2008 Spanish general election

Last updated

2008 Spanish general election
Flag of Spain.svg
←  2004 9 March 2008 2011  →
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 264) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered35,073,179 Green Arrow Up Darker.svg 1.5%
Turnout25,900,439 (73.8%)
Red Arrow Down.svg 1.9 pp
 First partySecond partyThird party
  Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero 2009b (cropped).jpg Mariano Rajoy in 2008 (cropped).jpg Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida 2006 (cropped).jpg
Leader José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Mariano Rajoy Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida
Party PSOE PP CiU
Leader since 22 July 2000 2 September 200324 January 2004
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Barcelona
Last election164 seats, 42.6%148 seats, 37.7%10 seats, 3.2%
Seats won16915410
Seat change Green Arrow Up Darker.svg 5 Green Arrow Up Darker.svg 6 Arrow Blue Right 001.svg 0
Popular vote11,289,33510,278,010779,425
Percentage43.9%39.9%3.0%
Swing Green Arrow Up Darker.svg 1.3 pp Green Arrow Up Darker.svg 2.2 pp Red Arrow Down.svg 0.2 pp
 Fourth partyFifth partySixth party
  Josu Erkoreka 2009 (cropped).jpg Joan Ridao (cropped).jpg Gaspar Llamazares 2011 (cropped).jpg
Leader Josu Erkoreka Joan Ridao Gaspar Llamazares
Party EAJ/PNV ERC IU
Leader since2004200729 October 2000
Leader's seat Biscay Barcelona Madrid
Last election7 seats, 1.6%8 seats, 2.5%5 seats, 5.0%
Seats won632
Seat change Red Arrow Down.svg 1 Red Arrow Down.svg 5 Red Arrow Down.svg 3
Popular vote306,128298,139969,946
Percentage1.2%1.2%3.8%
Swing Red Arrow Down.svg 0.4 pp Red Arrow Down.svg 1.3 pp Red Arrow Down.svg 1.2 pp
2008 Spanish election - Results.svg
2008 Spanish election - AC results.svg
2008 Spanish general election map.svg
Prime Minister before election

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
PSOE

Prime Minister after election

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
PSOE

A general election was held in Spain on Sunday, 9 March 2008, to elect the members of the 9th Cortes Generales under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 264 seats in the Senate. It was held concurrently with the 2008 Andalusian regional election.

Contents

The surprise victory of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) at the 2004 election, amid the public shock caused by the 11M Madrid train bombings, had led to an increase of bipolarisation in Spanish politics, with the opposition People's Party (PP) under Mariano Rajoy and right-wing media embracing conspiracy theories about the blasts' authorship and motives while engaging in a strategy of rising tension and street protests against the new government. One of the first measures adopted by Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero was the withdrawal of Spanish troops from Iraq, which caused a downturn in relations with the U.S. administration of George W. Bush. This period saw the implementation of same-sex marriage in Spain, express divorce, measures fostering women's rights and the fight against gender-based violence, as well as the Historical Memory Law recognizing the victims of political repression during the Spanish Civil War and the Francoist dictatorship.

Zapatero's decision to engage in talks with the terrorist group ETA—after three years of relative calm and a ceasefire in March 2006—was not without controversy, and the government was forced to halt all negotiations following the Madrid–Barajas Airport bombing in December that year. The PSOE government also attempted to enforce a policy of reform of the regional statutes of autonomy, with the issue of the 2006 Catalan statute being the most controversial: its curtailment in the Cortes Generales caused the downfall of regional president Pasqual Maragall's cabinet and an appeal to the Constitutional Court being filed by the PP. Although Zapatero's first term saw a continuation of the economic growth of previous years, the growing property bubble in housing prices and a multinational subprime mortgage crisis started showing symptoms of a potential real estate and financial crisis by late 2007.

The electoral outcome saw a record result for both PSOE and PP, which combined amounted for more than 83% of the vote share and 92% of Congress seats. The PSOE benefitted from tactical voting against the PP—at the cost of peripheral nationalist parties, such as Convergence and Union (CiU), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) or Aragonese Union (CHA), falling to historical lows of popular support—and emerged as the most-voted party just seven seats short of an overall majority, which allowed Zapatero to be sworn in for a second term in office in April 2008. On the other hand, Rajoy's PP saw an increase in its vote share and seat count, but remained unable to overtake the Socialists. United Left (IU) had its worst general election performance ever with less than 4% of the share and 2 seats, whereas the new Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) party—founded by former PSOE member and leadership contender Rosa Díez—became the first nationwide party aside from PSOE, PP and IU securing seats since the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) was left out of parliament in 1993.

