Milan Township is one of twenty townships in Allen County, Indiana, United States. Milan Township is located in east central Allen County, with the Maumee River meandering across the township. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,749.[2] The township is highly rural, with only 1,137 houses in the 2010 census.[2] Many of the residents of Milan Township are Swiss Amish who mostly speak a Low AlemannicAlsatian dialect.[3] Milan township is generally demarcated by Schwartz Road to the west, Notestine Road to the north, Sampson Road to the east, and Gar Creek Road to the south.
The principal town in Milan Township is Milan Center, at 41°8'39"N 84°56'46"W. Milan Center lies at the intersection of Milan Center Road and Doty Road, and at an earlier time consisted of Brueggemann's (previously Van Camp's,[4] a combination lumberyard, gas station, hardware and grocery store), a small wood-frame church, Milan Center School, a feed mill, and four houses. Additional enterprises have come and gone through the years.[5]
Five Points is a settlement located at the junction of Old US Highway 24, Webster Road, and Woodburn Road, along the old Wabash-Erie Canal route. At one time it consisted of a small diner for truckers, a gas station (later a bicycle shop), a tile mill, and a few homes. A newer water tower labeled "Woodlan" near the Woodlan Schools may result in the community being known as "Woodlan" in the coming years.[6]
Gar Creek was once a shipping point on the Wabash and Toledo Railroad. A small community of 500 people eventually settled around the station. In 1883, lumber and grain were the primary exports of the station. Gar Creek enterprises at that time included a shingle manufacturer, two carpenters, a Justice of the Peace, a saw mill, a general store with a railway agent and a Postmaster (Jesse Rothgeb), a blacksmith, a hoop manufacturer, and United Brethren and Lutheran churches. The population at that time was listed as 130.[7]
Thurman was a settlement located on the Detroit branch of the old Wabash Railroad. A few homes and businesses remain to this day.[8] Parts of Thurman were incorporated into Fort Wayne on March 31, 2008 as part of the "Schwartz Road Voluntary Annexation".[9]
Woodlan Schools
The Maumee-Milan Consolidated School System (constituents: Maumee Township, including the city of Woodburn, and Milan Township)[5] built and dedicated Woodlan High School for the 1959–1960 school year.[10] Located in Milan Township, the school lies just east of Five Points on the Woodburn Road. Students previously attending Harlan High School began attending Woodlan in the autumn of 1965, as the area's smaller school districts had been further consolidated into the East Allen County Schools a year earlier.[11] Junior high and elementary schools are also now located on the campus.
Economy
The major industries in the county are agriculture, building trades, and rubber manufacturing. The largest employer in the township is BF Goodrich. The plant manufactures BF Goodrich and generic-branded tires for passenger cars and light trucks. BF Goodrich is a division of Michelin North America. As of 2016, 1,650 workers were employed at the facility located on Old U.S. Highway 24. Shortly after opening in 1961, the mile-long plant was featured in the national media as the "longest" manufacturing facility in the country at the time. It has been upgraded and expanded subsequently several times. The facility, which lies just east of the Woodlan Schools, comprises the highest-assessed real estate and business personal property value in the East Allen County Schools’ territory. Many plant employees are represented by United Steelworkers Local 715.[12]
Laventure’s Reserve
The indigenous inhabitants of Milan Township were the Algonquian-speaking Miami People. In the “Treaty with the Miami” executed on October 23, 1826, one section, 640 acres, of Milan Township land was reserved for “Laventure’s daughter”, whose father, Laventure Toucher, was a French trader and whose mother may have been a Miami.[13]
Laventure Toucher had been convicted of treason by the British in Fort Detroit in 1779 during the Revolutionary War. The colonists had recruited neutral French inhabitants of the Detroit region to be spies and sympathizers for the American cause.[14]
