Opinion polling for the 1993 Spanish general election

In the run up to the 1993 Spanish general election, various organisations carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intention in Spain during the term of the 4th Cortes Generales. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous general election, held on 29 October 1989, to the day the next election was held, on 6 June 1993.

Voting intention estimates refer mainly to a hypothetical Congress of Deputies election. Polls are listed in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" columns on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.

Electoral polling

Nationwide polling

Graphical summary

Local regression trend line of poll results from 29 October 1989 to 6 June 1993, with each line corresponding to a political party.

Voting intention estimates

The table below lists nationwide voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 176 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies.

Color key:

  Exit poll

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size	Turnout						PNV					EE				BNG	PAP	Lead
1993 general election	6 Jun 1993	—	76.4	38.8 159	34.8 141	9.6 18	1.8 0	4.9 17	1.2 5	0.9 2	0.4 0	0.5 1	0.5 1	[lower-alpha 1]	0.8 1	0.6 1	0.9 4	0.5 0	0.2 0	4.0
Interior Ministry [1]	6 Jun 1993	?	?	? 158/162	? 136/141	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	?
PSOE [2]	6 Jun 1993	?	75	37.5 150	34.1 142	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	3.4
Demoscopia/Cadena SER [3] [4] [5]	6 Jun 1993	?	?	37.1 140/154	34.4 139/154	10.2 18/23	? 0	5.0 17/18	? 6	0.6 3	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	1.1 1/3	–	–	–	–	2.7
Eco Consulting/RTVE [3] [4] [5]	6 Jun 1993	250,000	?	? 139/155	? 134/148	? 20/23	? 0	? 18/20	? 6/7	? 3/5	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	? 1/3	–	–	–	–	?
Sigma Dos/Tele 5 [3] [4] [5]	6 Jun 1993	30,000	?	? 143	? 146	? 22	? 0	? 19	? 6	? 4	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	? 1	–	–	–	–	?
Motivación/COPE [3]	6 Jun 1993	31,000	?	? 145	? 146	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	?
Gallup/Ya [5] [6]	30 May 1993	6,050	70.2	32.1 134/139	33.0 140/147	10.6 23	2.6 0	5.6 21	1.4 8	1.0 4/5	–	0.9 2	0.5 1	[lower-alpha 1]	0.7 1	–	0.8 4	–	0.5 2	0.9
Opina/La Vanguardia [7]	26–27 May 1993	2,000	?	35.0 142/146	35.6 144/148	11.4 24/25	2.1 0/1	5.0 18/19	1.3 6/7	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	0.9 0/1	–	–	–	–	0.6
Vox Pública–Iope/El Periódico [6] [8]	25–27 May 1993	8,148	74.8	34.5 133/152	32.5 134/151	10.1 19/24	2.3 0/1	5.5 19/21	1.5 6/7	1.1 3/4	0.7 0	0.9 2/3	0.7 1/3	[lower-alpha 1]	0.7 1	–	1.0 4/6	0.5 1/2	0.5 1	2.0
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [5] [6]	24–27 May 1993	13,200	?	34.6 132/141	35.9 147/155	11.4 25/28	1.4 0	4.9 17/19	1.3 5/6	1.0 3/4	0.5 0	0.5 1	0.8 2/3	[lower-alpha 1]	0.7 1	? 1	0.6 3	0.3 0	0.3 1	1.3
Diario 16 [9]	26 May 1993	?	?	33.9	35.5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	1.6
Demoscopia/El País [6] [10] [11]	20–26 May 1993	11,000	73	34.5 135/151	34.8 141/155	10.7 20/22	2.4 0/1	5.0 18/20	1.4 6	0.8 2/3	–	0.6 2	0.5 2	[lower-alpha 1]	0.7 1	? 1	0.7 3	0.5 0/1	–	0.3
Gruppo/ABC [12]	23–25 May 1993	5,000	?	35.0 134/144	35.8 144/153	12.1 26/28	–	4.9 16/17	1.6 6/7	1.0 3	–	0.5 1	0.8 2/3	[lower-alpha 1]	0.6 1	0.3 0/1	0.6 3/4	–	0.3 1	0.8
ICP–Research/Diario 16 [5] [6]	21–24 May 1993	10,000	76.5	33.5 137/145	32.8 141/149	10.6 19/24	3.0 1/2	5.1 17/19	1.3 7/8	? 3/4	–	? 1	? 0/1	[lower-alpha 1]	? 1/2	–	? 3/4	? 0/1	–	0.7
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [5] [6] [13]	23 May 1993	3,000	?	34.0 134/143	35.2 144/153	12.6 26/29	1.5 0	5.0 18/19	1.5 6/7	1.0 3/4	0.6 0	0.5 1	0.7 1/2	[lower-alpha 1]	0.6 1/2	–	0.5 2/3	0.3 0	0.4 1	1.2
CIS [9] [14]	14–19 May 1993	2,496	71.3	33.8	33.8	12.2	1.5	5.9	1.6	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	Tie
Vox Pública–Iope/El Periódico [6] [15]	14–18 May 1993	6,415	78.5	35.0 139/150	30.7 130/143	10.1 19/27	2.4 0/2	5.6 18/20	1.5 6/8	0.9 2/4	–	0.7 2	0.6 1/2	[lower-alpha 1]	0.6 1	–	0.9 3/5	0.9 0/1	0.5 1	4.3
ICP–Research/Diario 16 [6] [16]	14–17 May 1993	1,000	75.7	35.0	33.0	10.7	3.1	5.1	1.3	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	2.0
Ábaco/El Correo [lower-alpha 2] [17]	14–16 May 1993	14,900	?	31.0 119/132	33.5 149/172	11.2 23/28	2.5 1	4.7 19	1.6 5	? 4	? 1	? 1	? 2/3	[lower-alpha 1]	? 1	? 1	? 1	–	–	2.5
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [5] [6] [18]	11–13 May 1993	10,200	?	34.8 134/142	35.3 147/155	12.4 25/28	1.4 0	5.0 17/20	1.5 6/7	1.0 2/4	0.4 0	0.5 0	0.7 1/2	[lower-alpha 1]	0.7 1	–	0.5 1/3	0.3 0	0.3 1	0.5
Opina/La Vanguardia [19]	10–12 May 1993	2,000	?	36.6 147/152	35.7 143/147	10.1 21/22	2.0 0/1	5.1 18/19	1.4 5/6	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	0.9
Gruppo/ABC [20] [21]	8–11 May 1993	5,000	?	34.1 134/147	35.1 140/150	12.9 27/29	2.0 0	4.9 17/18	1.5 6/7	1.1 4	0.3 0	0.5 1	0.8 3	[lower-alpha 1]	0.6 1	0.3 1	0.5 2/3	0.2 0	0.3 1	1.0
PSOE [22]	27 Apr–11 May 1993	27,469	?	? 152	? 137	? 21	? 1	? 18	? 5	? 4	? 1	? 1	? 3	[lower-alpha 1]	? 1	? 1	? 2	? 2	–	?
ICP–Research/Diario 16 [6] [23]	10 May 1993	1,000	?	33.5	33.0	10.6	2.9	4.2	1.0	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	0.5
Demoscopia/El País [6] [24]	8–10 May 1993	2,500	78	36.6	35.5	11.2	1.4	4.9	1.1	0.8	–	0.6	0.4	[lower-alpha 1]	0.7	–	0.4	–	–	1.1
Sigma Dos/Tele 5 [6] [25]	2–4 May 1993	2,200	?	35.8 142/152	34.5 139/148	11.7 26/27	1.2 0	4.8 16/17	1.6 6/7	? 3/4	–	? 0/1	? 1	[lower-alpha 1]	? 1/2	–	–	–	? 1	1.3
Sigma Dos/Tele 5 [26]	25–28 Apr 1993	?	?	34.9	34.6	12.2	–	5.0	1.6	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	0.3
CIS [27] [28] [29]	24–28 Apr 1993	2,500	?	33.5 135/145	34.5 143/153	? 28/30	–	? 19	? 6/7	? 3/4	–	? 1	? 1	[lower-alpha 1]	? 1/2	? 0/1	? 1	–	–	?
ICP–Research/Diario 16 [6]	26 Apr 1993	1,000	?	34.2	33.4	13.4	2.8	5.2	1.1	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	0.8
Opina/La Vanguardia [30]	19–21 Apr 1993	2,006	?	35.5 138/142	36.0 138/146	11.0 27/30	1.0 0	5.5 17/19	1.2 4/6	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	0.5