Overview

Under the 1978 Constitution, the Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. [1] [2] The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. [3] Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a limited number of functions—such as ratification of international treaties, authorization of collaboration agreements between autonomous communities, enforcement of direct rule, regulation of interterritorial compensation funds, and its role in constitutional amendment and in the appointment of members to the Constitutional Court and the General Council of the Judiciary—which were not subject to the Congress's override. [4]

Electoral system

Voting for each chamber of the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights, provided that they were not sentenced—by a final court ruling—to deprivation of the right to vote, nor being legally incapacitated. [5] [6]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. The two remaining seats were allocated to Ceuta and Melilla as single-member districts and elected using plurality voting. [7] [8] The use of the electoral method resulted in a higher effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies. [9]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats: [10]

SeatsConstituencies
35 Madrid
31 Barcelona
16 Valencia
12 Alicante (+1), Seville
10 Málaga, Murcia (+1)
9 Cádiz
8 A Coruña (–1), Asturias, Balearic Islands, Biscay (–1), Las Palmas
7 Granada, Pontevedra, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6 Almería (+1), Badajoz, Córdoba (–1), Girona, Guipúzcoa, Jaén, Tarragona, Toledo (+1)
5 Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, León, Navarre, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres, La Rioja, Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3 Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Teruel, Zamora
2 Soria (–1)

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system: in constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Mallorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants. [11] [12] [13]

The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacated seats; instead, any vacancies that occurred after the proclamation of candidates and into the legislative term were to be covered by the successive candidates in the list and, when needed, by the designated substitutes, of which the list could include up to ten. [14]

Eligibility

Spanish citizens of age and with the legal capacity to vote could run for election, provided that they were not sentenced to imprisonment by a final court ruling nor convicted, even if by a non-final ruling, to forfeiture of eligibility or to specific disqualification or suspension from public office under particular offences: rebellion, terrorism or other crimes against the state. Other causes of ineligibility were imposed on the following officials: [15] [16]

Other causes of ineligibility for both chambers were imposed on a number of territorial-level officers in the aforementioned categories—during their tenure of office—in constituencies within the whole or part of their respective area of jurisdiction, as well as employees of foreign states and members of regional governments. [15] [16] Incompatibility provisions extended to the president of the National Commission on Competition; members of RTVE's board and of the offices of the prime minister, the ministers and the secretaries of state; government delegates in port authorities, hydrographic confederations and toll highway concessionary companies; presidents and other high-ranking members of public entities, state monopolies, companies with majority public participation and public saving banks; as well as the impossibility of simultaneously holding the positions of deputy and senator or regional legislator. [17]

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant electoral commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. [18] Amendments to the electoral law in 2007 introduced requirements for a balanced composition of men and women in the lists of candidates, so that candidates of either sex made up at least 40 percent of the total composition. [19]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. [20] The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. [21] The previous election was held on 14 March 2004, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 14 March 2008. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 19 February 2008, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 13 April 2008.

The prime minister had the prerogative to propose the monarch to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. [22] Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot. [23] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections to the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2025, there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

In November 2007, it was announced by Andalusian president Manuel Chaves that he had agreed with Zapatero to hold the regional election in Andalusia simultaneously with the 2008 Spanish general election in March. [24] [25]

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 15 January 2008 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 9 March and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 1 April. [10]

Parliamentary composition

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution. [26] [27]

Parties and candidates

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

CandidacyParties and
alliances		Leading candidateIdeologyPrevious resultGov.Ref.
CongressSenate
Vote %SeatsVote %Seats
PSOE
List
 Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero 2009b (cropped).jpg José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Social democracy 42.6%16436.5%81Check-green.svg [32]
[33]
PP
List
 Mariano Rajoy in 2008 (cropped).jpg Mariano Rajoy Conservatism
Christian democracy 		37.7%14837.9%102Dark Red x.svg [34]
[35]
CiU Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida 2006 (cropped).jpg Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida Catalan nationalism
Centrism 		3.2%103.8%4Dark Red x.svg [36]
[37]
esquerra Joan Ridao (cropped).jpg Joan Ridao Catalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy 		2.5%8— [c] Dark Red x.svg [38]
EAJ/PNV
List
 Josu Erkoreka 2009 (cropped).jpg Josu Erkoreka Basque nationalism
Christian democracy 		1.6%71.7%6Dark Red x.svg
IU Gaspar Llamazares 2011 (cropped).jpg Gaspar Llamazares Socialism
Communism 		5.0%54.1%0Dark Red x.svg [39]
CC–PNC Ana Oramas 2019 (cropped).jpg Ana Oramas Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism 		0.9%30.6%3Dark Red x.svg [40]
BNG Francisco Jorquera 2012 (cropped).jpg Francisco Jorquera Galician nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Socialism 		0.8%21.1%0Dark Red x.svg [41]
[42]
CHA
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Bizén Fuster Aragonese nationalism
Eco-socialism 		0.4%10.3%0Dark Red x.svg [43]
EA Nekane Altzelai 2008.jpg Nekane Altzelai Basque nationalism
Social democracy 		0.3%10.3%0Dark Red x.svg [44]
NaBai
List
 Uxue Barkos 2015b (cropped).jpg Uxue Barkos Basque nationalism
Social democracy 		0.2%10.3%0Dark Red x.svg [45]
PSC–ERC–
ICV–EUiA 		Portrait placeholder.svg Maite Arqué Catalanism
Social democracy
Eco-socialism 		—8.7%12Dark Red x.svg [46]
UPyD Rosa Diez 2008 (cropped).jpg Rosa Díez Social liberalism
Radical centrism 		——Dark Red x.svg [47]
[48]

In the Canary Islands, an alliance was formed between New Canaries (NC) and Nationalist Canarian Centre (CCN), two splinter groups from Canarian Coalition. [49] In the Valencian Community, Valencian People's Initiative (IdPV)—splinter from United Left of the Valencian Country (EUPV)—joined a coalition with the Valencian Nationalist Bloc (Bloc) and The Greens–Ecologist Left of the Valencian Country (EVEE). [50] Unity for the Isles, an electoral alliance based in the Balearic Islands, was formed by PSM–Nationalist Agreement (PSM–EN), Majorcan Union (UM), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Agreement for Majorca (ExM) and The Greens of Menorca (EV–Me). [51]

