Opinion polling for the 1989 Spanish general election

In the run up to the 1989 Spanish general election, various organisations carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intention in Spain during the term of the 3rd Cortes Generales. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous general election, held on 22 June 1986, to the day the next election was held, on 29 October 1989.

Voting intention estimates refer mainly to a hypothetical Congress of Deputies election. Polls are listed in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" columns on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.

Electoral polling

Nationwide polling

Voting intention estimates

The table below lists nationwide voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 176 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies.

Color key:

  Exit poll

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size	Turnout						PNV					LV			ARM	Lead
1989 general election	29 Oct 1989	—	69.7	39.6 175	[lower-alpha 1]	7.9 14	5.0 18	9.1 17	1.2 5	1.1 4	0.5 2	1.0 2	0.7 2	0.8 0	0.7 2	25.8 107	1.1 0	13.8
PSOE [1]	29 Oct 1989	?	68	40.8 173/176	[lower-alpha 1]	8.1 12/14	5.2 18	9.0 18/20	1.3 5	1.1 4	0.6 2	1.3 2	0.5 2	–	0.7 1	24.0 103/105	–	16.8
Metis/RTVE [2] [3] [4]	29 Oct 1989	40,000	?	? 177/180	[lower-alpha 1]	? 12/14	? 17/19	? 16/18	? 6	? 4/5	? 2	? 1	? 1	? 0	? 1	? 100/103	? 0	?
Opina [2] [3]	29 Oct 1989	?	?	? 181/185	[lower-alpha 1]	? 6/7	? 18/19	? 22/25	? 5/6	? 5	? 2	? 1/2	? 2	? 0	? 2	? 99/101	? 0	?
Demoscopia/Cadena SER [2] [3] [5]	29 Oct 1989	91,451	?	40.1 176/182	[lower-alpha 1]	? 11/15	? 18	? 20/26	? 5/6	? 6/7	? 2	? 1/2	? 1	? 0	? 2	? 91/97	? 0	?
Sigma Dos/COPE [2] [3]	29 Oct 1989	?	?	? 177/181	[lower-alpha 1]	? 14/16	? 18	? 17/18	? 5/6	? 5/6	? 1/2	? 2/3	? 0/1	? 0	? 1/2	? 102/106	? 0	?
Eco Consulting/Levante-EMV [6]	22 Oct 1989	?	?	? 164/173	[lower-alpha 1]	? 23/27	? 16/17	? 19/21	? 4/5	? 6	? 1/2	? 3	? 2	–	? 2/3	? 92/99	? 1	?
Metra Seis/El Independiente [7]	22 Oct 1989	?	?	? 172/179	[lower-alpha 1]	? 19	? 17/18	? 16/17	? 7	? 5	? 3	? 3	? 1	? 3	? 1	? 92/99	–	?
PP [8]	22 Oct 1989	?	65	? 167/175	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	? 105	–	?
ICP–Research/Diario 16 [9] [10]	16–19 Oct 1989	9,524	?	40.5 174/178	[lower-alpha 1]	8.5 18/21	4.9 17/19	10.3 22/26	1.4 7	1.2 7	0.5 2	? 4	? 1	–	? 0/1	19.1 87/91	? 2/3	21.4
Opina/La Vanguardia [11] [12]	16–18 Oct 1989	3,262	70	41.5 172/178	[lower-alpha 1]	6.5 14/15	4.5 17/18	7.5 13	1.9 7/8	1.0 3	0.8 1/2	1.2 3/4	0.6 0/1	2.2 0/1	1.0 2/3	25.0 104/107	2.7 0/1	16.5
PSOE [13]	17 Oct 1989	?	?	40.0	[lower-alpha 1]	8.0	–	9.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	21.0	–	19.0
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [10] [7] [14]	16–17 Oct 1989	8,400	?	39.2 168	[lower-alpha 1]	10.3 23	4.9 17	8.0 16	1.4 5	1.1 5	0.6 2	1.2 2	0.3 1	1.8 2	0.5 1	24.2 103	1.9 1	15.0
Gruppo/Colpisa [10]	16–17 Oct 1989	1,500	70	40.1 173/183	[lower-alpha 1]	9.3 20/21	4.8 17/18	7.5 14/16	1.1 5	1.0 475	0.6 2	1.2 2	–	1.8 0/1	0.6 1/2	23.6 95/101	2.1 0/1	16.5
Demoscopia/El País [10] [15] [16] [17]	9–15 Oct 1989	6,200	68	41.6 176/182	[lower-alpha 1]	9.1 16/19	5.0 18	8.0 15/16	1.5 5/7	1.0 4/5	0.7 2	? 2/3	? 1	–	0.4 1	22.8 95/104	1.2 0	18.8
Opina/La Vanguardia [18] [19]	7–11 Oct 1989	2,800	67	41.0 172/178	[lower-alpha 1]	9.0 18	4.8 18/19	8.8 15	2.0 7/8	0.5 2/3	1.0 2	1.4 3/4	0.7 0/1	–	1.0 1/2	24.0 100/102	3.3 0/1	17.0
PSOE [20]	6 Oct 1989	?	?	40.0	[lower-alpha 1]	8.0	–	6.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	20.0	–	20.0
Gruppo/Colpisa [10] [21]	30 Sep–1 Oct 1989	1,500	67–72	38.3 173/179	[lower-alpha 1]	9.0 18/19	4.7 16/18	7.4 14/16	1.1 5/6	1.1 5	0.7 2/3	1.2 3	–	1.8 0/2	0.7 2	24.1 95/103	2.0 0/2	14.2
Demoscopia/El País [10] [22] [23] [24]	25–30 Sep 1989	6,200	68	42.1 178/187	[lower-alpha 1]	7.3 14/17	4.6 17	8.7 14/16	1.1 5/8	0.9 3/5	0.6 ?	? 2/3	–	–	0.3 ?	23.8 93/99	1.2 0	18.3
CIS [25] [26]	23–27 Sep 1989	2,482	?	? 175/185	[lower-alpha 1]	? 14/15	–	? 11/15	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	? 93/99	–	?
Tribuna [27]	22 Sep 1989	?	?	? 178/186	[lower-alpha 1]	? 14/16	? 15/16	? 12/14	? 4/5	? 4/5	? 3	? 4/5	–	–	? 3	? 97/105	? 0/2	?
AEB/Cinco Días [27]	22 Sep 1989	?	60	? 178/180	[lower-alpha 1]	? 15/18	? 18	? 10	? 4/5	? 6	–	? 6	–	–	? 2/3	? 100	? 0/1	?
Metra Seis/El Independiente [10]	19–22 Sep 1989	13,950	?	38.2	[lower-alpha 1]	9.2	5.0	8.0	1.3	1.0	0.6	–	–	–	0.5	22.3	–	15.9
ICP–Research/Diario 16 [10] [17]	16–19 Sep 1989	1,600	?	38.2	[lower-alpha 1]	9.1	4.7	10.0	1.3	1.4	–	–	–	–	–	20.2	–	18.0
CIS [25] [26]	7–14 Sep 1989	27,421	?	43.0 178/180	[lower-alpha 1]	9.0 18	–	8.0 12	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	21.0 96	–	22.0
Sigma Dos/Tiempo [10]	7–8 Sep 1989	800	?	38.0– 39.0	[lower-alpha 1]	10.0– 11.0	4.5– 4.7	8.0– 9.0	1.0– 1.1	1.0– 1.1	0.7	–	–	–	0.6	22.5– 24.0	–	15.0– 15.5