Sigma Dos/Tele 5 [31]	20 Apr 1993	?	?	34.8 139/147	35.0 143/151	12.5 27	–	4.9 ?	1.5 ?	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	?
Gallup/Ya [5] [6]	18 Apr 1993	1,003	?	35.3	35.3	11.9	2.5	4.3	–	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	Tie
Eco Consulting/CIS [32]	15–16 Apr 1993	1,208	?	33.3	34.2	12.1	1.8	5.4	–	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	0.9
Vox Pública–Iope/El Periódico [6] [33]	13–16 Apr 1993	6,200	?	36.0 145/160	32.6 138/149	10.7 24/26	1.7 0	3.5 17/18	1.0 5/6	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	3.4
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [5] [6] [34]	13–15 Apr 1993	8,200	?	34.4 131/143	35.8 145/158	12.1 24/30	1.1 0	5.0 18/19	1.6 6/7	1.1 3/4	0.6 0	0.5 1	0.7 1	[lower-alpha 1]	0.7 1	–	–	0.3 0	0.4 1	1.4
Intercampo/CIS [35] [36]	15–26 Mar 1993	2,500	70.2	34.6	33.6	11.6	1.5	4.7	1.4	–	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	1.0
Opina/La Vanguardia [37]	22–24 Mar 1993	2,016	?	36.5 137/150	35.4 133/141	11.7 27/30	1.7 0/1	5.6 16/19	1.5 4/6	0.6 3/4	–	–	–	[lower-alpha 1]	0.9 0/1	–	–	–	–	1.1
Demoscopia/El País [5] [38] [39] [40]	7–14 Mar 1993	10,000	65	33.9 140/152	33.3 137/149	11.5 26/29	2.0 0/1	5.0 16/20	1.2 5/6	0.9 4	–	0.5 2	0.5 1/2	[lower-alpha 1]	0.8 1	0.5 0/1	0.5 1	–	–	0.6
Gallup/Ya	8–26 Feb 1993	1,003	?	32.2	34.5	12.9	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.3
PP [41]	20 Feb 1993	?	?	32.2	35.0	13.0	2.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.8
Sigma Dos/El Mundo	1 Feb 1993	?	?	36.5 147/157	33.0 133/138	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.5
COPE [42]	23 Dec 1992	?	?	? 149/153	? 138/140	? 18/19	? 0	? 18/19	? 7/8	? 5/6	? 7/8	–	–	? 1/2	–	–	–	–	–	?
Europa Press [43] [44]	23 Dec 1992	23,000	?	? 157/162	? 119/123	? 27/28	? 2/3	? 19/20	? 6/8	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	?
Sigma Dos/El Mundo	14 Dec 1992	?	?	36.9	31.5	10.9	2.3	5.1	1.3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5.4
CIS [45] [46]	4–28 Nov 1992	27,357	68.8	36.3 155	31.0 127	12.8 28	2.1 1	5.2 18	1.4 6	1.1 4	1.4 3	0.9 2	0.7 2	0.2 0	0.7 1	0.5 1	0.5 2	0.4 0	–	5.3
CIS [47] [48]	28 Oct–2 Nov 1992	2,499	?	35.9	30.9	11.7	1.2	6.8	1.4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5.0
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [49] [50]	20–22 Oct 1992	3,000	?	36.8	31.7	12.0	1.5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5.1
OTR–IS/El Periódico [51]	17–19 Oct 1992	?	?	37.4	31.1	11.5	2.2	5.2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	6.3
Sigma Dos/El Mundo	20 Sep 1992	?	?	38.4	31.0	10.4	2.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	7.4
PSOE [52]	13 Sep 1992	20,000	?	35.0– 37.0 150/155	30.0– 31.0 120	10.0– 12.0 30	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5.0– 6.0
OTR–IS [53]	16 Aug 1992	?	?	37.8	31.2	11.5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	6.6
Sigma Dos/El Mundo	19 Jul 1992	?	?	37.1	31.6	12.4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5.5
PSOE [54] [55] [56]	1–10 Jul 1992	23,000	?	35.2 155/160	28.2 121/128	12.2 28/30	5.3 3	? 17	? 7	? 3	? 3	? 2	? 2	? 1	? 2	? 1	? 1	? 1	–	7.0
PP [57] [58]	7 Jul 1992	2,500	65	35.0	31.0	11.0	2.5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	4.0
Opina/La Vanguardia [59]	19–20 May 1992	1,000	?	37.5	27.8	10.0	2.9	5.5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	9.7
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [60] [61]	26 Apr 1992	?	?	37.6 159/166	30.8 118/125	10.6 23/25	1.4 1	? 18/20	? 5/6	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	6.8
PP	5 Apr 1992	?	?	38.0	31.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	7.0
PP [62]	3 Mar 1992	?	?	37.0	30.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	7.0
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [63]	29 Dec 1991	?	?	38.5	29.3	10.4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	9.2
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [64]	22 Sep 1991	?	?	39.2	29.5	10.3	2.7	4.8	1.4	1.1	–	–	0.6	0.4	–	–	–	–	–	9.7
1991 local elections	26 May 1991	—	62.8	38.3	25.7	8.4	3.9	4.9	1.6	1.1	1.8	1.0	0.7	0.4	0.5	0.7	0.8	0.6	–	12.6
PSOE [65]	9 Apr 1991	?	?	41.5 177	26.0 108	10.7 ?	6.0 ?	5.0 ?	1.2 ?	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	15.5
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [66]	26–28 Oct 1990	1,000	?	39.1	28.2	10.8	4.6	5.0	1.2	1.1	1.3	–	0.6	0.5	–	–	–	–	–	10.9
OTR–IS/El Periódico [67]	20 Sep–1 Oct 1990	?	?	38.3	27.2	10.2	3.9	5.3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	11.1
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [66]	23 Sep 1990	?	?	39.5	28.1	10.4	4.7	5.0	1.2	1.1	1.2	–	0.6	0.5	–	–	–	–	–	11.4
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [66]	25 Jul 1990	1,000	?	39.8	27.4	10.2	5.2	4.8	1.2	1.1	1.3	–	0.1	0.5	–	–	–	–	–	12.4
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [66]	24 Jun 1990	?	?	38.4	28.7	10.9	3.5	4.9	1.2	1.1	1.4	–	0.6	0.5	–	–	–	–	–	9.7
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [66]	27 May 1990	?	?	36.5	29.2	12.1	4.4	5.0	1.1	1.1	1.3	–	0.7	0.5	–	–	–	–	–	7.3
ICP–Research/Diario 16 [68]	13 May 1990	?	?	39.5	22.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	17.4
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [66]	22 Apr 1990	?	?	36.8	28.3	11.8	5.4	4.8	1.3	1.1	1.2	–	0.6	0.5	–	–	–	–	–	8.5
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [66]	25 Mar 1990	?	?	37.6	28.4	11.7	4.2	4.9	1.2	1.1	1.3	–	0.6	0.5	–	–	–	–	–	9.2
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [66]	25 Feb 1990	?	?	36.3	29.0	12.4	4.7	4.5	1.1	1.0	1.2	–	0.6	0.5	–	–	–	–	–	7.3
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [66]	21 Jan 1990	?	?	37.0	29.1	10.4	5.9	4.9	1.2	1.0	1.1	–	0.6	0.5	–	–	–	–	–	7.9
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [66]	31 Dec 1989	?	?	39.8	26.2	9.5	6.9	4.9	1.2	1.1	1.0	–	0.7	0.6	–	–	–	–	–	13.6
1989 general election	29 Oct 1989	—	69.7	39.6 175	25.8 107	9.1 17	7.9 14	5.0 18	1.2 5	1.1 4	1.0 2	0.7 2	0.7 2	0.5 2	0.4 0	0.4 1	0.3 1	0.2 0	–	13.8