Timetable

The key dates are listed below (all times are CET. The Canary Islands used WET (UTC+0) instead): [52]

Campaign

Party slogans

Party or allianceOriginal sloganEnglish translationRef.
PSOE « Motivos para creer » [d] "Reasons to believe" [d] [53] [54]
PP « Con cabeza y corazón »"With brain and heart" [54] [55]
CiU « El teu vot farà respectar Catalunya »"Your vote will make Catalonia to be respected" [54] [56] [57]
esquerra « Objectiu: un país de primera »"Goal: A first class country" [54] [58] [59]
EAJ/PNV « Euskadin bizi naiz ni, zu, non bizi zara? »
« Yo vivo en Euskadi, tú ¿dónde vives? »		"I live in the Basque Country, where do you live?" [60] [61]
IU « LlamazarES + izquierda »"LlamazarES (is) more left" [54] [62]
CC–PNC « Habla canario, ponte en tu sitio »"Speak, Canarian, claim your place" [63]
BNG « Contigo, Galiza decide »"With you, Galicia decides" [64]
CHA « Aragón con más fuerza »"Aragon, with more strength" [65]
EA « Herriaren ahotsa »
« La voz del pueblo »		"The voice of the people" [61]
NaBai « Moogi, moogi. Mugi gaitezen, mugi dezagun »
« Movámonos, movámoslo »		"Let's move us, let's move it" [66]
UPyD « Lo que nos une »"What unites us" [54] [67]

Although the official electoral campaign period in Spain only lasts for the 15 days before the election, (with the exception of the day just before the election), many parties, especially the PP and PSOE, start their "pre-campaigns" months in advance, often before having finalised their electoral lists.

The first phase campaign was done under the slogan "Con Z de Zapatero" (With Z of Zapatero), a joke based on the Prime Minister and socialist candidate's habit of tending to pronounce words ending with D as if they ended with Z. The campaign was linked to terms like equality (Igualdad-Igualdaz) or solidarity (Solidaridad-Solidaridaz), emphasizing the policies carried out by the current government. The second phase was done under the slogan "La Mirada Positiva" (The Positive outlook), emphasising the future government platform, and "Vota con todas tus fuerzas" (Vote with all of your strength), aiming to mobilize the indecisive or potentially abstaining voters. Another common slogan through all the campaign was "Motivos para creer" (Reasons to believe in).

For the pre-campaign the PP used the slogan "Con Rajoy es Posible" (With Rajoy it's Possible). Usually emphasizing PP's campaign proposals, such as "Llegar a fin de mes, Con Rajoy es Posible" (Making ends meet, With Rajoy it's Possible). IU accused PP of copying its slogan from the last municipal elections [68]

IU chose the pre-campaign slogan "LlamazarES + Más Izquierda" (LlamazarES (is) More Left), calling attention to their position as the third national party.

Events and issues

The economy became a major campaign issue due to a number of factors:

The sudden emergence of the economy as a political issue came after several years of steady economic growth, and led some observers to suggest that maybe the government would have benefitted from calling an earlier election. [69] In addition to those factors both the PP and the PSOE made competing proposals on taxation.

Election debates

2008 Spanish general election debates
DateOrganisersModerator(s)   P Present [e]   S Surrogate [f]   NI Not invited 
PSOE PP IU CiU ERC PNV CC ShareRef.
21 February Antena 3 [g] Matías Prats P
Solbes 		P
Pizarro 		NININININI24.4%
(4,784,000)		 [70]
[71]
25 FebruaryTV AcademyManuel Campo VidalP
Zapatero 		P
Rajoy 		NININININI59.1%
(13,043,000)		 [72]
[73]
28 February TVE Ana Blanco S
Jáuregui 		S
G. Pons 		S
Muñoz		S
Jané		P
Ridao		P
Erkoreka 		S
Bañuelos		11.1%
(1,759,000)		 [74]
3 MarchTV Academy Olga Viza P
Zapatero 		P
Rajoy 		NININININI56.3%
(11,952,000)		 [72]
[75]
5 March TVE
(59 segundos)		 Ana Pastor S
Jáuregui 		S
G. Pons 		S
Nieto		S
Xuclà 		S
Cerdà		P
Erkoreka		P
Oramas		10.4%
(1,774,000)		 [76]
Opinion polls
Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate
DebatePolling firm/Commissioner PSOE PP TieNoneBlue question mark (italic).svg
21 FebruaryTNS Demoscopia/Antena 3 [70] 47.437.0–15.6–
25 FebruarySigma Dos/El Mundo [77] [78] 45.542.0––12.5
Metroscopia/El País [79] 46.042.012.0––
Opina/Cuatro [80] 45.433.48.2–13.0
Invymark/laSexta [80] 45.730.124.1––
TNS Demoscopia/Antena 3 [81] 45.439.3–15.3–
3 MarchSigma Dos/El Mundo [82] 49.040.2––10.8
Metroscopia/El País [83] 53.038.09.0––
Opina/Cuatro [84] 50.829.013.4–6.8
Invymark/laSexta [85] 49.229.821.0––
CIS [86] 53.321.56.915.82.5

Opinion polls

OpinionPollingSpainGeneralElection2008.svg
Local regression trend line of poll results from 14 March 2004 to 9 March 2008, with each line corresponding to a political party.