Iope–Etmar/El Periódico [28]	4–8 Sep 1989	1,483	?	43.0 185/188	[lower-alpha 1]	8.4 18/19	3.8 15/16	7.6 12/13	1.0 3/4	0.8 3	0.6 2	2.0 4/5	? 2/3	–	? 2/3	22.8 94/97	–	20.2
Sigma Dos/Tiempo [10]	2–3 Sep 1989	800	?	39.0– 41.0	[lower-alpha 1]	8.5– 9.5	4.5– 5.0	6.5– 7.5	1.0– 1.2	1.0– 2.0	0.5– 0.8	–	–	–	0.8– 1.1	23.0– 25.0	–	16.0
DYM/Cambio 16 [10]	29–30 Aug 1989	1,000	?	40.6	[lower-alpha 1]	9.2	5.2	6.4	1.4	1.4	1.1	–	–	–	0.9	25.1	–	15.5
1989 EP election	15 Jun 1989	—	54.7	39.6 (187)	[lower-alpha 1]	7.1 (13)	4.1 (17)	6.1 (10)	1.3 (5)	1.4 (6)	0.7 (2)	1.7 (5)	0.7 (2)	1.0 (0)	0.9 (3)	21.4 (96)	3.8 (2)	18.2
CIS [29]	9–11 May 1989	4,459	?	39.5	[lower-alpha 1]	14.6	5.1	7.1	1.2	–	–	–	–	–	–	26.6	–	12.9
Opina/La Vanguardia [30]	7–10 Apr 1989	1,610	?	38.6	[lower-alpha 1]	12.6	6.4	6.4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	26.5	–	12.1
Gallup/Cambio 16 [17]	30 Jan 1989	600	?	35.1	[lower-alpha 1]	14.6	4.1	7.6	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	30.1	–	5.0
Opina/La Vanguardia [31]	17–18 Jan 1989	1,621	?	37.9	23.1	13.2	6.2	6.6	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	14.8
ICP–Research/Diario 16 [17]	15 Jan 1989	1,200	?	37.5	20.8	13.7	4.5	9.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	16.7
Metra Seis/El Independiente [17]	13 Jan 1989	1,000	?	37.0	23.0	12.0	5.5	8.5	1.5	1.5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	14.0
CIS [32] [33]	16–19 Dec 1988	2,498	?	? 140/145	? 50	? 60/70	–	? 25/30	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	?
Opina/La Vanguardia [34]	13 Dec 1988	?	?	36.0	28.0	10.0	6.8	8.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	8.0
ICP–Research/Diario 16 [35]	11 Dec 1988	?	?	41.0	19.0	11.0	5.0	9.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	22.0
Opina/La Vanguardia [31] [36]	29–30 Nov 1988	1,600	?	34.3	27.1	9.9	7.2	7.8	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	7.2
Eco Consulting/CDS [37]	1–21 Nov 1988	1,832	?	39.0	26.0	14.0	–	7.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	13.0
Iope–Etmar/El Periódico [38]	15–17 Nov 1988	700	?	39.9	24.9	14.2	5.0	4.2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	15.0
ICP–Research/Diario 16 [39] [40]	19–21 Sep 1988	?	?	41.0	15.5	13.6	5.7	7.5	0.7	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	25.5
Emopública/Diario 16 [41]	27 Jun 1988	?	?	38.0	24.0	14.0	–	7.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	14.0
Emopública–Burke/AP [42] [43]	19 May 1988	1,800	?	36.0– 37.0 160/170	26.0– 27.0 100/115	11.5– 12.5 25/30	3.5– 4.0 ?	5.5– 6.5 ?	<1.0 ?	1.5 ?	<1.0 ?	–	–	–	<1.0 ?	–	–	10.0
Emopública/Diario 16 [44]	24 Apr 1988	?	?	34.0	24.0	15.0	–	7.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10.0
CIS [45]	8–10 Mar 1988	2,495	?	42.0	22.0	12.0– 14.0	–	5.0– 6.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	20.0
Emopública/Diario 16 [46]	28 Feb 1988	?	?	38.0	23.0	17.0	–	8.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	15.0
CIS [47]	12–16 Feb 1988	2,485	?	43.9	23.0	12.5	–	5.5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	20.9
CIS [48]	29 Jan–1 Feb 1988	2,478	?	44.0	25.0	13.0	–	6.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	19.0
CIS [49]	22–26 Jan 1988	2,497	?	42.0 171	23.0 ?	14.5 ?	–	6.0 ?	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	19.0
Emopública–Burke/AP [42]	24 Jan 1988	?	?	37.0– 39.0	20.0– 22.0	11.0– 13.0	3.0– 4.0	4.0– 6.0	1.0	2.0– 4.0	1.0	–	–	–	<1.0	–	–	17.0
Emopública/Diario 16 [50]	17 Jan 1988	?	?	40.0	26.0	14.0	5.0	6.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	14.0
Emopública/Diario 16 [51]	20 Dec 1987	?	?	39.0	25.0	14.0	6.0	5.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	14.0
Emopública/Diario 16 [52]	15 Nov 1987	?	?	40.0	27.0	17.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	13.0
Emopública–Burke/AP [42]	25 Oct 1987	?	?	38.0– 40.0	23.0– 25.0	11.0– 13.0	3.5– 4.0	4.0– 6.0	1.0	2.0– 4.0	1.0	–	–	–	<1.0	–	–	15.0
Emopública/Diario 16 [53] [54]	11 Oct 1987	?	?	34.0	20.0	24.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10.0
Metra Seis/El Independiente [55] [56]	1–6 Sep 1987	?	?	35.5	20.4	21.9	5.6	5.8	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	13.6
1987 EP election	10 Jun 1987	—	68.5	39.1 (169)	24.6 (108)	10.3 (23)	4.4 (16)	5.3 (9)	1.1 (5)	1.3 (6)	0.6 (2)	0.9 (2)	0.8 (2)	0.6 (0)	1.0 (4)	–	–	14.5
1987 local elections	10 Jun 1987	—	69.4	37.1	20.9	9.8	5.2	7.9	1.2	1.2	0.6	1.1	0.8	0.1	1.1	–	–	16.2
Sofemasa/AP [57]	16 Apr 1987	6,000	?	35.0	23.0	17.0	–	8.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	12.0
Gallup/El Periódico [58]	19 Oct–23 Dec 1986	1,994	?	42.0	23.1	11.6	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	18.9
CIS [59]	18–21 Sep 1986	2,813	?	44.7	21.9	14.2	5.4	4.5	1.2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	22.8
1986 general election	22 Jun 1986	—	70.5	44.1 184	26.0 [lower-alpha 2] 105	9.2 19	5.0 18	4.6 7	1.5 6	1.1 5	0.5 2	0.5 0	0.3 1	0.2 0	–	–	–	18.1