Voting preferences

The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size						PNV		LV	?	N	Lead
1996 general election	6 Jun 1993	—	29.6	26.7	7.3	1.3	3.8	0.9	0.7	0.6	—	23.1	2.9
CIS [69]	25–29 May 1993	2,503	26.5	17.9	7.1	1.4	2.6	1.0	0.7	1.2	30.3	6.1	8.6
Opina/La Vanguardia [7]	26–27 May 1993	2,000	22.9	22.8	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.1
ASEP [70]	17–22 May 1993	1,222	32.1	17.7	8.4	1.0	4.7*	*	1.1**	2.8	21.7	7.2	14.4
CIS [71]	14–19 May 1993	2,496	24.3	16.9	6.8	1.1	3.4	0.7	0.5	1.8	32.3	7.6	7.4
Ábaco/El Correo [17]	14–16 May 1993	14,900	19.9	21.5	7.2	1.6	3.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	1.6
Opina/La Vanguardia [19]	10–12 May 1993	2,000	22.6	18.8	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.8
CIS [72]	23–29 Apr 1993	2,500	21.9	16.2	6.5	1.0	3.6	0.6	0.7	1.8	35.6	7.3	5.7
ASEP [70]	19–24 Apr 1993	1,218	28.3	18.9	6.5	1.5	4.0*	*	1.3**	3.0	24.2	9.1	9.4
Opina/La Vanguardia [30]	19–21 Apr 1993	2,006	16.3	23.4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	7.1
Eco Consulting/CIS [73]	15–16 Apr 1993	1,208	22.8	20.5	4.9	0.1	2.0	0.6	0.0	–	41.2	3.8	2.3
CIS [74]	23–30 Mar 1993	2,499	17.7	15.0	5.1	0.9	2.4	0.5	0.4	–	42.6	11.7	2.7
CIS [75]	15–26 Mar 1993	2,500	27.2	19.0	7.2	1.1	3.5	1.1	0.7	3.2	23.5	10.6	8.2
Opina/La Vanguardia [37]	22–24 Mar 1993	2,016	17.0	19.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.1
ASEP [70]	15–20 Mar 1993	1,212	24.6	20.2	7.1	1.4	6.2*	*	1.4**	2.1	21.3	11.9	4.4
CIS [76]	1 Mar 1993	1,000	22.6	19.4	8.7	0.3	2.8	0.3	0.7	3.8	33.4	2.4	3.2
ASEP [70]	15–20 Feb 1993	1,209	26.1	21.8	5.7	1.4	4.7*	*	1.1**	2.9	23.3	10.0	4.3
CIS [77]	8–13 Feb 1993	2,502	22.8	20.3	6.5	1.1	3.1	0.9	0.6	–	29.1	11.5	2.5
CIS [78]	27 Jan–4 Feb 1993	2,502	19.5	12.0	6.3	0.7	2.4	0.6	0.6	–	40.8	13.0	7.5
ASEP [70]	18–23 Jan 1993	1,204	21.6	15.7	7.4	1.3	5.0*	*	1.4**	2.7	31.3	11.0	5.9
CIS [79]	14–23 Jan 1993	2,492	20.7	12.4	5.6	0.9	1.8	0.6	0.7	–	38.6	15.1	8.3
CIS [80]	15–21 Dec 1992	2,499	22.9	13.6	6.5	1.3	2.4	0.8	0.6	–	38.0	10.7	9.3
CIS [81]	9–19 Dec 1992	4,277	18.3	10.3	6.9	1.1	2.7	0.3	0.7	–	43.0	12.2	8.0
ASEP [70]	9–14 Dec 1992	1,212	21.3	17.6	6.7	2.1	4.3*	*	1.6**	2.8	28.4	12.9	3.7
CIS [82]	1–9 Dec 1992	2,497	20.5	11.9	5.0	1.2	2.3	0.5	0.4	–	42.5	12.3	8.6
ASEP [70]	9–14 Nov 1992	1,220	22.1	15.6	6.8	1.6	6.8*	*	1.2**	2.2	27.1	14.6	6.5
CIS [83]	28 Oct–2 Nov 1992	2,499	24.3	12.3	5.6	0.9	2.8	0.8	0.6	–	35.2	14.0	12.0
ASEP [70]	13–17 Oct 1992	1,222	24.1	13.8	6.9	1.6	6.1*	*	1.7**	2.5	26.3	14.0	10.3
CIS [84]	9–17 Oct 1992	2,498	24.4	10.7	4.4	0.8	2.9	0.5	0.2	–	36.9	15.4	13.7
CIS [85]	24–30 Sep 1992	2,497	19.9	9.9	6.3	1.4	2.9	0.8	0.6	–	40.7	14.1	10.0
ASEP [70]	14–19 Sep 1992	1,220	25.5	15.4	6.8	1.6	4.7*	*	2.0**	2.9	24.8	14.2	10.1
CIS [86]	8–14 Sep 1992	2,498	22.4	11.4	6.3	0.7	3.3	0.7	0.4	–	37.8	13.2	11.0
CIS [87]	15–20 Jul 1992	2,488	20.8	11.2	4.9	1.0	3.0	0.8	0.3	–	39.3	14.8	9.6
CIS [88]	9–16 Jul 1992	2,498	26.5	10.6	6.6	1.0	1.9	1.6	0.5	–	34.7	13.1	15.9
ASEP [70]	1–8 Jul 1992	1,216	26.0	16.4	6.2	1.5	5.4*	*	0.6**	3.9	24.3	13.1	9.6
CIS [89]	27 Jun–5 Jul 1992	2,495	23.2	11.7	5.6	1.3	2.5	0.6	0.3	–	38.7	12.2	11.5
CIS [90]	16–22 Jun 1992	2,495	27.0	13.4	6.5	1.2	2.3	0.9	0.4	–	32.4	11.9	13.6