The reserved section occupied land bordered now by the Rohman and Platter roads. At the time of Indian Removal in 1846, those Miami who held separate allotments of land were allowed to stay as citizens in Indiana. Around 1872 the reserve was partially sold to non-native settlers, and by 1879, plat books were showing the “first family” Milan Township surnames of Lampe, Vondereau, Shafer, Bruick, Landin, and Yerks on that land.[15]
Although the Indiana Miami were recognized by the US in an 1854 treaty, that recognition was stripped in 1897. While an Indiana Miami Nation still exists to this day, the officially US-recognized relocated Miami Nation resides in Oklahoma. In 1980, the Indiana legislature recognized the Indiana Miami and voted to support federal recognition.[16][17]
Early settlement prior to 1880
Milan Township was first organized by the County Commissioners in March, 1838, being petitioned for, and named by, resident Stephen Heath, in honor of Milan Township, Huron County, Ohio: his former home (the township now resides in neighboring Erie County). The origin of the “Milan” name in Huron and Erie Counties, Ohio remains obscure.[18]
Charles Shriner erected the first frame house in 1838. It was attached to a log building. Alvin Hall erected the second frame house in 1841. William R. Herrick erected the first frame barn in the spring of 1850.[19]
The first road was surveyed in 1840 by Horace Taylor. It was called the Ridge Road, and extended from Fort Wayne to Hicksville, Ohio. The first stores in the township were operated by Stephen Heath and Lorenzo D. George.[19]
The first township election was held in April, 1842; Andrew Wakefield was elected Justice of the Peace, and John Nettle, Constable. The positions were voluntary, as there were no salaries.[19]
Amish settlement began in 1852–1853, when eleven wagons carrying fifty-two people, mainly recent immigrants from the Alsace, migrated to Allen County from Stark County, Ohio.[20] Peter Graber was the first bishop. Three distinct divisions subsequently evolved in the community: the most-conservative Old Order Amish, the more progressive Amish-Mennonites, and the most liberal, the "Defenseless" (Egli) Mennonites.[21]
The Village of Fairport
The settlement of Fairport, the first village in the township, was created by Eastern venture capitalists attempting to capitalize on the newly created Wabash and Erie Canal. The first post office was established at Fairport in 1843, with John Irvin being appointed Postmaster. Fairport straddled portions of Township Sections 13 and 24, in the far eastern part of the township, just south of the Maumee River.[22]
The heyday of the canal was 1847 to 1866, but the canal ultimately closed in 1878 as both shippers and passengers demonstrated a preference for utilizing the Wabash railroad instead, which had been built parallel to the canal.[23] Fairport ultimately foundered as the canal foundered; the settlement became defunct and the site quickly reverted to farmland.
George Foxtater and John Irvin were the first tavern-keepers in the township, in Fairport.[19]
Chamberlain Settlement
The village of Chamberlain arose when one of the first township settlers, Alvin Hall, requested that a post office be placed in the “western part of the township.” The request was granted, and Lorenzo D. George became the appointed postmaster. Chamberlain, located just southwest of Barnett Chapel on the Old Ridge Road in Section 4 of the township,[24] began its own decline around 1870, and the post office was relocated to St. Joseph Township at that time.
One-room district schoolhouses
Support for rural public schools originated with the Federal Land Ordinance of 1785, which began the land surveys that laid out townships and sections across the growing nation. Every township was to consist of thirty-six sections containing 640 acres each. Section 16 and later, in 1848, section 36, were set aside to support schools.[25] That ordinance largely failed in Indiana, but a few townships actually did use their surveyed “Section 16’s” for educational purposes, as prescribed in the ordinance.
Following statehood in 1816, the Indiana General Assembly then passed a complex series of acts (in 1824, 1849, and 1852) to organize and develop the public school system at the state, county, and township levels. School districts were created and given the authority to establish district schools at the township level. School district representatives were to be elected to the township trustees. State and local tax-support was provided on a county-by-county basis.
