Meloidogyne enterolobii

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Meloidogyne enterolobii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Secernentea
Order: Tylenchida
Family: Heteroderidae
Genus: Meloidogyne
Species:
M. enterolobii
Binomial name
Meloidogyne enterolobii
Yang & Eisenback, 1983
Synonyms   [1]

Meloidogyne mayaguensisRammah & Hirschmann, 1988

Meloidogyne enterolobii Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne enterolobii) 5384315.jpg
Meloidogyne enterolobii

Meloidogyne enterolobii was originally described from a population collected from the pacara earpod tree (Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong) in China in 1983. [2] In 2001 it was reported for the first time in the continental USA in Florida. [3] M. enterolobii is now considered one of the most important root-knot nematode species because of its ability of reproducing on root-knot nematode-resistant (Mi-1 gene carrying genotypes) bell pepper and other economically important crops. [4]

Contents

Morphology

M. enterolobii, a sedentary endoparasite, has very similar morphology as other species of Meloidogyne . The perineal patterns, male stylet length values (smaller for M. enterolobii than M. incognita) and J2 tail length values (greater for M. enterolobii than M. incognita) of M. enterolobii isolates from Florida are useful morphological characters for the separation of M. enterolobii from M. incognita. Other methods such as enzyme analyses and DNA analysis also have been performed to identify M. enterolobii from other Meloidogyne species. [5] [6] [7]

Reproduction

M. enterolobii is an apomictic species of root-knot nematodes. [8]

Distribution

M. enterolobii is a tropical or subtropical species reported in Australia, Brazil, Venezuela, China, Cuba, France, Guatemala, Puerto Rico, Martinique, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, and West Africa (Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso). [5]

Host

It has a variety of hosts, such as eggplant (Solanum melongena), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), soybean (Glycine max), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). [9]

Management

The most efficient control method is preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (Mbr). That can reduce the M. incognita reproduction by almost 100%. [10] However, the soil fumigant methyl bromide has been phased out in 2005 because of its negative effects on the ozone layer. A 1995 economic study declared that banning methyl bromide without an alternative method of controlling nematodes would cost the nation's bell pepper industry $127 million in losses. [11]

Some Mbr alternatives have been tested, such as Metham sodium plus chloropicrin (Mna+Pic) and 1,3-Dichloropropene (1,3-D) plus Pic. Mna+Pic provided equal or better Meloidogyne control than methyl bromide plus pic, for sting nematode, they are equal to MBR plus pic. [12] Other alternative such as Multiguard, which is a formulation of furfural, a compound derived from sugarcane waste, which has been reported to have both nematicidal and antifungal properties. [13]

Nematode-resistant bell pepper cultivar is another method to control nematode population. Two bell pepper cultivars, Carolina Wonder and Charleston Belle, have been widely planted in the United States. [14] However, while these varieties offer resistance to M. incognita, they are susceptible to M. enterolobii.[ citation needed ]

Crop rotation can be used to control M. enterolobii. The root-knot resistant bell peppers are not suggested to be planted in the field all over the seasons because that will select more M. enterolobii, which will survive and become a big population. Meanwhile, less severe yield loss of susceptible bell peppers has been observed when growing them after resistant bell peppers. [15]

Related Research Articles

Northern root-knot nematode is a species of vegetable pathogens which produces tiny galls on around 550 crop and weed species. They invade root tissue after birth. Females are able to lay up to 1,000 eggs at a time in a large egg mass. By surviving harsh winters, they can survive in cold climates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Root-knot nematode</span> Genus of parasitic worms

Root-knot nematodes are plant-parasitic nematodes from the genus Meloidogyne. They exist in soil in areas with hot climates or short winters. About 2000 plants worldwide are susceptible to infection by root-knot nematodes and they cause approximately 5% of global crop loss. Root-knot nematode larvae infect plant roots, causing the development of root-knot galls that drain the plant's photosynthate and nutrients. Infection of young plants may be lethal, while infection of mature plants causes decreased yield.

<i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> Nematode worm, plant disease, many hosts

Meloidogyne incognita, also known as the southern root-nematode or cotton root-knot nematode is a plant-parasitic roundworm in the family Heteroderidae. This nematode is one of the four most common species worldwide and has numerous hosts. It typically incites large, usually irregular galls on roots as a result of parasitism.