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results →
SpainCongressDiagram2008.svg
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±pp Total+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)11,289,33543.87+1.28169+5
People's Party (PP)10,278,01039.94+2.23154+6
United Left (IU)969,9463.77−1.192−3
Convergence and Union (CiU)779,4253.03−0.2010±0
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)306,1281.19−0.446−1
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)306,0791.19New1+1
Republican Left of Catalonia (esquerra)298,1391.16−1.363−5
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)212,5430.83+0.022±0
Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CC–PNC)1174,6290.68−0.252−1
Andalusian Coalition (CA)268,6790.27−0.520±0
Navarre Yes (NaBai)62,3980.24±0.001±0
Basque Solidarity (EA)50,3710.20−0.110−1
The Greens (Verdes)49,3550.19−0.010±0
The Greens (Verdes)41,5310.16+0.100±0
The Greens (EV–LV)37,8240.03−0.110±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)46,3130.18New0±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)44,7950.17New0±0
Aragonese Party (PAR)40,0540.16+0.020±0
Aragonese Union (CHA)38,2020.15−0.210−1
New Canaries–Canarian Centre (NC–CCN)38,0240.15New0±0
The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV)30,8400.12+0.070±0
Aralar (Aralar)29,9890.12−0.030±0
Bloc–Initiative–Greens (Bloc–IdPV–EVEE)29,7600.12−0.040±0
Unity for the Isles (UIB)425,4540.10−0.100±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)23,3180.09New0±0
The Greens of Europe (LVdE)520,4190.08±0.000±0
Social Democratic Party (PSD)20,1260.08New0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)20,0300.08+0.030±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB)14,1930.06−0.100±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)14,0230.05±0.000±0
National Democracy (DN)12,8360.05−0.010±0
The Greens–The Ecologist Alternative (EV–AE)12,5610.05−0.070±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV)9,8820.04−0.020±0
Humanist Party (PH)9,0560.04−0.040±0
Party of Almería (PdeAL)8,4510.03New0±0
Navarrese Cannabis Representation (RCN/NOK)7,7690.03−0.040±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)7,3860.03±0.000±0
Spanish Alternative (AES)7,3000.03New0±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000)6,9060.03+0.010±0
Catalan Republican Party (RC)6,7460.03New0±0
Valencian Coalition (CVa)5,4240.02New0±0
Unsubmissive Seats–Alternative of Discontented Democrats (Ei–ADD)5,0350.02+0.010±0
Commoners' Land (TC)4,7960.02−0.010±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA)4,6070.02±0.000±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL)4,5090.02−0.030±0
Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn)3,8850.02New0±0
Engine and Sports Alternative (AMD)3,8290.01New0±0
Pensioners in Action Party (PDLPEA)3,0500.01New0±0
Republican Left (IR)2,8990.01−0.060±0
Riojan Party (PR)2,8370.01New0±0
National Alliance (AN)2,7370.01+0.010±0
Alternative in Blank (ABLA)2,4600.01New0±0
United Extremadura (EU)2,3460.01−0.010±0
The Greens–Green Alternative (EV–AV)2,0280.01±0.000±0
Carlist Party (PC)1,9560.01±0.000±0
Party for Catalonia (PxCat)1,9190.01New0±0
Non-Smokers' Party (PNF)1,6160.01New0±0
Union for Leganés (ULEG)1,5660.01New0±0
Spanish Front (Frente)1,5390.01New0±0
Liberal Democratic Centre (CDL)1,5030.01New0±0
Valencian Nationalist Option (ONV)1,4900.01New0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)1,3620.01−0.120±0
Andecha Astur (AA)1,2990.01±0.000±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)1,2780.00−0.010±0
Spanish Democratic Centre (CDEs)1,0470.00New0±0
Canarian Nationalist Alternative (ANC)1,0170.00New0±0
Civil Liberties Party (PLCI)8880.00New0±0
Unity (Unidá)8480.00New0±0
Liberal Party of State Employment and Housing (PLEVE)7860.00New0±0
Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI))7220.00±0.000±0
Unity of the People (UP)6990.00New0±0
For the Valencian Republic (plRV)6450.00New0±0
Centrist Party (PCTR)5090.00New0±0
Movement for the Unity of the Canarian People (MUPC)4970.00New0±0
Aragon United Citizens Party (pCUA)4750.00New0±0
Citizens' Union–Independent Progressives of Canaries (UC–PIC)4640.00New0±0
Kingdom of Valencia Identity (IRV)4490.00−0.010±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL)4230.00New0±0
State of Spain Unionist Party (PUEDE)4140.00New0±0
People of El Bierzo (PB–UB)3850.00New0±0
Islander Party of the Balearic Islands (PIIB)3600.00New0±0
Christian Positivist Party (PPCr)3000.00±0.000±0
Carlist Traditionalist Communion (CTC)2180.00New0±0
Asturian Democratic Convergence (CDAS)2160.00New0±0
Merindades of Castile Initiative (IMC)2020.00New0±0
Castilian Unity (UdCa)1980.00±0.000±0
European Ibero-American Alliance Party (PAIE)1740.00New0±0
Workers for Democracy Coalition (TD)1590.00±0.000±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU)1520.00±0.000±0
Balearic Alliance (ABA)1450.00New0±0
Electronic Voting Assembly (AVE)1440.00New0±0
Liberal Centrist Union (UCL)1240.00±0.000±0
Alliance for Burgos (AxB)1230.00New0±0
Burgalese Citizen Initiative (ICBur)1090.00New0±0
We Are (N Som)1050.00New0±0
Independents for Cuenca (ixC)1000.00New0±0
Citizens' Group (AGRUCI)790.00New0±0
Falangist Movement of Spain (MFE)680.00New0±0
Aitch Party (PHache)00.00New0±0
Blank ballots286,1821.11−0.47
Total25,734,863350±0
Valid votes25,734,86399.36+0.37
Invalid votes165,5760.64−0.37
Votes cast / turnout25,900,43973.85−1.81
Abstentions9,172,74026.15+1.81
Registered voters35,073,179
Sources [87] [88]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PSOE
 