Voting preferences

The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size						PNV			LV		ARM	?	N	Lead
1989 general election	29 Oct 1989	—	27.5	[lower-alpha 1]	5.5	3.5	6.3	0.9	0.7	0.3	0.5	17.9	0.7	—	30.1	9.6
Opina/La Vanguardia [11]	16–18 Oct 1989	3,262	19.7	[lower-alpha 1]	3.9	4.0	4.6	1.6	0.8	–	1.4	14.8	1.6	32.8	6.9	4.9
ASEP [60]	9–13 Oct 1989	1,208	30.3	[lower-alpha 1]	4.6	5.2*	6.9	*	1.0**	–	2.3	7.7	0.6	30.9	9.0	22.6
Opina/La Vanguardia [18]	7–11 Oct 1989	2,800	24.7	[lower-alpha 1]	4.6	3.6	4.7	–	–	–	–	11.4	–	–	–	13.3
CIS [61] [62]	23–27 Sep 1989	2,482	31.0	[lower-alpha 1]	5.0	3.0	6.0	1.0	–	–	–	10.0	1.0	32.0	7.0	21.0
CIS [63]	16–20 Sep 1989	2,495	30.2	[lower-alpha 1]	3.7	2.7	5.8	0.7	–	–	–	9.5	–	34.6	8.0	24.0
ASEP [60]	11–16 Sep 1989	1,195	28.3	[lower-alpha 1]	3.8	4.9*	8.3	*	1.3**	–	1.9	8.0	0.8	32.6	8.3	20.3
Demoscopia/El País [17] [64] [65]	9–15 Sep 1989	1,200	21.0	[lower-alpha 1]	4.0	2.0	3.0	0.3	0.2	–	–	8.0	–	59.0		13.0
CIS [66]	2–5 Sep 1989	2,471	34.0	[lower-alpha 1]	6.0	2.0	5.0	1.0	–	–	–	10.0	–	29.0	10.0	24.0
CIS [67]	15–19 Jul 1989	2,498	29.8	[lower-alpha 1]	5.3	3.9	5.1	0.7	–	–	–	9.8	–	31.4	9.9	20.0
Demoscopia/El País [68] [69]	23–29 Jun 1989	1,200	26.0	[lower-alpha 1]	–	–	4.3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	?
CIS [70]	23–28 Jun 1989	4,583	29.0	[lower-alpha 1]	3.0	3.0	5.0	1.0	–	–	–	10.0	–	35.0	8.0	19.0
CIS [71]	17–22 Jun 1989	3,586	33.8	[lower-alpha 1]	4.1	3.2	5.5	1.1	–	–	–	9.8	–	28.5	9.0	24.0
ASEP [60]	5–10 Jun 1989	1,198	25.1	[lower-alpha 1]	6.3	5.6*	6.7	*	1.3**	–	–	7.4	–	28.3	15.3	17.7
CIS [72]	5–6 Jun 1989	2,498	26.0	[lower-alpha 1]	5.0	2.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	11.0	–	37.0	10.0	15.0
CIS [73]	23–24 May 1989	4,953	26.0	[lower-alpha 1]	6.0	3.0	5.0	1.0	–	–	–	11.0	–	34.0	9.0	15.0
CIS [74]	16–17 May 1989	2,487	28.0	[lower-alpha 1]	7.0	3.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	11.0	–	33.0	9.0	17.0
CIS [75]	11–16 May 1989	3,072	27.9	[lower-alpha 1]	6.3	2.6	4.8	0.9	–	–	–	11.5	–	34.9	7.9	16.4
ASEP [60]	8–13 May 1989	1,214	27.0	[lower-alpha 1]	8.7	3.8*	5.1	*	1.6**	–	–	9.6	–	27.6	12.5	17.4
CIS [76]	9–11 May 1989	4,459	28.0	[lower-alpha 1]	7.0	3.0	5.0	1.0	–	–	–	12.0	–	31.0	9.0	16.0
CIS [77]	4–5 May 1989	2,496	29.0	[lower-alpha 1]	7.0	3.0	5.0	1.0	–	–	–	11.0	–	32.0	8.0	18.0
CIS [78]	26–28 Apr 1989	4,965	28.0	[lower-alpha 1]	8.0	3.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	12.0	–	32.0	9.0	16.0
CIS [79]	22–24 Apr 1989	2,499	27.0	[lower-alpha 1]	7.0	3.0	5.0	1.0	–	–	–	10.0	–	36.0	8.0	17.0
ASEP [60]	10–16 Apr 1989	1,205	23.9	[lower-alpha 1]	9.3	5.4*	4.9	*	1.2**	–	–	8.7	–	26.9	15.8	14.6
IU [80]	20 Mar–15 Apr 1989	?	24.7	[lower-alpha 1]	7.8	–	9.8	–	–	–	–	13.2	–	–	38.0	11.5
CIS [81]	6–10 Apr 1989	2,951	29.9	[lower-alpha 1]	6.4	2.5	5.5	0.9	–	–	–	10.5	–	31.8	9.0	19.4
Demoscopia/El País [17] [82] [83]	29 Mar–4 Apr 1989	1,200	21.0	[lower-alpha 1]	4.0	2.0	3.0	0.2	1.0	–	–	8.0	–	57.5		13.0
CIS [84]	14–17 Mar 1989	2,477	26.2	[lower-alpha 1]	7.2	2.9	4.3	1.0	–	–	–	11.9	–	32.9	9.7	14.3
CIS [85] [86]	10–14 Mar 1989	2,483	29.8	[lower-alpha 1]	7.5	2.6	5.0	0.6	0.7	0.2	–	11.3	–	30.4	9.3	18.5
ASEP [60]	6–12 Mar 1989	1,203	24.7	[lower-alpha 1]	11.1	4.7*	6.5	*	1.0**	–	–	9.8	–	27.4	12.1	13.6
CIS [87]	17–20 Feb 1989	2,492	25.0	[lower-alpha 1]	6.0	2.0	4.0	–	–	–	–	9.0	–	39.0	12.0	16.0
Demoscopia/El País [88] [89]	15–16 Feb 1989	800	23.0	[lower-alpha 1]	5.0	–	5.0	–	–	–	–	10.0	–	39.0	10.0	13.0
CIS [90]	10–14 Feb 1989	2,472	23.6	[lower-alpha 1]	6.9	2.9	5.1	0.4	–	–	–	11.3	–	35.4	11.2	12.3
ASEP [60]	6–12 Feb 1989	1,209	23.8	[lower-alpha 1]	10.6	7.1*	5.5	*	0.9**	–	–	10.0	–	26.3	12.8	13.2
OTR–Emopública/PP [91] [92]	6–11 Feb 1989	1,190	20.7	[lower-alpha 1]	7.4	–	6.1	–	–	–	–	22.0	–	7.4	29.3	1.3
CIS [93]	30 Jan–9 Feb 1989	27,287	25.0	[lower-alpha 1]	6.0	2.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	11.0	–	35.0	13.0	14.0
CIS [94]	23–26 Jan 1989	3,356	24.0	12.0	6.0	3.0	6.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	37.0	7.0	12.0
ASEP [60]	16–21 Jan 1989	1,211	26.0	10.0	11.3	4.1*	5.4	*	1.4**	–	–	–	–	25.8	13.5	14.7
CIS [95]	10–12 Jan 1989	2,497	25.9	8.5	6.5	1.9	4.7	1.2	–	–	–	–	–	36.4	12.1	17.4
OTR [32]	9 Jan 1989	?	17.0	6.0	4.0	–	4.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	36.0	16.0	11.0
CIS [96]	21–27 Dec 1988	2,494	22.0	9.0	7.0	2.0	5.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	38.0	13.0	13.0
CIS [97]	16–19 Dec 1988	2,498	22.0	9.0	7.0	3.0	6.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	40.0	9.0	13.0
Demoscopia/El País [98] [99]	15 Dec 1988	?	21.0	6.0	4.0	–	6.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	15.0
ASEP [60]	5–13 Dec 1988	1,219	23.4	8.7	9.5	5.2*	6.5	*	0.9**	–	–	–	–	28.9	13.8	13.9
ICP–Research/Diario 16 [100]	11 Dec 1988	?	25.2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	?