ASEP [70]	8–13 Jun 1992	1,216	27.8	17.7	8.4	1.8	6.4*	*	0.7**	2.8	20.2	12.4	10.1
CIS [91]	23 May–2 Jun 1992	3,412	23.5	11.4	4.8	0.8	2.9	0.7	0.5	–	37.5	14.0	12.1
CIS [92]	5–21 May 1992	2,500	24.3	10.3	6.3	1.2	2.8	0.7	0.4	–	35.2	14.2	14.0
ASEP [70]	11–16 May 1992	1,211	25.1	15.9	8.2	1.8	8.2*	*	0.4**	2.8	22.4	13.2	9.2
CIS [93]	1–10 May 1992	2,494	22.5	8.5	5.0	1.1	3.3	0.5	0.2	–	42.5	12.6	14.0
CIS [94]	24–29 Apr 1992	2,486	21.7	9.3	4.6	1.0	3.3	0.8	0.7	–	38.5	16.8	12.4
CIS [95]	4–22 Apr 1992	2,486	23.2	12.3	5.5	1.3	2.3	0.6	0.4	–	35.3	14.6	10.9
ASEP [70]	6–11 Apr 1992	1,208	29.1	15.7	7.3	1.9	5.9*	*	0.6**	3.1	21.8	12.9	13.4
CIS [96]	26–29 Mar 1992	1,280	27.7	14.2	4.3	0.8	2.2	–	–	–	28.2	14.7	13.5
ASEP [70]	9–14 Mar 1992	1,211	29.0	15.5	6.8	2.6	6.3*	*	0.6**	3.1	20.4	12.8	13.5
CIS [97]	25 Feb–3 Mar 1992	2,490	28.9	11.4	5.2	0.8	2.7	0.6	0.2	–	35.6	11.6	17.5
CIS [98]	18–27 Feb 1992	2,484	28.4	11.7	5.4	1.3	2.1	0.8	0.2	–	33.5	13.7	16.7
ASEP [70]	10–15 Feb 1992	1,213	28.9	16.8	6.7	1.9	5.5*	*	0.5**	2.7	23.6	11.7	12.1
CIS [99]	28 Jan–5 Feb 1992	2,498	26.6	10.4	4.9	1.5	2.6	1.0	0.5	–	36.6	13.1	16.2
ASEP [70]	13–18 Jan 1992	1,206	30.2	15.8	6.6	2.0	6.3*	*	0.8**	3.5	19.6	12.9	14.4
CIS [100]	17–30 Dec 1991	2,494	29.6	11.8	4.7	1.7	2.5	0.6	0.6	–	32.6	11.6	17.8
ASEP [70]	9–14 Dec 1991	1,207	31.1	14.8	6.7	2.1	5.3*	*	0.6**	3.3	18.7	15.7	16.3
CIS [101]	22–27 Nov 1991	2,498	32.7	11.0	6.3	1.5	2.5	1.3	0.6	–	29.7	11.4	22.7
ASEP [70]	11–16 Nov 1991	1,219	31.3	15.0	6.5	3.0	5.7*	*	0.7**	2.9	19.5	13.0	16.3
CIS [102]	19–24 Oct 1991	2,491	28.9	13.4	6.0	1.8	3.1	0.8	0.4	–	29.9	12.2	15.5
ASEP [70]	14–19 Oct 1991	1,215	28.7	12.7	7.1	2.1	6.1*	*	0.4**	3.0	24.3	14.6	16.0
CIS [103]	17–23 Sep 1991	3,350	32.3	11.7	5.4	1.1	2.9	0.8	0.6	–	31.5	10.4	20.6
ASEP [70]	16–20 Sep 1991	1,200	29.7	13.2	5.6	1.7	7.1*	*	0.9**	2.4	23.5	13.9	16.5
CIS [104]	7–15 Jul 1991	2,494	29.3	12.2	6.7	1.8	2.9	0.9	0.9	–	29.9	10.8	17.1
CIS [105]	2–7 Jul 1991	2,462	28.2	10.7	5.3	1.9	2.8	1.1	0.4	–	34.3	11.8	17.5
CIS [106]	27 Jun–3 Jul 1991	2,471	26.6	11.0	6.7	1.5	3.2	1.1	0.3	–	33.2	11.3	15.6
ASEP [70]	10–15 Jun 1991	1,215	30.3	15.5	7.0	2.0	6.9*	*	0.9**	3.1	23.8	9.7	14.8
CIS [107]	5–11 Jun 1991	2,448	27.8	12.0	5.7	1.1	2.9	0.7	0.5	–	34.1	11.6	15.8
CIS [108]	2–6 Jun 1991	3,405	31.0	13.0	7.0	1.0	3.0	1.0	0.0	–	30.0	9.0	14.0
ASEP [70]	13–18 May 1991	1,203	28.7	12.1	7.5	3.5	5.5*	*	0.5**	3.0	26.6	10.6	16.6
CIS [109]	25 Apr–8 May 1991	17,687	26.1	9.0	4.8	1.6	2.7	0.9	0.5	–	39.7	10.8	17.1
CIS [110]	17–20 Apr 1991	2,494	25.2	10.7	4.3	1.2	2.4	0.8	0.4	–	40.1	11.5	14.5
ASEP [70]	15–20 Apr 1991	1,212	29.7	12.1	6.3	2.6	4.3*	*	0.7**	2.5	27.0	12.6	17.6
CIS [111]	20–30 Mar 1991	2,482	31.1	10.8	5.3	1.6	2.8	0.8	0.6	–	34.0	9.2	20.3
ASEP [70]	18–23 Mar 1991	1,218	33.9	12.5	6.6	3.6	6.7*	*	1.3**	2.2	22.0	9.6	21.4
CIS [112]	8–12 Mar 1991	2,479	31.7	11.0	5.6	1.7	3.0	0.6	1.1	–	31.3	11.2	20.7
CIS [113]	22–26 Feb 1991	2,483	28.8	11.3	5.2	1.2	2.8	1.0	1.0	–	34.3	11.3	17.5
CIS [114]	15–19 Feb 1991	2,489	27.9	9.6	7.0	2.1	2.8	1.1	0.8	–	34.8	11.0	18.3
ASEP [70]	11–16 Feb 1991	1,208	28.7	12.8	8.5	4.2	6.1*	*	2.0**	1.5	20.6	13.1	15.9
CIS [115]	7–12 Feb 1991	2,479	27.5	10.3	5.7	1.8	3.1	0.6	0.5	–	34.8	12.3	17.2
CIS [116]	3–5 Feb 1991	2,498	26.0	9.8	6.8	2.3	3.3	1.2	0.6	–	34.1	12.6	16.2
