and Legal Wives (PAVIEL)	2,950	0.00	−0.01	0	±0
	Progressives for Ibiza and Formentera (EU–ENE–ERC)	2,876	0.00	New	0	±0
	Independent Social Group (ASI)	2,620	0.00	New	0	±0
	Castilian Unity (UdCa)	2,463	0.00	New	0	±0
	Alliance for National Unity (AUN)	2,338	0.00	New	0	±0
	Liberal Centrist Union (UCL)	2,155	0.00	New	0	±0
	New Force (FN)	2,096	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC)	1,904	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Natural Culture (CN)	1,767	0.00	−0.01	0	±0
	The Republic (La República)	1,686	0.00	New	0	±0
	Alternative for Gran Canaria (AxGC)	1,672	0.00	New	0	±0
	Party of El Bierzo (PB)	1,640	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Immigrants with the Right to Equality and Obligations (INDIO)	1,587	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Christian Positivist Party (PPCr)	1,297	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU)	1,142	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Workers for Democracy Coalition (TD)	1,074	0.00	New	0	±0
	Union of Centrists of Menorca (UCM)	802	0.00	New	0	±0
	European Green Group (GVE)	795	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Initiative for La Palma (INPA)	722	0.00	New	0	±0
	National Workers' Party (PNT)	508	0.00	New	0	±0
	National Union (UN)	505	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Citizens' Convergence of the South-East (CCSE)	366	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	New Spanish Republicans (NRUP)	220	0.00	New	0	±0
	Cives (Cives)	199	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Balearic People's Union (UPB)	98	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Digital Citizens from Castelnou (CDC)	79	0.00	New	0	±0
Blank ballots [k]		679,816	2.67	−0.15
Total		70,258,035			208	±0
Valid votes		25,426,107	97.09	−0.42
Invalid votes		761,055	2.91	+0.42
Votes cast / turnout		26,187,162	75.75	+6.92
Abstentions		8,384,669	24.25	−6.92
Registered voters		34,571,831
Sources [122] [208] [209] [210] [211]
Footnotes: 1 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party results are compared to the combined totals of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and Progressive Pact in the 2000 election. 2 Basque Nationalist Party and Basque Solidarity do not include results in Navarre. 3 Navarre Yes results are compared to the combined totals of Basque Solidarity and Basque Nationalist Party in Navarre in the 2000 election. 4 Progressives for the Balearic Islands results are compared to the combined totals of Socialist Party of Majorca–Nationalist Agreement, United Left of the Balearic Islands, The Greens of the Balearic Islands and Republican Left of Catalonia in the 2000 election, only in the Balearic Islands. 5 Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO results are compared to Independent Spanish Phalanx–Phalanx 2000 totals in the 2000 election.

Popular vote

PP			37.92%
PSOE			36.53%
ECdP			8.66%
IU			4.07%
CiU			3.80%
EAJ/PNV			1.74%
BNG			1.07%
CC			0.58%
Others			4.67%
Blank ballots			2.67%

Seats

PP			49.04%
PSOE			38.94%
ECdP			5.77%
EAJ/PNV			2.88%
CiU			1.92%
CC			1.44%

Maps

• 
  Election results by constituency (Congress).
• 
  Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress).
• 
  Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress).

Aftermath

Government formation

Further information: First government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero

Investiture Congress of Deputies Nomination of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (PSOE)
Ballot →		16 April 2004
Required majority →		176 out of 350 Y
	Yes • PSOE (164) • ERC (8) • IU–ICV (5) • CC (3) • BNG (2) • CHA (1)	183 / 350
	No • PP (148)	148 / 350
	Abstentions • CiU (10) • PNV (7) • EA (1) • NaBai (1)	19 / 350
	Absentees	0 / 350
Sources [10] [212]

Notes

1. Results for PSOE–p (34.2%, 125 deputies) and Extremaduran Coalition (0.0%, 0 deputies) in the 2000 Congress election.
2. Results for IU (5.4%, 8 deputies) and IC–V (0.5%, 1 deputy) in the 2000 Congress election.
3. Cristina Alberdi, former PSOE legislator. ^[124]
4. Enrique Bellido, former PP legislator. ^[126]
5. Results in the 2000 Congress election, not including Navarre.
6. Results in the 2000 Senate election, not including Navarre.
7. The PSC–PSOE (7 senators), ERC (1 senator) and IC–V (0 senators) contested the 2000 Senate election within the Entesa alliance.
8. Results for EA (0.1%, 0 deputies) and EAJ/PNV in Navarre (0.0%, 0 deputies) in the 2000 Congress election.
9. Results for EA (0.1%, 0 senators) and EAJ/PNV in Navarre (0.0%, 0 senators) in the 2000 Senate election.
10. The exact wording of the sentence varies depending on the source; a more informal variation states: "if it was ETA, we sweep the map; if it was the Islamists, we go home." ^[206]
11. The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

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External links

• Media related to Spanish general election, 2004 at Wikimedia Commons