Montipora

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Montipora
Euphyllia ancora (Anchor bubble coral).jpg
Montipora aequituberculata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Subphylum: Anthozoa
Class: Hexacorallia
Order: Scleractinia
Family: Acroporidae
Genus: Montipora
Blainville, 1830 [1] [2]
Synonyms [1]
  • ManoporaDana, 1846

Montipora is a genus of Scleractinian corals in the phylum Cnidaria. Members of the genus Montipora may exhibit many different growth morphologies. With eighty five known species, [1] Montipora is the second most species rich coral genus after Acropora . [3]

Contents

Description

Near Magnetic Island Euphyllia ancora3.jpg
Near Magnetic Island

Growth morphologies for the genus Montipora include submassive, laminar, foliaceous, encrusting, and branching. [4] [5] It is not uncommon for a single Montipora colony to display more than one growth morphology. [5] Healthy Montipora corals can be a variety of colors, including orange, brown, pink, green, blue, purple, yellow, grey, or tan. [5] Although they are typically uniform in color, some species, such as Montipora spumosa or Montipora verrucosa, may display a mottled appearance. [5]

Montipora corals have the smallest corallites of any coral family. [5] Columellae are not present. [5] Coenosteum and corallite walls are porous, which can result in elaborate structures. [5] The coenosteum of each Montipora species is different, making it useful for identification. [5] Polyps are typically only extended at night. [5]

Montipora corals are commonly mistaken for members of the genus Porites based on their visual similarities, however, Porites can be distinguished from Montipora by examining the structure of the corallites. [5]

Distribution

Montipora corals are common on reefs and lagoons of the Red Sea, the western Indian Ocean and the southern Pacific Ocean, but are entirely absent in the Atlantic Ocean. [4]

Ecology

Montipora corals are hermaphroditic broadcast spawners. [6] Spawning typically happens in spring. [6] The eggs of Montipora corals already contain zooxanthellae, so none is obtained from the environment. [6] [7] This process is known as direct or vertical transmission. [3]

Montipora corals are preyed upon by corallivorous fish, such as butterflyfish. [8] Montipora corals are known to host endo- and ectoparasites such as Allopodion mirum and Xarifia extensa. [1] A currently undescribed species of nudibranch in the genus Phestilla has also been reported in the scientific and aquarium hobbyist literature to feed on the genus. [9]

Montipora corals are susceptible to the same stresses as other Scleractinian corals, such as anthropogenic pollution, sediment, algal growth, and other competitive organisms. [6]

Evolutionary history

A 2007 study found that the genus Montipora formed a strongly supported clade with Anacropora , making it the genus with the closest genetic relationship to Montipora. [10] It is thought that Anacropora evolved from Montipora relatively recently. [7]

Species

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 World Register of Marine Species link: Montipora Blainville, 1830 ( +species list )
  2. ↑ "Montipora". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  3. 1 2 van Oppen, Madeleine J.H. (2004). "Mode of zooxanthella transmission does not affect zooxanthella diversity in acroporid corals". Marine Biology. 144 (1): 1–7. Bibcode:2004MarBi.144....1V. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1187-4. S2CID   86657478.
  4. 1 2 Van Oppen, M.J.H; Koolmees, E.M.; J.E.N, Veron (2004). "Patterns of evolution in the scleractinian coral genus Montipora (Acrroporidae)". Marine Biology. 144 (1): 9–18. Bibcode:2004MarBi.144....9V. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1188-3. S2CID   85602339.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Veron, J.E.N (1986). Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. London: Angus & Robertson Publishers. pp. 92–121.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Richmond, Robert (1997). Reproduction and Recruitment in Corals. pp. 175–197.
  7. 1 2 Fukami, Hironobu; Omari, Makoto; Hatta, Masayuki (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships in the coral family Acroporidae, reassessed by inference from mitochondrial genes". Zoological Science. 17 (5): 689–696. doi: 10.2108/zsj.17.689 . PMID   18517306.
  8. ↑ Berumen, Michael; Pratchett, Morgan S. (2006). "Recovery without resilience: persistent disturbance and long-term shifts in the structure of fish and coral communities at Tiahura reef, Moorea". Coral Reefs. 25 (4): 647–653. doi:10.1007/s00338-006-0145-2. S2CID   34270212.
  9. ↑ Fritts-Penniman, Allison Louise (2016). "Ecological Speciation and Cryptic Diversity of Coral-Associated Nudibranchs". UCLA. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  10. ↑ Wallace, C.C; et al. (2007). "Recognition of separate genera within Acropora based on new morphological, reproductive, and genetic evidence from Acropora togianensis, and elevation of the subgenus Isopora Studer, 1878 to genus (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniidae; Acroporidae)" . Coral Reefs. 26 (2): 231–239. doi:10.1007/s00338-007-0203-4. S2CID   25263905.
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