CIS [117]	28–30 Jan 1991	2,434	26.4	10.2	5.9	1.6	2.7	0.7	0.8	–	36.6	12.5	16.2
CIS [118]	21–23 Jan 1991	2,488	27.4	9.2	4.9	2.2	1.9	0.7	0.4	–	36.6	13.2	18.2
ASEP [70]	14–18 Jan 1991	1,233	26.0	13.2	8.6	3.1	5.4*	*	0.9**	2.8	23.8	13.2	12.8
CIS [119]	27 Dec–7 Jan 1991	2,490	32.0	9.0	5.0	2.0	3.0	1.0	0.0	–	34.0	10.0	23.0
CIS [120]	18–26 Dec 1990	2,495	27.6	11.0	6.0	2.4	3.2	1.0	0.2	–	32.1	12.7	16.6
ASEP [70]	10–15 Dec 1990	1,206	26.0	15.5	7.3	4.1	5.7*	*	1.4**	3.0	23.4	12.0	10.5
CIS [121]	22–28 Nov 1990	2,492	33.7	10.6	6.2	1.9	2.9	0.9	0.9	–	29.1	10.5	23.1
ASEP [70]	15–20 Nov 1990	1,238	27.5	13.1	5.5	2.0	5.3*	*	1.3**	2.9	27.3	13.0	14.4
CIS [122]	17–24 Oct 1990	2,487	29.3	10.9	5.5	2.9	3.4	1.0	0.9	–	31.5	11.4	18.4
ASEP [70]	15–20 Oct 1990	1,224	24.5	13.9	6.6	2.5	4.6*	*	1.9**	3.2	29.5	10.8	10.6
OTR–IS/El Periódico [67]	20 Sep–1 Oct 1990	?	21.4	9.3	5.1	1.2	2.1	–	–	–	39.8	14.3	12.1
ASEP [70]	17–21 Sep 1990	1,213	27.1	12.8	5.4	1.7	5.1*	*	1.0**	3.1	30.4	11.1	14.3
CIS [123]	18–20 Sep 1990	2,500	26.9	12.1	6.1	2.6	2.5	0.6	0.7	–	34.2	10.9	14.8
CIS [124]	12–19 Jul 1990	2,485	29.9	8.2	5.8	1.6	2.2	1.0	0.5	–	35.0	12.9	21.7
CIS [125]	9–19 Jul 1990	2,500	32.9	10.8	5.9	2.0	3.0	0.4	0.7	–	29.4	11.0	22.1
ASEP [70]	2–6 Jul 1990	1,208	28.6	13.1	6.4	3.2	4.1*	*	0.9**	2.4	30.7	9.2	15.5
CIS [126]	20–27 Jun 1990	2,492	31.9	12.7	7.5	2.9	3.4	0.9	0.6	–	27.6	9.3	19.2
ASEP [70]	11–16 Jun 1990	1,221	25.3	10.6	7.5	3.9	4.8*	*	1.6**	1.9	31.7	11.0	14.7
CIS [127]	17–21 May 1990	2,492	30.5	11.9	7.9	2.2	2.9	0.9	0.6	–	30.5	8.4	18.6
ASEP [70]	14–19 May 1990	1,219	27.3	11.8	6.7	1.9	5.4*	*	1.1**	2.5	29.9	11.6	15.5
CIS [128]	28 Apr–7 May 1990	2,492	27.2	14.8	7.4	2.6	3.1	1.1	0.6	–	32.6	6.8	13.4
ASEP [70]	16–20 Apr 1990	1,219	25.8	13.8	7.3	2.8	5.8*	*	1.6**	1.3	29.1	10.0	12.0
CIS [129]	7–10 Apr 1990	2,497	31.0	15.0	8.0	2.0	3.0	1.0	0.0	–	29.0	8.0	16.0
CIS [130]	1–5 Apr 1990	2,485	25.0	13.0	6.0	2.0	3.0	1.0	0.0	–	35.0	12.0	12.0
CIS [131]	26–29 Mar 1990	2,484	26.6	13.0	7.7	2.0	3.1	0.5	0.6	–	33.9	9.1	13.6
ASEP [70]	12–17 Mar 1990	1,203	29.5	15.0	7.2	2.9	6.0*	*	1.4**	2.8	23.9	9.7	14.5
CIS [132]	17–26 Feb 1990	2,495	27.5	13.9	7.9	4.3	3.0	1.1	0.7	–	27.6	10.9	13.6
ASEP [70]	12–17 Feb 1990	1,210	30.9	14.8	8.5	3.5	4.9*	*	0.7**	2.5	15.7	14.7	16.1
CIS [133]	17–22 Jan 1990	2,923	34.0	13.3	7.5	3.4	3.0	0.9	0.8	–	25.0	8.0	20.7
CIS [134]	17–22 Jan 1990	2,496	30.0	12.0	7.0	3.0	3.0	1.0	0.0	–	28.0	12.0	18.0
ASEP [70]	15–20 Jan 1990	1,210	30.7	11.0	8.4	4.1	5.9*	*	1.8**	2.3	25.8	8.3	19.7
CIS [135]	28 Dec–8 Jan 1990	2,492	26.0	10.0	6.0	4.0	3.0	1.0	0.0	–	35.0	10.0	16.0
CIS [136]	15–28 Dec 1989	2,493	30.2	11.9	8.1	3.3	3.4	0.6	0.3	–	30.4	7.8	18.3
CIS [137]	14–20 Dec 1989	3,195	32.9	10.7	8.0	2.4	3.0	0.7	0.6	–	30.0	7.7	22.2
ASEP [70]	29 Nov–7 Dec 1989	1,215	29.9	11.5	11.0	3.9	5.5*	*	1.1**	2.1	25.6	8.1	18.4
CIS [138]	23–28 Nov 1989	?	30.0	10.6	7.4	3.9	3.2	0.6	0.5	–	30.7	8.6	19.4
CIS [139]	17–23 Nov 1989	2,463	31.3	11.6	8.8	3.5	3.6	1.3	0.7	–	25.8	9.0	19.7
ASEP [70]	6–11 Nov 1989	1,203	32.1	12.9	10.9	3.0	6.0*	*	0.9**	1.8	23.2	7.1	19.2
1989 general election	29 Oct 1989	—	27.5	17.9	6.3	5.5	3.5	0.9	0.7	0.5	—	30.1	9.6
(*) Includes data for CiU, PNV, EA, CG, PRC, PAR, UPN, PA, UV, EU and AIC/CC. (**) Includes data for HB, ERC, EE and BNG.