A number of schoolhouses were then built soon following 1852, but the majority were ultimately constructed following the Civil War. By 1900, over 8,000 one-room schools stood statewide. Later, with changes in demographics and the onset of school consolidations, the General Assembly gave the State Superintendent the means to close districts where attendance was under 12 pupils. Today there are over 700 surviving one-room schoolhouse structures in Indiana; the majority of these date from 1865 - 1900.[26]
What was to become “District School No. 1” was actually the first school constructed in the township. It opened in a log building in 1845; the first teacher was Catherine Shell. The structure was replaced by a frame building in 1857 when it officially became a District School. That building was erected by Alvin Hall, who was the first carpenter in the township.[32]
Graber Rd. in Section 6, E.-side, the "Hall School"[33]
closed aft.1903
No. 3
Parent Rd. W. of Ricker Rd., N.-side
closed aft.1903
No. 4
Parent Rd. at S. apex of Laventure's Reserve (at creek/mill, N.-side).
closed aft.1903
No. 5
Milan Center School, also the Township High School and "Professor Harris' School",[34][35][36] Milan Center Rd. at Doty Rd.
closed in 1974
No. 6
17985 Darling Rd. at Brush College Rd., the "Detrick School"[37][33][38]
closed aft. 1945
No. 7
Brush College Rd. at Doty Rd., the "Brush College School"[33]
closed b. 1923
No. 8
Berthaud Rd and Gar Creek Rd., NE corner. The "Busse Schoolhouse".
closed in 1903
No. 9
at Five Points, W. of Webster Rd. and N. of the canal. The "Platter Schoolhouse"
closed b. 1897
No 10
Schwartz Rd. in Section 6
closed b. 1897
No.11
near Woodburn Rd. and Roussey Rd., the "Garver School"[33][39]
closed aft. 1940
No.12
“old” and “new” schoolhouses were at 9127 & 9130 Ricker Road, S. of Notestine, "Fitzgerald's School"[40][33][41]
closed aft. 1940
No.13
Bremer Rd. W. of Roussey Rd., N.-side
closed aft. 1923
While "Brush College" appears to have been a popular designation at the time (i.e., the term was also used in Cedar Creek Township and in Huntington County), some muse that this one-room district schoolhouse in the "brushy woods" may have been a site to train teachers.[42]
Cholera, malaria, and smallpox
While all of these diseases are unheard of in the township today, each of these potentially life-ending scourges touched Milan Township at an earlier time. Groundbreaking on the Wabash and Erie Canal was 1832, and the canal was ultimately finished in 1856. Along the way to completion, it was said that a construction worker passed away from either cholera or malaria for every 6 feet of the canal being built. The length of the canal was 452 miles, from Toledo, OH to Evansville, IN.[23]
In November 1899 an epidemic of smallpox was “prevailing in Milan Township,” according to a Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette article from the time. A cluster of cases six miles southeast of Maysville “in a heavily populated area” was described, apparently stretching to the Ohio Line. Homes of infected individuals were placed under total police-supervised quarantine and all individuals exposed to those cases were placed under quarantine. Milan Center School was ordered by the health department to be closed until the threat of contagion had passed. Of interesting note was a particular smallpox-associated odor which could be detected outside each of the infected households.[43]
Iron span bridges
There are only two bridges spanning the Maumee River in Milan Township. The following original iron bridges have both been replaced with reinforced concrete structures.
Platter’s Ford Bridge
On July 1, 1876, the County Commissioners announced they were letting bids for the first township bridge to be built, at “Platter’s Ford”.[44] On August 15, the bid for the foundation was awarded to Chas. Bosseker & Co. Nine additional bids for the iron supra-structure were also unsealed at the time.[45] In 1896 (and at several times following), a driftwood dam almost destroyed the completed structure, which was described as having two 100-ft long iron spans suspended on a huge center pier.[46]
Schlink Farm Bridge
It took residents multiple attempts over a four-period, petitioning County Commissioners, in order for the Schlink Bridge to be built. Finally in 1906, the Commissioners met with residents on the site at the Schlink Farm to review the proposal, and it was thereafter finally agreed that the county would spend $15,000 to construct the iron bridge.[47][48] The bridge on the Bruick Road is now a vital link connecting US Hwy 24 to northern township areas across the river.