Belonolaimus longicaudatus is a common parasite of grasses and other plant crops and products. It is the most destructive nematode pest of turf grass, and it also attacks a wide range of fruit, vegetable, and fiber crops such as citrus, cotton, ornamentals, and forage. The sting nematode is a migratory ectoparasite of roots. It is well established in many golf courses and presents a problem in turf management. The sting nematode is only present in very sandy soils. It cannot reproduce in heavier or clay soils.

<i>Rotylenchulus reniformis</i> Species of roundworm

Rotylenchulus reniformis, the reniform nematode, is a species of parasitic nematode of plants with a worldwide distribution in the tropical and subtropical regions.

<i>Meloidogyne arenaria</i> Species of roundworm

Meloidogyne arenaria is a species of plant pathogenic nematodes. This nematode is also known as the peanut root knot nematode. The word "Meloidogyne" is derived from two Greek words that mean "apple-shaped" and "female". The peanut root knot nematode, M. arenaria is one of the "major" Meloidogyne species because of its worldwide economic importance. M. arenaria is a predominant nematode species in the United States attacking peanut in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Texas. The most damaging nematode species for peanut in the USA is M. arenaria race 1 and losses can exceed 50% in severely infested fields. Among the several Meloidogyne species that have been characterized, M. arenaria is the most variable both morphologically and cytologically. In 1949, two races of this nematode had been identified, race 1 which reproduces on peanut and race 2 which cannot do so. However, in a recent study, three races were described. López-Pérez et al (2011) had also studied populations of M. arenaria race 2, which reproduces on tomato plants carrying the Mi gene and race 3, which reproduces on both resistant pepper and tomato.

<i>Meloidogyne javanica</i> Species of roundworm

Meloidogyne javanica is a species of plant-pathogenic nematodes. It is one of the tropical root-knot nematodes and a major agricultural pest in many countries. It has many hosts. Meloidogyne javanica reproduces by obligatory mitotic parthenogenesis (apomixis).

<i>Meloidogyne chitwoodi</i> Species of roundworm

Meloidogyne chitwoodi is a plant pathogenic root-knot nematode that is a crop pest of potatoes, carrots, and black salsify. Root-knot nematodes such as M. chitwoodi cause the production of root-knot galls when their larvae infect the plant's roots and capture nutrients stored in the roots.

Pratylenchus brachyurus is a plant parasitic nematode.

<i>Pratylenchus penetrans</i> Species of roundworm

Pratylenchus penetrans is a species of nematode in the genus Pratylenchus, the lesion nematodes. It occurs in temperate regions worldwide, regions between the subtropics and the polar circles. It is an animal that inhabits the roots of a wide variety of plants and results in necrotic lesions on the roots. Symptoms of P. penetrans make it hard to distinguish from other plant pathogens; only an assay of soil can conclusively diagnose a nematode problem in the field. P. penetrans is physically very similar to other nematode species, but is characterized by its highly distinctive mouthpiece. P. penetrans uses its highly modified mouth organs to rupture the outer surface of subterranean plant root structures. It will then enter into the root interior and feed on the plant tissue inside. P. penetrans is considered to be a crop parasite and farmers will often treat their soil with various pesticides in an attempt to eliminate the damage caused by an infestation. In doing this, farmers will also eliminate many of the beneficial soil fauna, which will lead to an overall degradation of soil quality in the future. Alternative, more environmentally sustainable methods to control P. penetrans populations may be possible in certain regions.

Meloidogyne brevicauda is a plant-parasitic nematode. It is also called tea root-knot nematode, mature tea nematode or Indian root-knot nematode. It is a member of the root-knot nematodes, which was identified by C. A. Loos in 1953 in Sri Lanka.

There are many plant-parasitic species in the root-knot nematode genus (Meloidogyne) that attack coffee such as M. incognita, M. arenaria, M. exigua, M. javanica and M. coffeicola. Study has already shown interspecific variability coffee, in which show how this species can be adapting to new hosts and environments.

Globodera tabacum, commonly known as a tobacco cyst nematode, is a plant parasitic nematode that mainly infests the tobacco plant, but also plants in family Solanaceae.