Victory preference

The table below lists opinion polling on the victory preferences for each party in the event of a general election taking place.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size						PNV	Other/ None	?	Lead
CIS [69]	25–29 May 1993	2,503	39.5	23.3	–	–	–	–	9.2	27.9	16.2
Opina/La Vanguardia [140]	26–27 May 1993	2,000	29.9	29.4	5.5	–	4.0	0.9	5.9	24.4	0.5
CIS [71]	14–19 May 1993	2,496	35.9	20.0	–	–	–	–	10.8	33.3	15.9
Opina/La Vanguardia [19]	10–12 May 1993	2,000	30.1	23.9	6.8	–	2.7	0.4	8.4	27.8	6.2
CIS [72]	23–29 Apr 1993	2,500	34.4	20.0	–	–	–	–	14.0	31.7	14.4
Opina/La Vanguardia [30]	19–21 Apr 1993	2,006	24.0	26.3	7.6	–	3.3	0.6	6.5	31.6	2.3
Eco Consulting/CIS [73]	15–16 Apr 1993	1,208	30.8	23.6	–	–	–	–	20.7	24.8	7.2
Opina/La Vanguardia [37]	22–24 Mar 1993	2,016	22.2	21.4	5.7	–	1.5	0.4	7.6	41.1	0.8
CIS [76]	1 Mar 1993	1,000	34.7	26.4	4.5	–	–	–	17.0	17.3	8.3
CIS [112]	8–12 Mar 1991	2,479	36.3	13.2	6.4	1.9	3.1	0.7	4.0	34.3	23.1
CIS [113]	22–26 Feb 1991	2,483	33.0	13.3	5.9	1.5	2.8	1.0	4.1	38.3	19.7
CIS [114]	15–19 Feb 1991	2,489	32.9	11.8	8.3	2.2	3.0	1.1	3.8	36.8	21.1
CIS [115]	7–12 Feb 1991	2,479	32.0	12.4	6.9	2.0	3.4	0.6	3.5	39.4	19.6
CIS [116]	3–5 Feb 1991	2,498	30.5	12.3	7.6	3.0	3.8	1.1	3.7	38.0	18.2
CIS [120]	18–26 Dec 1990	2,495	30.1	13.5	7.0	2.7	3.2	1.1	3.8	38.6	16.6
CIS [121]	22–28 Nov 1990	2,492	39.8	12.9	7.1	2.6	3.1	0.9	5.2	28.3	26.9
CIS [122]	17–24 Oct 1990	2,487	35.2	12.9	6.0	3.3	3.5	1.0	3.4	34.5	22.3
CIS [125]	9–19 Jul 1990	2,500	35.3	12.9	6.2	2.7	3.1	0.5	5.0	34.2	22.4
CIS [126]	20–27 Jun 1990	2,492	35.6	14.4	8.1	3.2	3.7	1.0	4.6	29.4	21.2
CIS [127]	17–21 May 1990	2,492	36.1	14.6	8.7	3.0	3.3	0.7	5.2	28.4	21.5
CIS [128]	28 Apr–7 May 1990	2,492	32.0	17.5	8.2	2.7	3.3	1.1	4.5	30.6	14.5
CIS [131]	26–29 Mar 1990	2,484	29.5	15.6	8.1	2.8	3.1	0.7	3.4	36.8	13.9
CIS [132]	17–26 Feb 1990	2,495	32.6	17.6	9.3	5.4	3.4	1.2	7.4	23.0	15.0
CIS [133]	17–22 Jan 1990	2,923	39.9	16.2	8.8	4.4	3.5	0.9	6.5	20.0	23.7
CIS [139]	17–23 Nov 1989	2,463	36.5	14.6	9.3	4.4	3.7	1.2	6.8	23.5	21.9

Victory likelihood

The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a general election taking place.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size					PNV	Other/ None	?	Lead
CIS [69]	25–29 May 1993	2,503	38.7	14.0	–	–	–	25.1	22.2	24.7
Opina/La Vanguardia [140]	26–27 May 1993	2,000	45.6	25.2	0.3	0.6	0.2	1.0	27.2	20.4
CIS [71]	14–19 May 1993	2,496	42.8	10.9	–	–	–	22.0	24.2	31.9
Opina/La Vanguardia [19]	10–12 May 1993	2,000	56.9	15.3	0.2	0.1	0.0	2.3	25.1	41.6
CIS [72]	23–29 Apr 1993	2,500	41.4	11.5	–	–	–	23.7	23.3	29.9
Eco Consulting/CIS [73]	15–16 Apr 1993	1,208	37.8	12.4	–	–	–	34.7	15.0	25.4
CIS [75]	15–26 Mar 1993	2,500	69.9	20.2	–	–	–	–	9.9	49.7
Opina/La Vanguardia [37]	22–24 Mar 1993	2,016	42.3	17.6	0.3	0.1	0.0	2.4	37.2	24.7
CIS [76]	1 Mar 1993	1,000	63.8	16.3	–	–	–	4.2	15.6	47.5
CIS [77]	8–13 Feb 1993	2,502	61.3	18.6	–	–	–	–	19.9	42.7