Cutting-edge mid-20th century technology
In the mid-20th century, telephone communication across relatively short distances could be prohibitively expensive. Northern Milan township had traditionally been served by the Harlan telephone exchange, and southern Milan township by the New Haven telephone exchange. To make a call between differing exchanges, one could incur so-called "long distance" surcharges. Brueggemann's store at Milan Center served as a progressive business and community center by having telephones from both exchanges. The New Haven telephone exchange was purchased by the Home Telephone company in Fort Wayne, which was itself subsequently acquired by General Telephone of Indiana. The Harlan telephone company was also eventually acquired by General Telephone of Indiana. General Telephone is now a part of Verizon.[49]
Geology
May Sand and Gravel once operated a stone quarry located along Old US 24, across from the BF Goodrich tire plant. Core samples were collected by researchers Doheny, Droste, and Shaver from the Indiana Geological Survey and Indiana University in 1975. The researchers catalogued a stratum of fossil sediment containing dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate) and subsequently described its distribution from an origin in Northwestern Indiana, through veins to northeastern Indiana with varying thickness, erosion, and displacement by other strata along the way. Termed the “Milan Center Dolomite Member”, the name was taken from “Milan Center Township”[sic], in which the Woodburn Quarry was located. This Milan Center Member was classified to be “Eifelian” in age.[50]
In later prehistory and into the frontier days, Milan Township laid nearly entirely within the far western area of a glacial valley described today as the Great Black Swamp. Then in the 19th century, its wetlands were drained for travel, settlement, and agriculture. Stands of old-growth forests were felled and used for timber interests upon settlement.[51] The Great Black Swamp extended eastward and downward from the old "Ridge Road," which is now Maysville Road.
The Maumee River flows through the township in a northeast course, and Twelve Mile and Ten Mile Creeks flow through the central part, joining the Maumee. Six Mile Creek drains the southwestern part of the township.[32]
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Milan Township covers an area of 37.49 square miles (97.09km2); of this, 37.18 square miles (96.29km2) is land and 0.31 square miles (0.80km2), or 0.83%, is water.[2]
Amish Cemetery, located at 14702 Doty Road, behind the Amish School, about a half mile west of Milan Center.
Barnett Chapel Cemetery, located on the northwest corner of State Road 37 (Maysville Turnpike) and Barnett Road. Lutheran. Earliest date 1875.
Gar Creek Union Cemetery, located on the Gar Creek Road, 0.3 miles east of the Berthaud Road. Private. Earliest date December 23, 1884.
Irving Family Cemetery, located on the south bank of the Maumee River, north of the B.F. Goodrich Tire Plant, on U.S. 24, on Goodrich land. Earliest date 1847.
Platter Family Cemetery, located 0.2 miles south of the Platter Bridge on the northeast bank of the Maumee River. One stone: 1852.
Saint Paul's Lutheran Cemetery at Gar Creek, located next to the church on Berthaud Road, about 0.2 miles south of Bremer Road. Earliest date 1884.
Schwartz Family Cemetery, located on the north side of Irving Road 0.1 mile east of the Bruick Road. Amish. No markers.
The first township religious meeting was held at Catherine Shell's Ridge Road log schoolhouse, in 1845. Services were conducted by the Rev. True Pattee, affiliated with the M. E. Church. The district schools were the first meeting places of various religious denominations, as no township church buildings were erected prior to 1880.[19]
Milan Evangelical Lutheran Church (Barnett Chapel) and Cemetery at State Road 37 and Barnett Road. Organized in 1864. Merged with St. Mark's Lutheran Church, Harlan (Springfield Township) in 1921. Now part of Holy Trinity Lutheran Church (see Springfield Township).
St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church-Gar Creek and Cemetery at 1910 N. Berthaud Road. Organized in 1880 by members of Emanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church, New Haven. Birth, baptism, confirmation, marriage and death records exist since 1880. Early records in German. Records have been photocopied and are available at the Allen County Public Library.
Milan Center Methodist Protestant Church at the corner of Doty and Milan Center Roads. Organized in 1905/06 when a series of meetings were held in the old Milan Center schoolhouse. Land was donated and construction on the church was begun in 1906. Church disbanded sometime after 1954. Records may be located at the DePauw University Library, Greencastle, IN. The church building has been utilized by various congregations since.