CIS [101]	5–10 Dec 1988	2,499	21.0	7.0	6.0	2.0	3.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	44.0	13.0	14.0
Demoscopia/El País [102] [103]	5–10 Dec 1988	1,200	23.0	8.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	?
CIS [104]	30 Nov–3 Dec 1988	2,494	26.4	9.7	6.8	2.2	5.7	0.3	–	–	–	–	–	34.4	11.2	16.7
CIS [105]	23–24 Nov 1988	2,496	25.0	8.0	6.0	2.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	37.0	13.0	17.0
Eco Consulting/CDS [37]	1–21 Nov 1988	1,832	29.3	7.5	11.8	–	6.6	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	17.5
CIS [106]	16–19 Nov 1988	2,504	26.0	9.0	7.0	3.0	3.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	36.0	12.0	17.0
Iope–Etmar/El Periódico [38]	15–17 Nov 1988	700	23.0	12.2	9.2	2.8	2.4	–	–	–	–	–	–	43.9	6.5	10.8
CIS [107]	11–15 Nov 1988	3,366	27.0	9.0	8.0	3.0	5.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	32.0	12.0	18.0
ASEP [60]	7–12 Nov 1988	1,226	26.0	10.4	8.3	7.1*	4.9	*	1.2**	–	–	–	–	25.0	14.7	15.6
Demoscopia/El País [108] [109]	24–25 Oct 1988	800	21.0	13.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	8.0
CIS [110]	13–17 Oct 1988	2,499	25.7	10.5	6.5	3.7	4.4	0.4	–	–	–	–	–	33.7	11.9	15.2
ASEP [60]	10–16 Oct 1988	1,205	25.9	7.7	8.2	5.2*	5.7	*	1.7**	–	–	–	–	27.3	14.7	17.7
Demoscopia/El País [111] [112] [113]	1–5 Oct 1988	1,200	20.0	6.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	?
CIS [114]	20–24 Sep 1988	2,488	28.0	8.0	8.0	2.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	36.0	10.0	20.0
ICP–Research/Diario 16 [39]	19–21 Sep 1988	?	26.6	10.3	8.3	3.1	5.0	0.3	–	–	–	–	–	20.8	15.3	16.3
CIS [115]	15–19 Sep 1988	2,492	25.7	9.2	8.2	3.0	3.7	0.4	–	–	–	–	–	33.9	12.1	16.5
OYCOS [116]	10–19 Sep 1988	1,200	20.0	9.0	7.0	2.5	3.0	0.6	0.4	–	–	–	–	37.0	16.0	11.0
CIS [117]	19–21 Jul 1988	2,488	25.0	7.0	6.0	3.0	4.0	1.0	–	0.0	–	–	–	37.0	13.0	18.0
CIS [118]	14–18 Jul 1988	2,443	30.1	8.0	6.4	2.5	4.5	0.5	–	–	–	–	–	32.1	12.3	22.1
CIS [119]	29 Jun–4 Jul 1988	4,981	24.0	7.0	6.0	3.0	4.0	1.0	–	0.0	–	–	–	41.0	11.0	17.0
Demoscopia/El País [120] [121]	20–26 Jun 1988	1,200	20.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	39.0	13.0	?
ASEP [60]	13–18 Jun 1988	1,205	26.5	10.4	9.4	6.5*	6.7	*	1.3**	–	–	–	–	24.1	9.8	16.1
CIS [122]	13–16 Jun 1988	2,485	24.0	7.0	7.0	3.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	42.0	9.0	17.0
CIS [123]	9–13 Jun 1988	2,487	28.1	9.0	8.1	2.6	5.3	0.6	–	–	–	–	–	31.5	10.5	19.1
CIS [124]	31 May–4 Jun 1988	2,498	24.0	8.0	6.0	3.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	40.0	11.0	16.0
ASEP [60]	16–22 May 1988	1,232	28.7	10.3	9.0	5.7*	5.9	*	1.7**	–	–	–	–	22.8	11.5	18.4
Emopública–Burke/AP [42]	19 May 1988	1,800	27.9	10.1	6.4	3.5	4.7	0.5	1.3	–	–	–	–	29.9	12.1	17.8
CIS [125]	11–13 May 1988	2,449	25.5	9.8	9.1	2.6	4.9	0.7	–	–	–	–	–	33.1	11.0	15.7
CIS [126]	6–8 May 1988	2,394	24.0	9.0	7.0	3.0	4.0	1.0	–	0.0	–	–	–	38.0	12.0	15.0
CIS [127]	26–27 Apr 1988	2,502	27.0	12.0	9.0	3.0	5.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	30.0	10.0	15.0
CIS [128] [129]	20–25 Apr 1988	2,496	30.0	11.6	10.5	2.5	5.1	0.7	–	–	–	–	–	25.4	11.0	18.4
Emopública/Diario 16 [44]	24 Apr 1988	?	23.8	11.0	12.9	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	31.1	–	10.9
ASEP [60]	18–23 Apr 1988	1,211	27.6	9.6	9.1	5.9*	5.1	*	1.0**	–	–	–	–	27.2	11.7	18.0
Demoscopia/El País [44] [130] [131]	9–14 Apr 1988	1,200	20.0	8.0	10.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10.0
CIS [132]	15–23 Mar 1988	27,377	33.0	10.0	10.0	2.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	27.0	11.0	23.0
ASEP [60]	7–11 Mar 1988	1,203	26.7	8.7	10.8	5.9*	5.3	*	1.4**	–	–	–	–	26.2	12.3	15.9
CIS [133]	8–10 Mar 1988	2,495	25.4	10.0	6.7	2.9	4.4	0.7	0.7	0.6	–	–	–	36.8	8.7	16.0
CIS [134]	4–7 Mar 1988	2,495	24.0	8.0	5.0	2.0	3.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	–	–	–	43.0	11.0	16.0
CIS [135]	27 Feb–1 Mar 1988	2,487	26.0	10.0	8.0	2.0	5.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	34.0	11.0	16.0
CIS [136]	12–16 Feb 1988	2,485	29.1	7.4	6.3	3.1	3.3	0.6	–	–	–	–	–	36.4	10.5	21.7
ASEP [60]	8–12 Feb 1988	1,220	30.7	8.3	11.3	6.6*	4.3	*	1.9**	–	–	–	–	23.0	11.4	19.4
CIS [137]	3–8 Feb 1988	3,673	27.0	9.0	6.0	2.0	4.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	–	–	–	35.0	11.0	18.0
CIS [138]	29 Jan–1 Feb 1988	2,478	34.0	8.0	7.0	3.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	28.0	9.0	26.0
CIS [139]	22–26 Jan 1988	2,497	33.3	8.9	9.4	2.6	3.7	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	25.8	11.0	23.9
Emopública–Burke/AP [42]	24 Jan 1988	?	28.2	7.8	7.9	3.0	3.7	0.7	0.9	0.4	–	–	–	43.2		20.3
ASEP [60]	11–15 Jan 1988	1,219	27.0	8.4	12.5	6.6*	5.1	*	1.7**	–	–	–	–	22.7	13.6	14.5
CIS [140]	23 Dec–3 Jan 1988	2,464	26.0	9.0	7.0	2.0	4.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	36.0	12.0	17.0
CIS [141]	19–22 Dec 1987	2,488	26.6	8.7	8.0	2.8	4.5	0.4	–	–	–	–	–	31.4	13.3	17.9