43.87%
PP
 
39.94%
IU
 
3.77%
CiU
 
3.03%
EAJ/PNV
 
1.19%
UPyD
 
1.19%
esquerra
 
1.16%
BNG
 
0.83%
CC–PNC
 
0.68%
NaBai
 
0.24%
Others
 
3.00%
Blank ballots
 
1.11%
Seats
PSOE
 
48.29%
PP
 
44.00%
CiU
 
2.86%
EAJ/PNV
 
1.71%
esquerra
 
0.86%
IU
 
0.57%
BNG
 
0.57%
CC–PNC
 
0.57%
UPyD
 
0.29%
NaBai
 
0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 9 March 2008 Senate of Spain election results →
SpainSenateDiagram2008.svg
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±pp Total+/−
People's Party (PP)28,039,59240.20+2.28101−1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)125,965,22137.22+0.7486+5
Catalan Agreement of Progress (PSC–ERC–ICV–EUiA)5,280,5907.57−1.0912±0
Convergence and Union (CiU)2,437,3383.49−0.314±0
United Left (IU)22,015,2492.89−1.170±0
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)903,0721.29−0.452−4
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)726,3171.04−0.030±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)691,6950.99New0±0
Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CC–PNC)3302,7290.43−0.161−2
Andalusian Coalition (CA)4229,9170.33−0.470±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)200,2420.29New0±0
Navarre Yes (NaBai)183,8730.26+0.010±0
The Greens (Verdes)181,2530.26+0.090±0
The Greens (Verdes)162,1240.23+0.150±0
The Greens (EV–LV)519,1290.03−0.060±0
Basque Solidarity (EA)143,2940.21−0.100±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)133,6780.19New0±0
Aragonese Party (PAR)132,7380.19+0.010±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)132,1710.19+0.100±0
The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV)112,5610.16+0.130±0
Aragonese Union (CHA)107,2820.15−0.170±0
Bloc–Initiative–Greens (Bloc–IdPV–EVEE)92,5880.13−0.060±0
Aralar (Aralar)75,4760.11−0.020±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)66,1630.10+0.030±0
New Canaries–Canarian Centre (NC–CCN)65,2480.09New0±0
The Greens–The Ecologist Alternative (EV–AE)58,7250.08−0.200±0
The Greens of Europe (LVdE)650,0670.07+0.030±0
Unity for the Isles (UIB)745,9720.07−0.030±0
Catalan Republican Party (RC)44,3940.06New0±0
Carlist Traditionalist Communion (CTC)44,0500.06+0.030±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)42,1120.06±0.000±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV)41,5990.06+0.010±0
Humanist Party (PH)38,4370.06−0.060±0
The Greens–Green Alternative (EV–AV)33,7760.05+0.040±0
Social Democratic Party (PSD)31,7030.05New0±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)28,1970.04−0.040±0
Republican Left of the Valencian Country (esquerra–PV)28,0890.04+0.010±0
Party of Almería (PdeAL)27,6510.04New0±0
PSOE–Ibiza for Change (PSOE–ExC)826,5130.04+0.011+1
National Democracy (DN)25,1400.04+0.010±0
Carlist Party (PC)23,6850.03+0.020±0
Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn)23,5310.03New0±0
Pensioners in Action Party (PDLPEA)22,1410.03New0±0
Commoners' Land (TC)21,9950.03−0.030±0
Spanish Alternative (AES)21,5700.03New0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL)21,2270.03−0.050±0
PSOE–Left of Menorca–PSM–Greens (PSOE–EU–PSM–Verds)921,0230.03±0.001+1
Nation and Revolution (NyR)19,0440.03New0±0
Republican Left (IR)19,0050.03−0.010±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000)17,8970.03+0.010±0
United Extremadura (EU)15,1100.02−0.010±0
National Alliance (AN)13,1130.02+0.020±0
Unsubmissive Seats–Alternative of Discontented Democrats (Ei–ADD)12,1490.02+0.010±0
Alternative in Blank (ABLA)11,9740.02New0±0
Riojan Party (PR)10,4820.02New0±0
Spanish Front (Frente)10,4180.01New0±0
Valencian Coalition (CVa)10,3300.01New0±0
Liberal Democratic Centre (CDL)10,0570.01New0±0
Engine and Sports Alternative (AMD)9,4380.01New0±0
Navarrese Cannabis Representation (RCN/NOK)8,2340.01−0.070±0
Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI))8,2240.01−0.010±0
Valencian Nationalist Option (ONV)7,1590.01New0±0
Non-Smokers' Party (PNF)7,0000.01New0±0
Party for Catalonia (PxCat)6,8050.01New0±0
Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE)6,2340.01New0±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA)5,2130.01−0.020±0
Commoners (comuner@s)5,1490.01New0±0
Canarian Nationalist Alternative (ANC)4,9880.01New0±0
Andecha Astur (AA)4,9640.01±0.000±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)4,8510.01±0.000±0
Spanish Democratic Centre (CDEs)4,5220.01New0±0
Citizen Union for Democracy (UCiD)3,9990.01New0±0
Natural Culture (CN)3,6870.01+0.010±0
Union for Leganés (ULEG)3,0960.00New0±0
Yuntar Action (AY)3,0000.00−0.100±0
Unity (Unidá)2,9620.00New0±0
Citizens' Group (AGRUCI)2,8060.00New0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL)2,5630.00New0±0
The Republic (La República)2,5170.00±0.000±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB)2,5070.00−0.050±0
Unity of the People (UP)2,3500.00New0±0
Action for Justice (AXJ)2,2230.00New0±0
Kingdom of Valencia Identity (IRV)2,0870.00−0.010±0
Aragon United Citizens Party (pCUA)1,6150.00New0±0
For the Valencian Republic (plRV)1,4850.00New0±0
People of El Bierzo (PB–UB)1,4170.00±0.000±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC)1,3230.00±0.000±0
Merindades of Castile Initiative (IMC)1,3110.00New0±0
Electronic Voting Assembly (AVE)1,2730.00New0±0
Cantabrian Party (Cántabro)1,1890.00New0±0
Independent Alternative of Galicia (AIdG)1,1500.00New0±0
Castilian Unity (UdCa)9420.00±0.000±0
Aragonese Land (TA)9280.00New0±0
Asturian Democratic Convergence (CDAS)9250.00New0±0
25 May Citizens' Alternative (AC25M)7730.00−0.010±0
Civil Liberties Party (PLCI)7120.00New0±0
Islander Party of the Balearic Islands (PIIB)6830.00New0±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU)6560.00±0.000±0
Movement for the Unity of the Canarian People (MUPC)6390.00New0±0
Christian Positivist Party (PPCr)6380.00±0.000±0
Galician Identity (IG)5900.00New0±0
Citizens' Union–Independent Progressives of Canaries (UC–PIC)4940.00New0±0
Progress Party of Castile and León Cities (PPCCAL)4840.00New0±0
Spanish Democratic Front (FDE)4590.00New0±0
Alternative Island (ISAL)4490.00New0±0
Workers for Democracy Coalition (TD)4030.00±0.000±0
Republican Castile (CARE)4000.00New0±0
Burgalese Citizen Initiative (ICBur)3790.00New0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)3410.00−0.130±0
Independents for Cuenca (ixC)3090.00New0±0
Liberal Centrist Union (UCL)2350.00±0.000±0
Falangist Movement of Spain (MFE)2180.00New0±0
Justice and Development Party of Spain (PJDE)1050.00New0±0
Blank ballots [h] 524,7502.06−0.61
Total69,753,316208±0
Valid votes25,527,94097.71+0.62
Invalid votes597,2992.29−0.62
Votes cast / turnout26,125,23974.49−1.26
Abstentions8,947,94025.51+1.26
Registered voters35,073,179
Sources [27] [87] [88] [89]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PP
 