The Gar Creek Mennonite Church is also now defunct. In about 1854, Mennonites first settled at Gar Creek, a village 11 miles (18km) northeast of Fort Wayne, Indiana. Among them Michael Rothgeb, Abram and Jacob Bixler, John Federspiel, Hezekiah Rothgeb, and Nancy Lowery. Services were held in Bethel Chapel, a union building. There was no resident minister. Eli Stoffer, a minister in the Hudson (Indiana) congregation, and others conducted occasional services. In 1900 there were 20 members. After the establishing of the Fort Wayne Mission in 1903, the mission workers assumed responsibility for the services at Gar Creek. On 22 October 1905 the building was rededicated for church services. Regular services were discontinued about 1910.[53]
John Chapman, “Johnny Appleseed” (1774-1845) Itinerant Swedenborgian missionary, nurseryman. At the time of his death, operated a 15,000-apple-tree nursery in Milan township.[56] Buried in Archer Park, Fort Wayne.
Fort Wayne is a city in and the county seat of Allen County, Indiana, United States. Located in northeastern Indiana, the city is 18 miles (29 km) west of the Ohio border and 50 miles (80 km) south of the Michigan border. The city's population was 263,886 as of the 2020 census, making it the second-most populous city in Indiana after Indianapolis, and the 83rd-most populous city in the United States. It is the principal city of the Fort Wayne metropolitan area, consisting of Allen and Whitley counties which had an estimated population of 423,038 as of 2021. Fort Wayne is the cultural and economic center of northeastern Indiana.
Adams County lies in northeastern Indiana in the United States and shares its eastern border with Ohio. It was officially established in 1836. The county seat is Decatur. According to the 2020 census, its population was 35,809, an increase of 4.1% from 34,387 in 2010. The county has four incorporated cities and towns with a total population of over 15,000, as well as many small unincorporated communities. The county is divided into 12 townships which provide local services. There are four Indiana state roads in the county, as well as three U.S. Routes and one railroad line. In 2017, about a quarter of the county's population was Swiss Amish that settled in the Southern half of the county around Berne.
Paulding County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was about 18,806. Its county seat is Paulding. The county was created in 1820 and later organized in 1839. It is named for John Paulding, one of the captors of Major John André in the American Revolutionary War.
Allen County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 385,410, making it the third-most populous county in Indiana. The county seat and largest city is Fort Wayne, the second largest city in Indiana.
New Haven is a city in Adams, Jefferson, and St. Joseph townships, Allen County, Indiana, United States. It sits immediately east of the city of Fort Wayne, the second largest city in Indiana, and is situated mostly along the southern banks of the Maumee River. The population was 15,843 as of 2022.
The Maumee River is a river running in the United States Midwest from northeastern Indiana into northwestern Ohio and Lake Erie. It is formed at the confluence of the St. Joseph and St. Marys rivers, where Fort Wayne, Indiana has developed, and meanders northeastwardly for 137 miles (220 km) through an agricultural region of glacial moraines before flowing into the Maumee Bay of Lake Erie. The city of Toledo is located at the mouth of the Maumee. The Maumee was designated an Ohio State Scenic River on July 18, 1974. The Maumee watershed is Ohio's breadbasket; it is two-thirds farmland, mostly corn and soybeans. It is the largest watershed of any of the rivers feeding the Great Lakes, and supplies five percent of Lake Erie's water.
The Wabash River is a 503-mile-long (810 km) river that drains most of the state of Indiana, and a significant part of Illinois, in the United States. It flows from the headwaters in Ohio, near the Indiana border, then southwest across northern Indiana turning south near the Illinois border, where the southern portion forms the Indiana-Illinois border before flowing into the Ohio River.
The Wabash and Erie Canal was a shipping canal that linked the Great Lakes to the Ohio River via an artificial waterway. The canal provided traders with access from the Great Lakes all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. Over 460 miles long, it was the longest canal ever built in North America.