Leadership polling

Main article: Leadership opinion polling for the 1993 Spanish general election

Notes

1. Within PSOE.
2. Undecided and/or abstentionists excluded.

References

1. "El PSOE se inclina por gobernar en solitario tras su victoria electoral". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 7 June 1993.
2. "Optimismo contenido entre los socialistas tras conocer el apoyo electoral recibido según los primeros resultados". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 7 June 1993.
3. "Los sondeos se equivocaron en sus pronósticos". El País (in Spanish). 7 June 1993.
4. "TVE1 y TV3 ganaron el otro 6-J". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 7 June 1993.
5. "Sondejos". Generalitat de Catalunya (in Catalan). Retrieved 10 May 2018.
6. "Political Opinion polling in Spain and Portugal" (PDF). ICS. 10 September 2004. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014.
7. "Sigue el empate, con ventaja del PP". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 30 May 1993.
8. "Aznar se perfila como ganador". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 30 May 1993.
9. "Empate entre el PSOE y el PP en estimación de voto, según el CIS". El País (in Spanish). 28 May 1993.
10. "El PP supera en cinco escaños a los socialistas". El País (in Spanish). 30 May 1993.
11. "Aznar sitúa al PP en cabeza con una mínima diferencia sobre los socialistas". El País (in Spanish). 30 May 1993.
12. "Lucha cerrada entre el Partido Popular y el PSOE, con ventaja de algo menos de un punto a favor de Aznar". ABC (in Spanish). 28 May 1993.
13. "El PP gana en las encuestas". El País (in Spanish). 24 May 1993.
14. "Estudio CIS nº 2059. Ficha técnica" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 28 May 1993.
15. "El PSOE gana al PP por 5 escaños". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 21 May 1993.
16. "El PSOE mantiene una ligera ventaja". El País (in Spanish). 22 May 1993.
17. "El PP ganaría hoy las elecciones con 149-172 escaños según una encuesta de Abaco entre 15.000 personas". ABC (in Spanish). 23 May 1993.
18. "Los sondeos a 20 días de los comicios". El País (in Spanish). 17 May 1993.
19. "El PSOE aventaja en un punto al PP". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 16 May 1993.
20. "El Partido Popular continúa su ascenso y ya supera por un punto al PSOE en intención de voto". ABC (in Spanish). 15 May 1993.
21. "El PP superaba en intención de voto al PSOE antes del "jueves negro" de la política económica del Gobierno". ABC (in Spanish). 15 May 1993.
22. "El PSOE dice aventajar al PP en 15 escaños". El País (in Spanish). 29 May 1993.
23. "Ligera ventaja del PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 11 May 1993.
24. "El PSOE solo supera en un punto al PP". El País (in Spanish). 16 May 1993.
25. "PSOE y PP siguen a sólo un punto de diferencia en intención de voto". ABC (in Spanish). 8 May 1993.
26. "34,9% contra 34,6%". El País (in Spanish). 1 May 1993.
27. "Las encuestas reflejan una ligera recuperación del voto socialista". El País (in Spanish). 8 May 1993.
28. "Los análisis de los últimos datos del CIS apuntan una ligera ventaja del PP sobre el PSOE". ABC (in Spanish). 5 May 1993.
29. "Puche asegura que los debates de Rtva serán "descafeinados y con soluciones de parcheo"". ABC Sevilla (in Spanish). 13 May 1993.
30. "El PP adelanta al PSOE". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 25 April 1993.
31. "Encuesta de Tele-5: El PP aventaja en cuatro escaños al PSOE". ABC (in Spanish). 24 April 1993.
32. "Populares y socialistas, a menos de un punto". El País (in Spanish). 6 May 1993.
33. "Menos de diez escaños separan al PP del PSOE". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 18 April 1993.
34. "Resultados muy dispares en tres nuevos sondeos". El País (in Spanish). 18 April 1993.
35. "El CIS daba a los socialistas en marzo una ventaja de un punto sobre el PP". El País (in Spanish). 21 April 1993.
36. "El último sondeo del CIS reconoce el virtual empate entre el PSOE y el PP". ABC (in Spanish). 20 April 1993.
37. "Empate PSOE-PP con leve ventaja socialista". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 28 March 1993.
38. "La ventaja del PSOE sobre el PP se reduce a tres escaños". El País (in Spanish). 21 March 1993.
39. "El PSOE aventajaría al PP en sólo tres escaños si las elecciones fuesen mañana". El País (in Spanish). 21 March 1993.
40. "Las primeras elecciones sin ganador claro en diez años". ABC (in Spanish). 13 April 1993.
41. "La "contraencuesta" del PP asegura que ya han superado al PSOE en casi tres puntos". ABC (in Spanish). 20 February 1993.
42. "La encuesta del CIS refleja una fuerte bajada del PSOE". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 24 December 1992.
43. "El PSOE pierde la mayoría absoluta, pero se mantiene a 40 escaños del PP". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 6 January 1993.
44. "Arenas cree "interesada" la difusión de supuestos resultados de un sondeo del CIS". El País (in Spanish). 6 January 1993.
45. "El sondeo de noviembre del CIS sitúa al PP a 18 escaños del PSOE". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 19 February 1993.
46. "El PSOE pierde 20 escaños y el PP, que gana 20, se coloca a cinco puntos de los socialistas". El País (in Spanish). 19 February 1993.
47. "La última encuesta del CIS sitúa al PP a 5 puntos del PSOE, la distancia más corta en esos sondeos". El País (in Spanish). 11 December 1992.
48. "La última encuesta del CIS coloca al PP a sólo cinco puntos del PSOE". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 12 December 1992.
49. "Una encuesta sitúa a los populares a cinco puntos de los socialistas". El País (in Spanish). 25 October 1992.
50. "El PP, a seis puntos". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 26 October 1992.
51. "El desgaste del PSOE deja al PP a sólo 6 puntos". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 25 October 1992.
52. "Por primera vez, el PSOE tiene miedo a perder las elecciones". ABC (in Spanish). 13 September 1992.
53. "Una encuesta reduce a 6,5 puntos la diferencia entre PP y PSOE". ABC (in Spanish). 16 August 1992.
54. "Una encuesta del PSOE revela que pierde la mayoría absoluta". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 27 September 1992.
55. "Los socialistas pierden 15 escaños mientras el PP gana 21 e Izquierda Unida 11, según el sondeo 'secreto' de Guerra". El País (in Spanish). 29 September 1992.
56. "Los socialistas pierden 20 escaños, mientras el PP e IU logran un apoyo electoral récord". El País (in Spanish). 1 October 1992.
57. "PP considera que la distancia electoral con respecto al PSOE es de cuatro puntos". El País (in Spanish). 7 July 1992.
58. "El PP asegura encontrarse a menos de un millón de votos del PSOE". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 31 August 1992.
59. "Pequeñas variaciones en la expectativa de voto". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 25 May 1992.
60. "El PP quedaría en las próximas elecciones a medio centenar de diputados de la mayoría absoluta". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 27 April 1992.
61. "Los socialistas perderían su actual mayoría absoluta". La Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 27 April 1992.
62. "Felipe González y José María Aznar, los políticos con mejor imagen según el CIS". ABC (in Spanish). 3 March 1992.
63. "Un sondeo coloca al PSOE a nueve puntos del PP". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 30 December 1991.
64. "El Partido Popular se acerca al 30 % en la intención de voto". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 23 September 1991.
65. "El PSOE prepara la campaña con un aumento en la expectativa de voto". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 9 April 1991.
66. García, José Luis Álvarez (4 November 1990). Ligero descenso de la intención de voto de los socialistas y mínimo ascenso de la del PP (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación. ISBN   9788488192011.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
67. "Solo el 15% de los votantes del PSOE se considera de izquierdas". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 18 November 1990.
68. "Proliferacion de sondeos electorales". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 14 May 1990.
69. "Campaña electoral. Elecciones generales 1993 (Estudio nº 2060. Mayo 1993)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 29 May 1993.
70. "Sondeo 'La Opinión Pública de los Españoles' (ASEP, España)". Banco de datos ASEP/JDS (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 July 2020.
71. "Barómetro de mayo 1993 (Estudio nº 2059. Mayo 1993)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 19 May 1993.
72. "Barómetro de abril 1993: Preelectoral elecciones generales 1993 (II) (Estudio nº 2055. Abril 1993)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 29 April 1993.
73. "Preelectoral elecciones generales 1993 (I) (Estudio nº 2053. Abril 1993)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 16 April 1993.
74. "Actitudes ante la inmigración (I) (Estudio nº 2051. Marzo 1993)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 30 March 1993.