Emopública/Diario 16 [51]	20 Dec 1987	?	27.8	12.8	12.1	–	3.4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	15.0
CIS [142]	11–15 Dec 1987	2,475	24.4	10.1	6.3	2.5	3.2	0.7	–	–	–	–	–	38.8	9.9	14.3
Demoscopia/El País [143]	8–13 Dec 1987	1,200	25.0	10.0	9.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	15.0
CIS [144]	4–7 Dec 1987	2,491	30.0	7.0	7.0	2.0	3.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	37.0	10.0	23.0
ASEP [60]	30 Nov–4 Dec 1987	1,209	29.1	10.4	10.3	5.9*	4.5	*	1.5**	–	–	–	–	25.6	9.5	18.7
CIS [145]	26–30 Nov 1987	2,490	25.0	12.0	8.0	3.0	5.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	30.0	12.0	13.0
CIS [146]	18–21 Nov 1987	2,495	28.0	9.0	6.0	3.0	3.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	34.0	12.0	19.0
CIS [147]	14–17 Nov 1987	2,489	32.5	9.9	11.1	2.8	4.3	0.7	–	–	–	–	–	25.7	8.6	21.4
ASEP [60]	2–6 Nov 1987	1,210	30.5	10.5	10.6	6.3*	5.2	*	1.4**	–	–	–	–	22.4	9.9	19.9
CIS [148]	28 Oct–2 Nov 1987	2,454	25.0	11.0	9.0	3.0	5.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	31.0	11.0	14.0
CIS [149]	28 Oct–2 Nov 1987	2,499	28.0	10.0	8.0	2.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	31.0	12.0	18.0
Emopública–Burke/AP [42]	25 Oct 1987	?	28.7	9.8	9.1	3.8	4.1	0.6	0.5	–	–	–	–	39.0		18.9
CIS [150]	17–21 Oct 1987	2,492	28.6	8.8	6.6	2.7	3.6	0.7	–	–	–	–	–	33.4	11.5	19.8
CIS [151]	3–13 Oct 1987	11,130	27.0	9.0	8.0	3.0	3.0	1.0	–	1.0	–	–	–	34.0	10.0	18.0
CIS [152]	3–7 Oct 1987	2,495	25.0	7.0	7.0	2.0	3.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	39.0	13.0	18.0
ASEP [60]	1–7 Oct 1987	1,194	27.1	8.9	11.7	6.0*	4.7	*	1.9**	–	–	–	–	26.2	11.9	15.4
CIS [153]	25–28 Sep 1987	2,494	27.0	8.0	7.0	2.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	35.0	12.0	19.0
CIS [154]	17–21 Sep 1987	2,488	33.2	9.3	8.6	3.1	3.7	0.4	–	–	–	–	–	25.2	11.0	23.9
CIS [155]	3–15 Sep 1987	6,489	27.2	10.1	7.4	2.4	4.2	0.6	0.7	0.3	–	–	–	30.3	13.1	17.1
CIS [156]	22–24 Jul 1987	2,489	29.9	9.0	8.0	2.0	4.5	0.6	–	1.0	–	–	–	29.0	11.7	20.9
ASEP [60]	6–10 Jul 1987	1,198	27.5	11.0	10.7	6.4*	4.3	*	–	–	–	–	–	27.5	8.7	16.5
Demoscopia/El País [157] [158] [159]	29 Jun–5 Jul 1987	1,200	27.0	13.0	11.0	–	2.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	30.0	7.0	14.0
CIS [160]	20–22 Jun 1987	2,493	32.0	13.0	8.0	2.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	28.0	7.0	19.0
ASEP [60]	8–12 Jun 1987	1,198	28.1	8.7	10.9	5.0*	5.7	*	–	–	–	–	–	27.5	9.6	17.2
CIS [161]	2–6 Jun 1987	2,493	32.2	11.8	8.0	2.3	5.5	0.7	–	–	–	–	–	25.8	8.6	20.4
CIS [162]	20–22 May 1987	2,490	32.7	10.8	11.9	2.5	4.1	0.9	–	1.0	–	–	–	25.0	7.2	20.8
ASEP [60]	11–16 May 1987	1,200	28.2	10.5	8.8	4.8*	4.1	*	–	–	–	–	–	28.6	10.8	17.7
CIS [163]	27–30 Apr 1987	2,482	32.0	11.0	11.0	3.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	26.0	8.0	21.0
CIS [164]	22–25 Apr 1987	2,475	28.6	9.6	7.1	2.8	3.0	0.6	–	–	–	–	–	31.3	12.9	19.0
ASEP [60]	6–10 Apr 1987	1,196	25.8	9.3	11.0	5.3*	4.5	*	–	–	–	–	–	32.9	7.9	14.8
CIS [165]	1–2 Apr 1987	2,505	28.0	12.0	8.0	2.0	3.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	30.0	12.0	16.0
Demoscopia/El País [159] [166] [167]	28 Mar–1 Apr 1987	1,200	27.0	9.0	5.0	–	3.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	32.0	15.0	18.0
CIS [168]	24–28 Mar 1987	3,098	29.6	9.3	7.9	2.6	3.1	0.8	–	1.0	–	–	–	30.9	10.8	20.3
OTR–Press [169]	20 Mar 1987	?	19.0	6.0	4.0	–	3.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	13.0
ASEP [60]	9–14 Mar 1987	1,198	28.6	10.7	10.7	6.5*	4.8	*	–	–	–	–	–	27.4	7.0	17.9
CIS [170]	12–16 Feb 1987	2,497	32.0	12.0	6.6	2.4	3.8	0.8	–	1.0	–	–	–	28.1	9.7	20.0
ASEP [60]	9–14 Feb 1987	1,169	31.3	11.1	10.3	5.3*	3.8	*	–	–	–	–	–	27.4	7.4	20.2
ASEP [60]	12–17 Jan 1987	1,188	32.7	6.9	8.6	5.2*	5.1	*	–	–	–	–	–	26.0	12.2	24.1
CIS [171]	1–2 Jan 1987	2,492	25.0	7.0	5.0	2.0	4.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	39.0	14.0	18.0
OYCOS [116]	16–20 Dec 1986	1,200	24.0	8.0	7.0	3.0	2.0	0.9	0.8	–	–	–	–	37.0	13.0	16.0
ASEP [60]	8–19 Dec 1986	1,194	34.2	8.7	10.5	5.2*	4.8	*	–	–	–	–	–	22.9	10.1	23.7
CIS [172]	10 Dec 1986	2,488	31.0	7.2	7.1	2.5	2.2	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	33.1	11.4	23.8
CIS [173]	1 Dec 1986	2,491	32.0	7.0	6.0	2.0	3.0	1.0	–	–	–	–	–	35.0	11.0	25.0
CIS [174]	14–19 Nov 1986	2,493	34.4	8.4	6.6	2.4	3.2	0.8	–	–	–	–	–	30.4	9.6	26.0
ASEP [60]	3–15 Nov 1986	1,181	30.9	8.1	11.1	6.0*	4.3	*	–	–	–	–	–	32.8	2.7	19.8
CIS [175]	1 Nov 1986	2,491	35.0	10.0	6.0	2.0	4.0	1.0	–	1.0	–	–	–	29.0	9.0	25.0
CIS [176]	19–22 Oct 1986	2,484	33.6	9.2	8.8	3.1	2.5	0.7	–	–	–	–	–	28.6	10.1	24.4
CIS [59]	18–21 Sep 1986	2,813	36.2	10.0	8.3	2.6	3.3	0.7	–	1.0	–	–	–	24.4	9.2	26.2
CIS [177]	1 Jul 1986	8,286	38.5	11.1	7.8	3.3	3.8	0.9	1.0	0.7	–	–	–	27.6	2.3	27.4
1986 general election	22 Jun 1986	—	30.8	18.1	6.4	3.5	3.2	1.1	0.8	0.8	0.1	–	–	—	29.1	12.7
(*) Includes data for CiU, PNV, ERC, EA, CG, PRC, PAR, UPN, PA, UV, EU and AIC. (**) Includes data for HB, EE and BNG.