The St. Joseph River is an 86.1-mile-long (138.6 km) tributary of the Maumee River in northwestern Ohio and northeastern Indiana in the United States, with headwater tributaries rising in southern Michigan. It drains a primarily rural farming region in the watershed of Lake Erie.
As of March 2020, the Fort Wayne–Huntington–Auburn Combined Statistical Area (CSA), or Fort Wayne Metropolitan Area, or Northeast Indiana is a federally designated metropolitan area consisting of eight counties in northeast Indiana, anchored by the city of Fort Wayne.
The Maumee Torrent, also known as the Maumee Megaflood, was a catastrophic draining of Lake Maumee, the ancestor of present-day Lake Erie, that occurred approximately 14,000 to 17,000 years ago during the late Wisconsin glaciation. It happened when the waters of Lake Maumee, possibly in response to an advance of the ice front at the eastern end of the lake, overtopped a "sag" or low spot in the Fort Wayne Moraine, which was a deposit of glacial debris that acted as a natural dam at the site of present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana. This unleashed a massive flow of water that scoured a one- to two-mile-wide outlet running southwest to the Wabash River known as the "Wabash-Erie Channel", which probably followed the course of earlier, less massive drainage. The channel, now a small stream called the Little River, is the largest topographical feature in Allen County, Indiana. As much as 30 feet of fine sand, silt and organic sediments were deposited in the channel before drainage reversed and was captured by the present-day Maumee River. U.S. Route 24 between Fort Wayne and Huntington follows the channel.
Lake Maumee was a proglacial lake and an ancestor of present-day Lake Erie. It formed about 17,500 calendar years, or 14,000 Radiocarbon Years Before Present (RCYBP) as the Huron-Erie Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation. As water levels continued to rise the lake evolved into Lake Arkona and then Lake Whittlesey.
The East Allen County School (EACS) corporation is an Allen County area public school district, one of the largest in area in Indiana, encompassing southeast Fort Wayne, all of Leo-Cedarville, Monroeville, New Haven, and Woodburn. It operates six secondary schools and eight elementary schools. EACS's current superintendent is Marilyn S. Hissong.
West Point is an unincorporated town and census-designated place in Wayne Township, Tippecanoe County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 594 at the 2010 census.
Harlan is an unincorporated census-designated place (CDP) in Springfield Township, Allen County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2010 census, Harlan had a population of 1,634.
Richland Township is one of twelve townships in Steuben County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 415, down from 570 at the 2010 census, and it contained 163 housing units, making it the smallest township in the county.
Poe is an unincorporated community in Marion Township, Allen County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.
The Rivergreenway is the backbone of burgeoning Fort Wayne Trails network in Fort Wayne, Indiana and the surrounding area. The Rivergreenway consists of 26-miles of connected trails through a linear park following alongside or near the City's three rivers: St. Joseph River, St. Marys River, and Maumee River. In 2009, the Rivergreenway was designated as a National Recreation Trail. The trail network also connects to the Wabash & Erie Canal Towpath Trail. Including other trails, like the scenic Pufferbelly Trail which spans Fort Wayne's north side and will eventually connect downtown Fort Wayne to the northern edge of Allen County and beyond, the City of Fort Wayne has over 101 miles of trails. 140 miles exist within Allen County.
The Fort Wayne Moraine is considered contemporary to the last stages of the Valparaiso Moraine. Centered on Fort Wayne, Indiana, the northern leg of the moraine is mostly overlaid by the younger Wabash Moraine angling northeastward through Williams County, Ohio. It only becomes identifiable in Lenawee County, Michigan south and northeast of Adrian before ending in the intermingling of moraines around Ann Arbor. The south and eastern leg of the moraine follows the northern bank of the St. Marys River into the State of Ohio. At the north bend of the St. Marys River, the moraine arcs northeastward through Lima, continuing in a northward arc to reach north of U.S. 30 in Hancock County to pass through Upper Sandusky, again bending to the north to end 15 miles (24 km) to 20 miles (32 km) to the northeast.