40.20%
PSOE
 
37.22%
ECdP
 
7.57%
CiU
 
3.49%
IU
 
2.89%
EAJ/PNV
 
1.29%
BNG
 
1.04%
CC–PNC
 
0.43%
PSOE–ExC
 
0.04%
Pacte
 
0.03%
Others
 
5.03%
Blank ballots
 
2.06%
Seats
PP
 
48.56%
PSOE
 
41.35%
ECdP
 
5.77%
CiU
 
1.92%
EAJ/PNV
 
0.96%
CC–PNC
 
0.48%
PSOE–ExC
 
0.48%
Pacte
 
0.48%

Maps

Aftermath

Government formation

Investiture
Congress of Deputies
Nomination of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (PSOE)
Ballot →9 April 200811 April 2008
Required majority →176 out of 350 X mark.svgSimple Yes check.svg
Yes
  • • PSOE (169) (168 on 9 Apr)
168 / 350
169 / 350
No
158 / 350
158 / 350
Abstentions
23 / 350
23 / 350
Abstentees
  • • PSOE (1) (on 9 Apr)
1 / 350
0 / 350
Sources [90]

Notes

  1. ↑ Joaquín Calomarde, former PP legislator. [29]
  2. ↑ Francisco Javier Tuñón, appointed senator for Navarre (supported by UPN, PSN–PSOE, CDN and IUN). [31]
  3. ↑ The PSC–PSOE (8 senators), ERC (3 senators), ICV (1 senator) and EUiA (0 senators) contested the 2004 Senate election within the Entesa alliance.
  4. 1 2 Under this generic slogan, the party launched another thirteen interchangeable expressions:
    • Spanish: Por todo lo que merece la pena (English: "For all what matters")
    • Spanish: Comprometidos con la Igualdad (English: "Committed to Equality")
    • Spanish: Vivimos juntos, decidimos juntos (English: "We live together, we decide together")
    • Spanish: No es lo mismo (English: "Is not the same")
    • Spanish: Porque lo estamos consiguiendo (English: "Because we are getting it done")
    • Spanish: Somos más (English: "We are more")
    • Spanish: Soñar con los pies en la tierra (English: "Head in the clouds, feet on the ground")
    • Spanish: Por todo lo logrado (English: "For everything achieved")
    • Spanish: Por el pleno empleo (English: "For full employment")
    • Spanish: Porque no está todo hecho (English: "Because everything is not done")
    • Spanish: La octava potencia económica, la primera en derechos sociales (English: "Eight economic power, first in social rights")
    • Spanish: Ahora que avanzamos, por qué retroceder (English: "Now that we move forward, why going back?")
    • Spanish: Podemos llegar tan lejos como queramos (English: "We can reach as far as we want")
  5. ↑ Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
  6. ↑ Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
  7. ↑ Economic debate.
  8. ↑ The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