75. "Barómetro de marzo 1993 (Estudio nº 2050. Marzo 1993)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 26 March 1993.
76. "Debate parlamentario sobre el desempleo (Estudio nº 2049. Marzo 1993)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 1 March 1993.
77. "Barómetro de febrero 1993: Situación social y política en España (Estudio nº 2048. Febrero 1993)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 13 February 1993.
78. "Barómetro de febrero 1993: Desigualdad (Estudio nº 2046. Enero 1993)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 4 February 1993.
79. "Barómetro de enero 1993: Expectativas (Estudio nº 2045. Enero 1993)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 23 January 1993.
80. "Barómetro de diciembre 1992 (Estudio nº 2044. Diciembre 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 21 December 1992.
81. "Energía nuclear (III) (Estudio nº 2043. Diciembre 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 19 December 1992.
82. "Barómetro de noviembre 1992 (Estudio nº 2042. Diciembre 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 9 December 1992.
83. "Diez años de gobierno socialista (Estudio nº 2024. Octubre 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 2 November 1992.
84. "Barómetro de octubre 1992 (Estudio nº 2023. Octubre 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 17 October 1992.
85. "Servicios públicos (Estudio nº 2019. Septiembre 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 30 September 1992.
86. "Barómetro de septiembre 1992 (Estudio nº 2018. Septiembre 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 14 September 1992.
87. "La política fiscal y la declaración de la renta correspondiente a 1991. Impuestos (IX) (Estudio nº 2017. Julio 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 20 July 1992.
88. "Barómetro de julio 1992 (Estudio nº 2016. Julio 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 16 July 1992.
89. "La Justicia ante la opinión pública española (II) (Estudio nº 2015. Junio 1992)". CIS (in Spanish). 5 July 1992.
90. "Barómetro de junio 1992 (Estudio nº 2013. Junio 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 22 June 1992.
91. "Cuestiones de actualidad: actitudes, opiniones y comportamientos de los españoles ante la droga (III) (Estudio nº 2005. Mayo 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 2 June 1992.
92. "Barómetro de mayo 1992 (Estudio nº 2007. Mayo 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 21 May 1992.
93. "Expo'92 (IV) (Estudio nº 2003. Mayo 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 10 May 1992.
94. "Barómetro de abril 1992 (Estudio nº 2002. Abril 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 29 April 1992.
95. "Evolución del sistema de valores (IV) (Estudio nº 2001. Abril 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 22 April 1992.
96. "Debate parlamentario sobre el estado de la Nación (VIII) (Estudio nº 1999. Marzo 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 29 March 1992.
97. "Barómetro de febrero 1992 (Estudio nº 1993. Febrero 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 3 March 1992.
98. "Expectativas (Estudio nº 1992. Febrero 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 27 February 1992.
99. "Barómetro de enero 1992 (Estudio nº 1989. Enero 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 5 February 1992.
100. "Barómetro de diciembre 1991 (Estudio nº 1984. Diciembre 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 30 December 1991.
101. "Barómetro de noviembre 1991 (Estudio nº 1980. Noviembre 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 27 November 1991.
102. "Barómetro de octubre 1991 (Estudio nº 1979. Octubre 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 24 October 1991.
103. "Barómetro de septiembre 1991 (Estudio nº 1977. Septiembre 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 23 September 1991.
104. "Barómetro de julio 1991 (Estudio nº 1972. Julio 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 15 July 1991.
105. "La política fiscal y la declaración de la renta correspondiente a 1990. Impuestos (VIII) (Estudio nº 1971. Junio-Julio 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 7 July 1991.
106. "Barómetro de junio 1991 (Estudio nº 1970. Junio 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 3 July 1991.
107. "Interrupción voluntaria del embarazo (Estudio nº 1968. Junio 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 11 June 1991.
108. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.967. Estudio postelectoral (Días 2/6 de junio de 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 6 June 1991.
109. "Inmigración y racismo (II) (Estudio nº 1964. Abril 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 8 May 1991.
110. "Barómetro de abril 1991 (Estudio nº 1962. Abril 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 20 April 1991.
111. "Debate parlamentario sobre el estado de la Nación (VII) (Estudio nº 1958. Marzo 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 30 March 1991.
112. "Conflicto armado en Oriente Medio (VII) (Estudio nº 1942. Marzo 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 12 March 1991.
113. "Conflicto armado en Oriente Medio (VI) (Estudio nº 1933. Febrero 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 26 February 1991.
114. "Conflicto armado en Oriente Medio (V) (Estudio nº 1931. Febrero 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 19 February 1991.
115. "Conflicto armado en Oriente Medio (IV) (Estudio nº 1930. Febrero 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 12 February 1991.
116. "Conflicto armado en Oriente Medio (III) (Estudio nº 1916. Febrero 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 5 February 1991.
117. "Conflicto armado en Oriente Medio (II) (Estudio nº 1915. Enero 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 30 January 1991.
118. "Barómetro de enero 1991: Conflicto armado en Oriente Medio (I) (Estudio nº 1913. Enero 1991)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 23 January 1991.
119. "Estudio C.I.S nº 1911. Política exterior (Días 27 diciembre 90/7 enero 91)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 7 January 1991.
120. "Barómetro de diciembre 1990 (Estudio nº 1910. Diciembre 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 26 December 1990.
121. "Barómetro de noviembre 1990: XXXII Congreso del PSOE (Estudio nº 1906. Noviembre 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 28 November 1990.
122. "Barómetro de octubre 1990 (Estudio nº 1901. Octubre 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 24 October 1990.
123. "Barómetro de septiembre 1990 (Estudio nº 1883. Septiembre 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 20 September 1990.
124. "La política fiscal y la declaración de la renta correspondiente a 1989. Impuestos (VII) (Estudio nº 1880. Julio 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 19 July 1990.
125. "Barómetro de julio 1990 (Estudio nº 1881. Julio 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 19 July 1990.
126. "Barómetro de junio 1990 (Estudio nº 1876. Junio 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 27 June 1990.
127. "Barómetro de mayo 1990 (Estudio nº 1871. Mayo 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 21 May 1990.
128. "Barómetro de abril 1990 (Estudio nº 1870. Mayo 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 7 May 1990.
129. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.868. Cuestión de confianza (Días 7/10 de abril de 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 10 April 1990.
130. "La desigualdad social en la vida familiar y doméstica (II) (Estudio 1.867. Abril 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 5 April 1990.
131. "Barómetro de marzo 1990 (Estudio nº 1864. Marzo 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 29 March 1990.
132. "Barómetro de febrero 1990 (Estudio nº 1860. Febrero 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 26 February 1990.
133. "Barómetro de enero 1990 (Estudio nº 1858. Enero 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 22 January 1990.
134. "Estudio C.I.S. nº. 1.856. Expectativas para 1990 (Días 17/22 de enero de 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 22 January 1990.
135. "Estudio C.I.S. nº. 1.854. Cuestiones de actualidad: Fiestas de Navidad 1989 (28 Diciembre-8 Enero 1990)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 9 January 1990.
136. "XI aniversario de la Constitución (Estudio nº 1851. Diciembre 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 28 December 1989.
137. "Barómetro de diciembre 1989: Investidura del Presidente del Gobierno D. Felipe González (II) (Estudio nº 1850. Diciembre 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 20 December 1989.
138. "Imagen del jurado (Estudio nº 1847. Noviembre 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 28 November 1989.
139. "Barómetro de noviembre 1989 (Estudio nº 1845. Noviembre 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 22 November 1989.
140. "Un 45,6% de los encuestados mantiene la idea de que el PSOE ganará las elecciones". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 30 May 1993.