Woodlan Junior/Senior High School is a public high school located in unincorporated Allen County, Indiana, near Woodburn, a city close to Fort Wayne. It is a part of East Allen County Schools (EACS).
↑ [Chad Thompson: The Languages of the Amish of Allen County, Indiana: Multilingualism and Convergence], Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 36, No. 1 (Spring, 1994), page 69.
↑ Fort Wayne Daily Gazette, 24 Jul 1878, Wed, Page 4
1 2 Harris, R. D. (2019, February 26). Reflections by Roger. East Allen Courier, p. 1.
↑ Churchward, Linda. "93 Allen County, Indiana Towns (Ghost) Past and Present." Allen County INgenWeb Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2016
↑ Indiana State Gazetteer and Business Directory. Indianapolis, IN: R.L. Polk, 1882-1883. Print.
↑ Schumacher, Tom and Messmann, Dulanna, ed. The Arrow. 1960 ed. Woodburn: Woodlan High School, n.d. Print.
↑ Janssen, Sarah, "EACS Had Grass-Roots Start". The (Fort Wayne) News-Sentinel. 14 January 2011. Web. 14 January 2011.
↑ Rodriguez, Rosa Salter. "Goodrich Seeks Tax Cut to Expand." The Journal Gazette. N.p., 13 Dec. 2016. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.
↑ "Treaty with The Miami - 1826." Native American Indian Treaties, First People of America. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
↑ Hoerauf, Geoffrey. “American Spies and Sympathizers at Fort Detroit (excerpts)”. Early America. Varsity Tutors. Fall 1998. Web. 17 December 2016.
↑ "1879 Map of Milan Township." Plat Maps, 1880, Allen County, Indiana. Allen County Genealogical Society of Indiana, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
↑ • Rafert, Stewart (1996). The Miami Indians of Indiana; A Persistent People 1654-1994. Indiana Historical Society.
↑ • Tanner, Helen Horbeck (1987). Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN0-8061-2056-8.
↑ CCM Graphics, Inc. "The History of Milan, Ohio." Milanarea.com, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2016.
1 2 3 4 5 Allen County Indiana Township Histories: Milan Township History Bits”. Genealogy Trails. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2016.
↑ [Chad Thompson: The Languages of the Amish of Allen County, Indiana: Multilingualism and Convergence], Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 36, No. 1 (Spring, 1994), page 71.
↑ Hertig, Marquita & Fogle, Floyd, et al (2016). Harlan Indiana: Then and Now. Harlan, IN: Clover Printing Company, p.126
1 2 "The Wabash-Erie Canal." Allen County (IN) Public Library. 1952.. Scribd, n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2016.
↑ “Map of Milan Township.” Allen County, Indiana. Allen County Map Co., 1907.
↑ “One-Room Schoolhouses.” Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2011. Web. 17 Dec. 2016.
↑ “Indiana’s Public, Common and High Schools.” Indiana Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, Web. 17 Dec. 2016.
↑ The Fort Wayne Sentinel, 6 Sep 1902, Sat, Page 2
↑ The Fort Wayne Sentinel, 7 Sep 1903, Mon, Page 5
↑ The Fort Wayne Sentinel, 23 Jan 1919, Thu, Page 9
↑ The Fort Wayne Sentinel, 29 Aug 1923, Wed, Page 13
↑ “Allen County, Indiana School Directory 1897-1921.” Genealogy Collection, Allen County Public Library. Typewritten pages are library-bound and hand-numbered. No compilation date provided.
1 2 "Allen County Indiana Township Histories: Milan Township History Bits”. Genealogy Trails. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2016.
1 2 3 4 5 6 “Allen County Resources.” Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center - Allen County Township Schools - Milan Township, www.genealogycenter.info/search_eidsonmilan.php.
↑ The Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette, 28 May 1896, Thu, Page 3
↑ The Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette (Fort Wayne, Indiana), 26 February 1895, Tue, Page 2
↑ The Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette (Fort Wayne, Indiana), 10 March 1895, Sun, Page 6
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