References

  1. ↑ Constitution (1978) , art. 66.
  2. ↑ "Constitución española. Título III. De las Cortes Generales. Sinopsis artículo 66" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies . Retrieved 11 October 2025, summarizing Constitution (1978) , art. 66.
  3. ↑ Constitution (1978) , arts. 90 & 99.
  4. ↑ Constitution (1978) , arts. 74, 94, 122, 145, 155, 158–159 & 166–167.
  5. ↑ LOREG (1985) , arts. 2–3.
  6. ↑ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  7. ↑ Constitution (1978) , art. 68.
  8. ↑ LOREG (1985) , arts. 162–164.
  9. ↑ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Dublin: Trinity College Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Real Decreto 33/2008, de 14 de enero, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones (PDF) (Royal Decree 33/2008). Official State Gazette (in Spanish). 14 January 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2025.
  11. ↑ Constitution (1978) , art. 69.
  12. ↑ LOREG (1985) , arts. 162 & 165–166.
  13. ↑ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1083.
  14. ↑ LOREG (1985) , arts. 46 & 48.
  15. 1 2 Constitution (1978) , art. 70.
  16. 1 2 LOREG (1985) , arts. 6 & 154.
  17. ↑ LOREG (1985) , art. 155.
  18. ↑ LOREG (1985) , arts. 44 & 169.
  19. ↑ LOREG (1985) , art. 44 bis.
  20. ↑ Constitution (1978) , art. 68–69.
  21. ↑ LOREG (1985) , arts. 42 & 167.
  22. ↑ Constitution (1978) , arts. 115–116.
  23. ↑ Constitution (1978) , art. 99.
  24. ↑ "Chaves pacta con Zapatero celebrar elecciones conjuntas el 9 de marzo". El País (in Spanish). 1 November 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  25. ↑ "Zapatero convoca las elecciones y promete más políticas sociales". El País (in Spanish). 15 January 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  26. ↑ Lozano, Carles. "Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  27. 1 2 Lozano, Carles. "Composición del Senado 1977-2025". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  28. ↑ "Grupos parlamentarios". Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  29. ↑ "El diputado Calomarde justifica su paso al Grupo Mixto del Congreso por el giro "a la derecha" del PP" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 18 April 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  30. ↑ "Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  31. ↑ "Francisco Javier Tuñón San Martín es elegido Senador por la Comunidad Foral de Navarra". www.parlamentodenavarra.es (in Spanish). Parliament of Navarre. 14 September 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  32. ↑ "Zapatero reclama una mayoría más amplia para recuperar la 'convivencia'". El Mundo (in Spanish). 25 November 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  33. ↑ "9-M.- PSOE y Coalición por Melilla firman ante Zapatero su acuerdo para concurrir juntos a las elecciones" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 26 January 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  34. ↑ "Rajoy trata de calmar las aguas del PP". El País (in Spanish). 9 September 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  35. ↑ "PP e Independientes de Fuerteventura irán juntos en las elecciones generales". Canarias Ahora (in Spanish). 28 January 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  36. ↑ "Duran i Lleida y Artur Mas dan por zanjada la enésima crisis en CiU". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 21 September 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  37. ↑ "El Consejo Nacional de CiU proclama a Duran candidato a las elecciones generales con el 98,1% de los votos" (in Spanish). Terra. 1 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  38. ↑ "ERC designa a Joan Ridao como próximo cabeza de lista en el Congreso". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 7 July 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  39. ↑ "Llamazares será el candidato de IU a las elecciones generales". El País (in Spanish). 14 November 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  40. ↑ "CC se impone a AHI y Fernando Ríos irá de tres al Congreso de los Diputados". eldia.es (in Spanish). 20 January 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  41. ↑ "Francisco Rodríguez no será candidato al Congreso para dedicarse en exclusiva al Bloque". La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). 25 September 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  42. ↑ "El BNG elige a sus cabezas de lista para las generales". El País (in Spanish). 10 November 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  43. ↑ "CHA aprueba la lista de los candidatos para las próximas elecciones generales". El Periódico de Aragón (in Spanish). 15 December 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  44. ↑ "Nekane Alzelai abrirá la lista guipuzcoana de EA tras negarse Galdos". El País (in Spanish). 27 January 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  45. ↑ "Nafarroa Bai elabora listas paritarias al Congreso y al Senado con candidatos independientes" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 24 January 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  46. ↑ "Maite Arqué dejará la alcaldía de Badalona tras las elecciones de marzo". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 9 January 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  47. ↑ "El partido de Rosa Díez rechaza ir en coalición con Ciudadanos". El País (in Spanish). 26 October 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  48. ↑ "Díez se presenta como garante de la "regeneración democrática"". El País (in Spanish). 27 January 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  49. ↑ "NC y CCN sellan su acuerdo para concurrir juntos a las próximas elecciones generales y ahora esperan sumar al PIL". La Voz de Lanzarote (in Spanish). 18 December 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  50. ↑ "9-M.- Iniciativa del Poble Valencià concurrirá con El Bloc y Els Verds/EE e Isaura Navarro se dará de baja de EUPV" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 22 January 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  51. ↑ "Unitat per les Illes quiere 'hacer historia' en las Cortes". El Mundo (in Spanish). 