Victory preference

The table below lists opinion polling on the victory preferences for each party in the event of a general election taking place.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size					PNV		Other/ None	?	Lead
CIS [61]	23–27 Sep 1989	2,482	36.0	7.0	3.0	7.0	1.0	12.0	4.0	30.0	24.0
CIS [63]	16–20 Sep 1989	2,495	36.0	5.0	3.0	6.0	–	12.0	4.0	34.0	24.0
CIS [66]	2–5 Sep 1989	2,471	38.0	7.0	2.0	6.0	1.0	11.0	2.0	33.0	27.0
CIS [67]	15–19 Jul 1989	2,498	36.0	7.0	4.0	6.0	1.0	12.0	3.0	31.0	24.0
CIS [71]	17–22 Jun 1989	3,586	38.0	5.0	3.0	6.0	1.0	12.0	6.0	29.0	26.0

Leadership polling

Preferred prime minister

The table below lists opinion polling on leader preferences to become prime minister.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size									Other/ None/ Not care	?	Lead
			González PSOE	Guerra PSOE	Fraga AP	Hernández Mancha AP	Suárez CDS	Iglesias IU	Anguita IU	Aznar PP
Opina/La Vanguardia [18]	7–11 Oct 1989	2,800	–	–	22.9	–	–	–	–	32.4	31.6	13.1	9.5
CIS [61]	23–27 Sep 1989	2,482	–	–	–	–	38.0	–	–	19.0	–	43.0	19.0
			53.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	16.0	–	31.0	37.0
			53.0	–	–	–	–	–	12.0	–	–	35.0	41.0
			50.0	–	–	–	21.0	–	–	–	–	29.0	29.0
CIS [63]	16–20 Sep 1989	2,495	–	–	–	–	37.0	–	–	18.0	–	45.0	19.0
			53.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	15.0	–	32.0	38.0
			52.0	–	–	–	–	–	12.0	–	–	36.0	40.0
			51.0	–	–	–	19.0	–	–	–	–	30.0	32.0
CIS [66]	2–5 Sep 1989	2,471	–	–	17.0	–	47.0	–	–	–	–	36.0	30.0
			58.0	–	–	–	–	–	12.0	–	–	30.0	46.0
			52.0	–	–	–	21.0	–	–	–	–	27.0	31.0
			59.0	–	16.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	25.0	43.0
CIS [93]	30 Jan–9 Feb 1989	27,287	–	–	18.0	–	47.0	–	–	–	–	35.0	29.0
			51.0	–	–	–	–	–	11.0	–	–	38.0	40.0
			43.0	–	–	–	25.0	–	–	–	–	32.0	18.0
			51.0	–	19.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	30.0	32.0
CIS [128]	20–25 Apr 1988	2,496	36.0	–	10.0	2.0	15.0	–	6.0	–	15.0	16.0	21.0
CIS [132]	15–23 Mar 1988	27,377	40.0	–	9.0	3.0	15.0	–	6.0	–	12.0	15.0	25.0
			–	–	–	12.0	52.0	–	–	–	19.0	17.0	40.0
			50.0	–	–	–	26.0	–	–	–	12.0	12.0	24.0
			59.0	–	–	14.0	–	–	–	–	13.0	14.0	45.0
CIS [139]	22–26 Jan 1988	2,497	42.0	–	–	7.0	16.0	4.0	–	–	15.0	16.0	26.0
CIS [147]	14–17 Nov 1987	2,489	42.0	–	–	8.0	22.0	4.0	–	–	–	24.0	20.0
CIS [162]	20–22 May 1987	2,490	44.0	–	–	11.0	21.0	4.0	–	–	–	20.0	23.0
			–	–	–	14.0	66.0	–	–	–	–	20.0	52.0
			–	–	17.0	–	62.0	–	–	–	–	21.0	45.0
			–	30.0	–	–	51.0	–	–	–	–	19.0	21.0
			–	44.0	–	26.0	–	–	–	–	–	30.0	18.0
			–	42.0	31.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	27.0	11.0
			51.0	–	–	–	33.0	–	–	–	–	16.0	18.0
			65.0	–	–	18.0	–	–	–	–	–	17.0	47.0
			65.0	–	20.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	15.0	45.0
			74.0	5.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	21.0	69.0

Approval ratings

Felipe González

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size	Felipe González (PSOE)
			Y	N	?	Net
CIS [61]	23–27 Sep 1989	2,482	49.0	28.0	23.0	+21.0
CIS [63]	16–20 Sep 1989	2,495	48.0	28.0	24.0	+20.0
CIS [66]	2–5 Sep 1989	2,471	49.0	31.0	20.0	+18.0
CIS [75]	11–16 May 1989	3,072	45.0	38.0	17.0	+7.0
CIS [93]	30 Jan–9 Feb 1989	27,287	42.0	36.0	22.0	+6.0
CIS [95]	10–12 Jan 1989	2,497	45.0	36.0	18.0	+9.0
CIS [97]	16–19 Dec 1988	2,498	37.0	41.0	22.0	−4.0
CIS [118]	14–18 Jul 1988	2,443	53.0	31.0	16.0	+22.0
CIS [132]	15–23 Mar 1988	27,377	52.0	30.0	18.0	+22.0
CIS [139]	22–26 Jan 1988	2,497	49.0	33.0	18.0	+16.0
CIS [147]	14–17 Nov 1987	2,489	51.0	34.0	15.0	+17.0
CIS [154]	17–21 Sep 1987	2,488	56.0	29.0	15.0	+27.0
CIS [170]	12–16 Feb 1987	2,497	53.0	34.0	13.0	+19.0
CIS [176]	19–22 Oct 1986	2,484	60.0	25.0	15.0	+35.0
Gallup/Ya [178]	19–21 Oct 1986	?	44.0	28.0	28.0	+16.0
CIS [59]	18–21 Sep 1986	2,813	59.0	28.0	13.0	+31.0