<i>Purpureocillium lilacinum</i> Species of fungus

Purpureocillium lilacinum is a species of filamentous fungus in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It has been isolated from a wide range of habitats, including cultivated and uncultivated soils, forests, grassland, deserts, estuarine sediments and sewage sludge, and insects. It has also been found in nematode eggs, and occasionally from females of root-knot and cyst nematodes. In addition, it has frequently been detected in the rhizosphere of many crops. The species can grow at a wide range of temperatures – from 8 to 38 °C for a few isolates, with optimal growth in the range 26 to 30 °C. It also has a wide pH tolerance and can grow on a variety of substrates. P. lilacinum has shown promising results for use as a biocontrol agent to control the growth of destructive root-knot nematodes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pasteuriaceae</span> Family of bacteria

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Benjamin Goodwin Chitwood was an American zoologist and pioneer in nematology. He published extensively and broadly in the field of nematology. An Introduction to Nematology, published with his wife May Belle Hutson Chitwood, was a major contribution to the field. Chitwood identified the species Globodera rostochiensis on Long Island in 1941 and as part of his work on higher classification revised the taxonomy of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in 1949. This led to changes in research and control strategies for it. He served as president of the Helminthological Society of Washington in 1949 and was made a Life Member of the Society in 1968.

References

  1. ↑ David J. Hunt & Zafar A. Handoo (2009). "Taxonomy, identification, and principal species". In Roland N. Perry, Maurice Moens & James L. Starr (ed.). Root-knot Nematodes. CAB International. pp. 55–97. ISBN   978-1-84593-492-7.
  2. ↑ Baojun Yang & J. D. Eisenback (1983). "Meloidogyne enterolobii n. sp. (Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitizing pacara ear pod tree in China". Journal of Nematology . 15 (3): 381–391. PMC   2618283 . PMID   19295822.
  3. ↑ Janete Brito; Jason Stanley; Ramazan Cetintas; Tom Powers; Renata Inserra; Gene McAvoy; Maria Mendes; Billy Crow; Don Dickson (October 31 – November 3, 2004). Meloidogyne mayaguensis a new plant nematode species, poses threat for vegetable production in Florida (PDF). 2004 Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions. Orlando, Florida.
  4. ↑ Brito, Janete, Jason Stanley, Ramazan Cetintas, M. Di Vito, Judy Thies & Don Dickson (October 31 – November 3, 2004). Meloidogyne mayaguensis reproduction on resistant tomato and pepper (PDF). 2004 Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions. Orlando, Florida.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. 1 2 Esendugue Greg Fonsah (2005). "Commercial Pepper Production, Marketing and Management" (PDF). University of Georgia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-26.
  6. ↑ "Vegetables Annual Summary". Economics, Statistics, and Market Information System. United States Department of Agriculture.
  7. ↑ J. N. Sasser & C. C. Carter (1985). An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Volume I: Biology and Control. North Carolina State University. ISBN   978-0-931901-01-0.
  8. ↑ Lunt DH. Genetic tests of ancient asexuality in root knot nematodes reveal recent hybrid origins. BMC Evol Biol. 2008;8:194–216. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-194.
  9. ↑ J. Brito; T. O. Powers; P. G. Mullin; R. N. Inserra; D. W. Dickson (2004). "Morphological and molecular characterization of Meloidogyne mayaguensis isolates from Florida" (PDF). Journal of Nematology . 36 (3): 232–240. PMC   2620774 . PMID   19262811. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-26.
  10. ↑ Robert Linderman; Wayne Dixon; Stephen Fraedrich; Richard S. Smith Jr. (1994). Alternatives to methyl bromide: Assessments of research needs and priorities. Tree Planters' Notes . Proceedings of the USDA Workshop on Alternatives to Methyl Bromide. Vol. 45, no. 2. Arlington, VA. pp. 43–47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29.
  11. ↑ The Tomato Magazine. February 2003.{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ↑ James P. Gilreath; Bielinski M. Santos; Timothy N. Motis; Joseph W. Noling; John M. Mirusso (2005). "Methyl bromide alternatives for nematode and Cyperus control in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)" (PDF). Crop Protection . 24 (10): 903–908. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2005.01.016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
  13. ↑ N. K. Burelle (2006). "Effects of multiguard protect on root-knot nematode populations and disease of tomato and pepper". Journal of Nematology . 38 (4).
  14. ↑ Richard L. Fery, Philip D. Dukes Sr. & Judy A. Thies (1998). "'Caroline Wonder' and 'Charleston Belle': Southern root-knot nematode resistant bell peppers" (PDF). HortScience . 33 (5): 900–902. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.33.5.900 .
  15. ↑ Judy A. Thies; Richard F. Davis; John D. Mueller; Richard L. Fery; David B. Langston; Gilbert Miller (2004). "Double-cropping cucumbers and squash after resistant bell pepper for root-knot nematode management". Plant Disease . 88 (6): 589–593. doi:10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.6.589. PMID   30812576.
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