21 February 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  52. ↑ "Elecciones Generales a Cortes Generales 2008. Calendario electoral" (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. January 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  53. ↑ "Los socialistas rompen la tradición con 13 eslóganes y múltiples fotos de Zapatero". El Mundo (in Spanish). 4 February 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Elecciones 2008: De la A a la Z (M)". javierpanzano.com (in Spanish). 12 March 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  55. ↑ "'Con cabeza y corazón', lema del PP para la campaña electoral del 9 de marzo". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 19 February 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  56. ↑ "Duran Lleida assegura que el vot a CiU servirà per "fer respectar Catalunya"" (in Catalan). CCMA. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  57. ↑ "Los carteles de Convergència y de Unió para las elecciones generales desde 1982". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 17 December 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  58. ↑ ""Objectiu: un país de primera", eslògan d'ERC per a la campanya electoral" (in Catalan). CCMA. 13 January 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  59. ↑ "'Objetivo: un país de primera', lema de la campaña de ERC". El País (in Spanish). 14 January 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  60. ↑ "El PNV ve confluencia de intereses entre "quien ilegaliza y quien es ilegalizado"". Diario Vasco (in Spanish). 1 February 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  61. 1 2 "PNV y PP iniciarán su campaña en Vitoria, PSE y EB en Bilbao, EA en Zarautz y Aralar en San Sebastián" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  62. ↑ "IU concurre el 9M con el lema 'LlamazarES + izquierda' y 'contrato social'". El Mundo (in Spanish). 11 February 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  63. ↑ "CC apuesta por el "puerta a puerta" y apela al voto del nacionalismo sentimental". eldia.es (in Spanish). 14 February 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  64. ↑ "9-M.- 'Contigo, Galiza decide' será el lema del BNG, que hará una campaña didáctica frente a la "demagogia" de PSOE y PP" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 12 February 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  65. ↑ "La campaña de CHA apelará al voto aragonesista para no perder la "representación de Aragón" en el Congreso" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 18 February 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  66. ↑ "Nafarroa Bai organiza una campaña bidireccional en la que invita al "movimiento"". soitu.es (in Spanish). 20 February 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  67. ↑ "'Lo que nos une', lema de UPyD para la campaña". El Mundo (in Spanish). 12 February 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  68. ↑ El PP copia el Lema de IU en su Ultima Campaña Archived November 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , Público, 23/11/2007
  69. ↑ "Zapatero's bear fight". The Economist. 2008-01-24. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
  70. 1 2 "Pizarro habla de crisis económica profunda y Solbes le tacha de demagogo y catastrofista". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 21 February 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  71. ↑ "Casi cinco millones de espectadores siguieron el debate Pizarro-Solbes". El País (in Spanish). 22 February 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  72. 1 2 "Cinco debates cara a cara en once elecciones generales". El País (in Spanish). 14 December 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  73. ↑ "El Zapatero-Rajoy se convierte en lo más visto de la historia". El País (in Spanish). 27 February 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  74. ↑ "El 'Debate a siete' no cautiva". El Mundo (in Spanish). 29 February 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  75. ↑ "Casi 12 millones de personas siguieron el segundo debate electoral Zapatero-Rajoy". El Mundo (in Spanish). 4 March 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  76. ↑ "'Sin tetas...' bate récord frente al mal estreno de 'Tres deseos'" (in Spanish). FormulaTV. 6 March 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  77. ↑ "Sigma Dos da la victoria a Zapatero por un estrecho margen de 3,5 puntos". El Mundo (in Spanish). 26 February 2008.
  78. ↑ "Rajoy estuvo mejor de lo esperado para un 48,2% y Zapatero sólo para un 30,7%". El Mundo (in Spanish). 27 February 2008.
  79. ↑ "Victoria a los puntos de Zapatero". El País (in Spanish). 26 February 2008.
  80. 1 2 "Los sondeos de los medios dan como ganador a Zapatero en el debate con Rajoy". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 26 February 2008.
  81. ↑ "Los sondeos de las cadenas de televisión proclaman ganador a Zapatero". El Mundo (in Spanish). 26 February 2008.
  82. ↑ "Zapatero gana a Rajoy en un debate lleno de propuestas". El Mundo (in Spanish). 3 March 2008.
  83. ↑ "Zapatero se impone con claridad a Rajoy en el segundo cara a cara". El País (in Spanish). 4 March 2008.
  84. ↑ "Los primeros sondeos del segundo cara a cara dan como ganador a Zapatero". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 26 February 2008.
  85. ↑ "Los sondeos de las cadenas dan la victoria por segunda vez a Zapatero". El Mundo (in Spanish). 4 March 2008.
  86. ↑ "Post-electoral Elecciones Generales y al Parlamento de Andalucía, 2008" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2008.
  87. 1 2 "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales" (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior . Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  88. 1 2 Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones Generales 9 de marzo de 2008". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  89. ↑ Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones al Senado 2008". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  90. ↑ Lozano, Carles. "Congreso de los Diputados: Votaciones más importantes". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.