Notes

1. Within PP.
2. Result for People's Coalition.

References

1. "El PSOE obtendría el 40,8% de los votos y de 173 a 176 escaños". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 30 October 1989.
2. "El baile de los sondeos". Asociación de La Prensa (in Spanish). 30 October 1989.
3. "El Gobierno retuvo los datos del escrutinio hasta que los resultados se aproximaron a la mayoría absoluta". El País (in Spanish). 31 October 1989.
4. "Televisiones y radios ofrecerán sondeos tras el cierre de las urnas". El País (in Spanish). 29 October 1989.
5. "No dejes que una buena cronica te estropee la realidad". El País (in Spanish). 31 October 1989.
6. "Los sondeos coinciden en que el PSOE rozará la mayoría absoluta". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 23 October 1989.
7. "La guerra de las encuestas". ABC (in Spanish). 24 October 1989.
8. "Aznar acusa al PSOE de no garantizar la limpieza del juego democrático". ABC (in Spanish). 23 October 1989.
9. "El PSOE, con serios apuros para una mayoría absoluta". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 22 October 1989.
10. "Political Opinion polling in Spain and Portugal" (PDF). ICS (in Spanish). 10 September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2014.
11. "La participación decidirá la mayoría absoluta". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 23 October 1989.
12. "Guerra, el sucesor de Felipe más aceptado". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 23 October 1989.
13. "Guerra mantiene que el pacto PP-CDS para llevar a Fraga a la Xunta "está cerrado"". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 18 October 1989.
14. "El PSOE perderá la mayoría absoluta si hay una fuerte participación electoral". El Mundo (in Spanish). 23 October 1989.
15. "El PSOE, con un 68% de participación, se asegura entre 176 y 182 escaños". El País (in Spanish). 22 October 1989.
16. "Leve descenso del PSOE, que conserva la mayoría absoluta". El País (in Spanish). 22 October 1989.
17. "Sondejos". Generalitat de Catalunya (in Catalan). Retrieved 16 June 2018.
18. "La mayoría absoluta del PSOE, en peligro". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 15 October 1989.
19. "La mayoría absoluta del PSOE, en el aire". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 15 October 1989.
20. "El PSOE hará una campaña directa y con menos propaganda". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 7 October 1989.
21. "El PSOE se acerca a la mayoría absoluta: entre 173 y 183 escaños". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 22 October 1989.
22. "Mayoría absoluta del PSOE y alza de IU, según un sondeo de EL PAÍS". El País (in Spanish). 8 October 1989.
23. "Mayoría absoluta para el PSOE y gran crecimiento de IU". El País (in Spanish). 8 October 1989.
24. "Ficha técnica". El País (in Spanish). 8 October 1989.
25. "El PSOE se atribuye una corta mayoría absoluta con los sondeos del CIS". El País (in Spanish). 5 October 1989.
26. "El Gobierno se atribuye una discreta mayoría absoluta de 178 a 180 escaños con datos del CIS". El País (in Spanish). 5 October 1989.
27. "El PSOE obtendría la mayoría absoluta, según una encuesta". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 23 September 1989.
28. "El PSOE gana diputados mientras que centro y derecha retroceden". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 10 September 1989.
29. "El PSOE bajará y PP y CDS subirán en las generales, según un sondeo del CIS". ABC (in Spanish). 22 May 1989.
30. "Sigue la tónica de ligero descenso del PSOE y mejora de la oposición". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 16 April 1989.
31. "Tendencia al alza en la intención de voto del CDS". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 22 January 1989.
32. "PSOE, AP y CDS bajan en intención de voto". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 9 January 1989.
33. "Suárez asegura que las encuestas dan 70 escaños al CDS y 140 a los socialistas". El País (in Spanish). 31 March 1989.
34. "Felipe González, único líder que resiste a Redondo y Gutiérrez". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 25 May 1992.
35. "Nueva oferta de negociación a Redondo coincidiendo con un sondeo que da la mayoría absoluta al PSOE". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 12 December 1988.
36. "Felipe González, el más valorado pese a la huelga". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 11 December 1988.
37. "El CDS asegura que está por encima de AP en la intención de voto". El País (in Spanish). 18 December 1988.
38. "El CDS de Suárez, el único partido que está en ascenso". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 4 December 1988.
39. "El PSOE consolida su intención de voto, AP sufre un fuerte descenso y el CDS de Suárez se consolida". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 26 September 1988.
40. "AP pierde una tercera parte de sus votos". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 26 September 1988.
41. "El PSOE recupera su nivel de voto y sube la popularidad de González". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 28 June 1988.
42. "El PSOE perdería la mayoría absoluta si ahora hubiera elecciones generales". ABC (in Spanish). 20 May 1988.
43. "Tendencia al alza de la intención de voto para AP". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 20 May 1988.
44. "Fuerte descenso en la intención de voto del PSOE". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 25 April 1988.
45. "Los centristas hacen peligrar la mayoría absoluta de Convergència, según el CIS". El País (in Spanish). 22 April 1988.
46. "Suárez por encima de González en el ránking de popularidad". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 29 February 1988.
47. "El PSOE mantiene aún expectativas de voto". El País (in Spanish). 13 March 1988.
48. "El PSOE sigue subiendo". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 12 February 1988.
49. "Mensaje de Pujol a Felipe". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 7 February 1988.
50. "Leve recuperación de PSOE, AP e IU en la intención del voto". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 18 January 1988.
51. "El PSOE pierde 5 puntos en la intención de voto". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 21 December 1987.
52. "La suma de votos de AP y CDS superaría a los del PSOE". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 16 November 1987.
53. "Arzallus-Suárez, encuentro de incógnito". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 14 October 1987.
54. "Suárez ya pisa los talones a Felipe González en popularidad". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 12 October 1987.
55. "El PSOE perdería la mayoría absoluta si hoy se celebrasen elecciones generales". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 19 September 1987.
56. "Felipe pierde la mayoría y Suárez rebasa a Mancha en una encuesta". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 20 September 1987.
57. "El primer sondeo". ABC Sevilla (in Spanish). 19 April 1987.
58. "Medio año de crisis no acaba con el gancho electoral de AP". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 25 January 1987.
59. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.545. "Barómetro" (Septiembre 1986)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 21 September 1986.
60. "Sondeo 'La Opinión Pública de los Españoles' (ASEP, España)". Banco de datos ASEP/JDS (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 August 2017.
61. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.840. Preelectoral elecciones generales 1989. Nacional (II) (23-27 Septiembre 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 27 September 1989.
62. "El PSOE obtiene el apoyo de un 38% del electorado, según el último sondeo hecho por el CIS en septiembre". El País (in Spanish). 6 October 1989.
63. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.839. Barómetro de septiembre (Días 16-20 de septiembre de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 20 September 1989.
64. "El 78% de los españoles desea una campaña breve". El País (in Spanish). 24 September 1989.
65. "Ficha técnica". El País (in Spanish). 24 September 1989.
66. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.838. Primer preelectoral elecciones generales (Días 2-5 de Septiembre de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 5 September 1989.
67. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.819. Barómetro de julio (Días 15-19 de julio de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 19 July 1989.
68. "El PP y el CDS se perjudicaron por pactar". El País (in Spanish). 9 July 1989.
69. "Ficha técnica". El País (in Spanish). 9 July 1989.
70. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.817. Postelectoral Parlamento Europeo (Días 23-28 de junio de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 28 June 1989.
71. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.816. Barómetro Junio 1989 (Días 17-22 Junio 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 22 June 1989.
72. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.812. Preelectoral Parlamento Europeo (Días 5-6 de Junio de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 6 June 1989.
73. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.811. Preelectoral Parlamento Europeo (Días 23-24 de mayo de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 24 May 1989.
74. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.809. Preelectoral Parlamento Europeo (Días 16-17 de mayo de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 17 May 1989.
75. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.808. Barómetro (Mayo 1989) (Días 11-16 Mayo 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 16 May 1989.
76. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.807. Preelectoral Parlamento Europeo (Días 9-11 de mayo de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 11 May 1989.
77. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.806. Preelectoral Parlamento Europeo (Días 4-5 de mayo de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 5 May 1989.
78. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.805. Preelectoral Parlamento Europeo (Días 26-28 de abril de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 28 April 1989.
79. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.803. Preelectoral Parlamento Europeo (Días 22-24 de abril de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 24 April 1989.
80. "Izquierda Unida (lU) podría doblar su actual número de eurodiputados y pasar de tres a seis". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 21 April 1989.
81. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.801. Barómetro de abril (Días 6-10 de abril de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 10 April 1989.
82. "Los españoles achacan al PSOE desinterés hacia sus problemas". El País (in Spanish). 23 April 1989.
83. "Descontento con el estado de las carreteras". El País (in Spanish). 23 April 1989.
84. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1798. Barómetro de marzo (Días 10-14 de Marzo de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 17 March 1989.
85. "Preelectoral elecciones al Parlamento Europeo 1989 (I) (Estudio nº 1796. Marzo 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 14 March 1989.
86. "Estudio CIS nº 1796. Preelectoral elecciones al Parlamento Europeo 1989 (I). Ficha técnica" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 14 March 1989.
87. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.793. Debate parlamentario sobre el estado de la Nación (6) (Días 17-20 de febrero de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 20 February 1989.
88. "El Partido Popular es el que más ha subido desde la huelga general". El País (in Spanish). 17 February 1989.
89. "Un 45% de los españoles quiere que se agote la legislatura". El País (in Spanish). 17 February 1989.
90. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.791. Barómetro de febrero (Días 10-14 de febrero de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 14 February 1989.
91. "Una encuesta de Otr-Emopública dice que el Partido Popular supera al PSOE". ABC (in Spanish). 23 February 1989.
92. "El Partido Popular (PP) que encabeza Manuel Fraga sobrepasa por primera vez al PSOE". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 23 February 1989.
93. "Estudio CIS 1.789. "Encuesta periódica: Problemas políticos y movilidad social" (Días 30 de Enero-9 de Febrero)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 9 February 1989.
94. "Cultura política (II) (Estudio nº 1.788)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 26 January 1989.
95. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.785. Barómetro de enero (Días 10-12 Enero de 1989)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 12 January 1989.
96. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.783. Expectativas año 1989 (Días 16-19 Diciembre de 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 27 December 1988.
97. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.780. Cuestiones de actualidad: Estudio post-paro 14 de diciembre (Días 16-19 de diciembre de 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 19 December 1988.
98. "El PSOE mantiene sus expectativas de voto". El País (in Spanish). 16 December 1988.
99. "El ClS analiza la intención de voto de los españoles tras la huelga". El País (in Spanish). 8 January 1989.
100. "Ante el 14-D: panorámica electoral". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 12 December 1988.
101. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.779. "Navidad" (Días 5-10 de diciembre de 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 10 December 1988.
102. "Se refuerza la tendencia de recuperacion del PSOE y de AP". El País (in Spanish). 24 December 1988.
103. "Sólo un 8% asegura no sentir nada especial en Navidad". El País (in Spanish). 24 December 1988.
104. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.778. Barómetro de diciembre (Días 30 noviembre-3 de diciembre 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 3 December 1988.
105. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.777. Cuestiones de actualidad: Paro general 14 de diciembre 1988 (Días 23-24 de Noviembre de 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 24 November 1988.
106. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.776. La opinión pública ante las Comunidades Europeas (Días 16-19 de Noviembre de 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 19 November 1988.
107. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.773. Barómetro de noviembre de 1988 (Días 11-15 de Noviembre de 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 15 November 1988.
108. "Los españoles creen que la vuelta de Fraga mejora las posibilidades de AP". El País (in Spanish). 26 October 1988.
109. "Un 41% de los españoles apoya a Fraga frente a Mancha". El País (in Spanish). 26 October 1988.
110. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.767. Barómetro de octubre de 1988 (13-17 de octubre de 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 17 October 1988.
111. "Aumenta la distancia del PSOE respecto al centro-derecha". El País (in Spanish). 16 October 1988.
112. "El PSOE se recupera". El País (in Spanish). 16 October 1988.
113. "Ficha técnica". El País (in Spanish). 16 October 1988.
114. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1764. X Aniversario de la Constitución (Días 20-24 de Septiembre de 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 24 September 1988.
115. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.763. Barómetro de septiembre 1988 (Días 15-19 septiembre 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 19 September 1988.
116. "Barómetro de Opinión del Consejo General del Poder Judicial". Consejo General del Poder Judicial (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 June 2018.
117. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.762. La defensa europea y la construcción de Europa (Días 19-21 Julio 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 21 July 1988.
118. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.761. Barómetro julio 1988 (Días 14-18 de Julio 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 18 July 1988.
119. "Actitudes y opiniones de los españoles ante el Plan de Empleo Juvenil (Estudio nº 1.756. Junio 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 4 July 1988.
120. "La oposición no aprovecha el estancamiento del PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 3 July 1988.
121. "Desconcierto". ABC (in Spanish). 9 July 1988.
122. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.752. Política fiscal, gasto público e impuestos (Días 13-16 de Junio 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 16 June 1988.
123. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.751. Barómetro junio 1988 (Días 9-13 de junio 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 13 June 1988.
124. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.749. "Cuestiones de actualidad: Problemas sociales" (Días 31 de Mayo-4 de Junio 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 4 June 1988.
125. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.745. Barómetro mayo 1988 (Días 11-13 de Mayo 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 13 May 1988.
126. "Estudio C.I.S. 1.744. Cuestiones de actualidad: El conflicto de la enseñanza (Días 6-8 Mayo 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 8 May 1988.
127. "Estudio C.I.S. 1.742. Cuestiones de actualidad: Intención de voto en Elecciones Generales (Días 26-27 Abril 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 27 April 1988.
128. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.740. Barómetro abril 1988 (Días 20-25 Abril 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 25 April 1988.
129. "El PSOE conservaba su ventaja y mejor imagen". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 30 November 1988.
130. "Fuerte descenso en la intención de voto hacia el PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 24 April 1988.
131. "Ficha técnica". El País (in Spanish). 24 April 1988.
132. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.737. Encuesta periódica: Evaluación de problemas y necesidades sociales (Días 15-23 de Marzo de 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 23 March 1988.
133. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.736. Barómetro marzo 1988 (Días 8-10 Marzo 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 10 March 1988.
134. "Estudio 1.733" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 7 March 1988.
135. "Estudio C.I.S. 1.734. "Cuestiones de actualidad: Debate del estado de la nación" (Días 27 Febrero-1 Marzo 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 1 March 1988.
136. "Estudio C.I.S. 1.730. "Barómetro" (Días 12-16 Febrero 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 16 February 1988.
137. "Estudio C.I.S. 1.729. "Cuestiones de actualidad: Propuesta de negociación de E.T.A." (Días 3-8 Febrero 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 8 February 1988.
138. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.728. "Cuestiones de actualidad: XXXI Congreso P.S.O.E." (Días 29 Enero-1 Febrero 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 1 February 1988.
139. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.725. "Barómetro" (Días 22-26 de Enero de 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 26 January 1988.
140. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.724. "Expectativas año 1988" (Días 23 Diciembre 1987-3 Enero 1988)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 3 January 1988.
141. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.723. "Barómetro" (Días 19-22 Diciembre 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 22 December 1987.
142. "Mujeres y Fuerzas Armadas (Estudio nº 1.722. Diciembre 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 15 December 1987.
143. "Uno de cada cinco españoles cree que está bien la situación política general". El País (in Spanish). 19 December 1987.
144. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.716. "Intervención del Presidente del Gobierno en T.V.E." (Días 4-7 Diciembre 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 7 December 1987.
145. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.715. "Aniversario Constitución" (Días 26-30 de Noviembre de 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 30 November 1987.
146. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.714. "Cuestiones de actualidad: Terrorismo y seguridad ciudadana" (Días 18-21 Noviembre)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 21 November 1987.
147. "Barómetro noviembre 1987 (Estudio nº 1.712. Noviembre 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 17 November 1987.
148. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.711. "Estudio de urgencia sobre las diferencias UGT-Gobierno" (Días 28-2 Noviembre 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 2 November 1987.
149. "La justicia ante la opinión pública española (I) (Estudio 1.708. Noviembre 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 2 November 1987.
150. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.707. "Barómetro" (17-21 de Octubre de 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 21 October 1987.
151. "Actitudes y opiniones de la población ante las pensiones no contributivas (Estudio nº 1.701. Octubre 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 13 October 1987.
152. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.705. "La Medicina y la Sanidad Pública en España" (Días 3-7 Octubre 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 7 October 1987.
153. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.704. "Intervención del Presidente del Gobierno en TVE" (25-28 Septiembre 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 28 September 1987.
154. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.699. "Barómetro" (Días 17-21 de Septiembre de 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 21 September 1987.
155. "Evolución sistema de valores (III) y proceso de secularización de la sociedad española (Estudio 1.698. Septiembre 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 15 September 1987.
156. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.697 (Días 22-24 Julio 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 24 July 1987.
157. "Se mantiene el lento deterioro en la estimación de la situación política nacional". El País (in Spanish). 19 July 1987.
158. "Ficha técnica". El País (in Spanish). 19 July 1987.
159. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (1987). Diez cuestiones del panorama español. Balance 1986-1987. Encuentro Ediciones. p. 30. ISBN   9788474901801.
160. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.675. "Postelectoral I" (20-22 de Junio de 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 22 June 1987.
161. "Banco de Datos del CIS". CIS (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 June 2018.
162. "Barómetro de Opinión Pública (Estudio nº 1654. 20-22 Mayo 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 22 May 1987.
163. "Estudio CIS nº 1636. Política de defensa y Parlamento Europeo (27-30 Abril 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 30 April 1987.
164. "Barómetro abril 1987 (Estudio nº 1.626. Abril 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 25 April 1987.
165. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.618. "Debate de la Moción de Censura" (Abril 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 2 April 1987.
166. "Los españoles mantendrán su voto, pese a la mala opinión, sobre la situación política". El País (in Spanish). 19 April 1987.
167. "Mantenimiento con tendencia a la baja en economía". El País (in Spanish). 19 April 1987.
168. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.614. "Barómetro" (Marzo 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 28 March 1987.
169. "Un sondeo de 'OTR' otorga a los socialistas el triple de votos que a AP". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 20 March 1987.
170. "Barómetro de Opinión Pública (Estudio nº 1.597. Febrero 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 16 February 1987.
171. "Estudio 1.595. (3 de Febrero de 1987)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 3 February 1987.
172. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.567. "Barómetro" (Diciembre 1986)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 10 December 1986.
173. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.564. "Expectativas '87" (Diciembre 1986)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 1 December 1986.
174. "Barómetro noviembre 1986 (Estudio nº 1.559. Noviembre 1986)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 19 November 1986.
175. "Constitución, Parlamento y Rey (Estudio nº 1.558. Noviembre 1986)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 1 November 1986.
176. "Estudio C.I.S. nº 1.552. "Barómetro" (Octubre 1986)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 22 October 1986.
177. "Postelectoral elecciones generales 1986 (I) (Estudio nº 1.542. Julio 1986)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 1 July 1986.
178. "Según una encuesta de Gallup, desciende la popularidad de Felipe González". ABC Sevilla (in Spanish). 15 December 1986.