Morse code mnemonics

Last updated August 22, 2024

Morse code mnemonics are systems to represent the sound of Morse characters in a way intended to be easy to remember. Since every one of these mnemonics requires a two-step mental translation between sound and character, none of these systems are useful for using manual Morse at practical speeds. Amateur radio clubs can provide resources to learn Morse code.

Cross-linguistic

Visual mnemonic

Visual mnemonic charts have been devised over the ages. Baden-Powell included one in the Girl Guides handbook^[1] in 1918.

Here is a more up-to-date version, ca. 1988:

Other visual mnemonic systems have been created for Morse code, mapping the elements of the Morse code characters onto pictures for easy memorization. For instance, "R" ( ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ) might be represented as a "racecar" seen in a profile view, with the two wheels of the racecar being the dits and the body being the dah.

English

Syllabic mnemonics

Syllabic mnemonics are based on the principle of associating a word or phrase to each Morse code letter, with stressed syllables standing for a dah and unstressed ones for a dit. There is no well-known complete set of syllabic mnemonics for English, but various mnemonics do exist for individual letters.

Letter	Morse Code	Mnemonic^[2]^[3]
A	▄ ▄▄▄	say AHH a-PU
B	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄	BAND rat-a-tat BOB is the man
C	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	CATCH it CATCH it CO-ca CO-la
D	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	DAD did it DRAC-u-la
E	▄	eek eye
F	▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	did i FAIL it? fetch a FIRE-man
G	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	GOD LOVES it GOOD GRAV-y
H	▄ ▄ ▄ ▄	ha ha ha ha hip-pi-ty hop
I	▄ ▄	did it i-an
J	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	in JAWSJAWSJAWS I WANT YOU, JONES
K	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	KAN-ga-ROO KICK the CAN
L	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	a LIGHT is lit los AN-ge-les
M	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	MA-MA MAC-kie MES-ser
N	▄▄▄ ▄	NAME it NIK-ki
O	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	HO HO HO OH MY GOD
P	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	is PA-PA in? a PRAY-ING abe
Q	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	PAY DAY to-DAY (quid) GOD SAVE the QUEEN
R	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	a RABB-it ro-TA-tion
S	▄ ▄ ▄	ss-ss-ss su-per-man
T	▄▄▄	TALL TIM
U	▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	kiss a EWE un-der-NEATH u-ni-FORM
V	▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	vee-vee-vee VAH (the opening rhythm of Beethoven's 5th, or Beethoven's V'th) vick-tor-y VEE
W	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	the WORLD WAR the WHITEWHALE
X	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	CROSS at the DOOR XY-lo-phone RAP
Y	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	WHY did IDIE? YOU'RE a COOL DUDE
Z	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	ZSA ZSA did it ZINCZOO-keep-er

Character	Morse Code	Syllabic	Mnemonic^[2]
.	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	a STOP a STOP a STOP	Periods are also known as "full stops".
,	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	COM-MA, it's a COM-MA	Self-explanatory.
?	▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	it's a QUES-TION, is it?	Self-explanatory.
:	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄	HA-WAI-I stan-dard time	The clocks in Hawaii are always on standard time, and don't turn an hour ahead in the summer. Colons are used in displaying time (like in "10:23").
/	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	SHAVE and a HAIR-cut	The rhythm from the musical routine. A barber is a slasher. (NOTE: also Fraction Bar and Division Sign)
"	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	six-TY-six nine-TY-nine	Quotation marks resemble a 66 at the beginning of a quote, and a 99 at the end of a quote.
'	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	and THIS STUFF GOES TO me!	An apostrophe may be used to denote ownership of property.
;	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	A-list, B-list, C-list	A semicolon may be used to group ordered lists in the same sentence.

Word mnemonics

Independent words

This technique has you associate a word with each character. For a letter in the alphabet, the associated word will usually begin with the same letter. In that word, tall letters (those descending below the baseline or ascending above the mean line – b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, p, q, t, or y) and capital letters represent dashes, while short letters (aceimnorsuvwxz) represent dots. To recall the Morse code for a character, try to visualize the word.

Letter	Mnemonic	Morse Code^[4]	Comments
A	at	▄ ▄▄▄
B	bean	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
C	Cate	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	as in the name "Cate"
D	dam	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	or "Dan" or many others
E	e	▄	just plain "e"
F	cafe	▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
G	gym	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
H	ears	▄ ▄ ▄ ▄	as in "ears" are used to hear
I	in	▄ ▄
J	edgy	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	or alternatively, (j)"etty"
K	kit	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
L	else	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
M	M.A.	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	Master of Arts degree; alternatively, the year 2000 in Roman numerals: "MM"
N	No	▄▄▄ ▄	as in "Dr. No", the first James Bond movie
O	Opp	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	as in the Opposing side; alternatively, OPP (Ontario Provincial Police) or Off!
P	apps	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	Something used on smart phones to practice Morse code
Q	plaq	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	The first four letters of "plaque", ending at "q"
R	rye	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
S	sax	▄ ▄ ▄
T	t	▄▄▄	just plain "t", or "T" as in "Mr. T"
U	ump	▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	as in umpire
V	veil	▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	or "veal"
W	why	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
X	foxy	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	as in being as clever as a fox
Y	yell	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
Z	Zhou	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	Zhou dynasty of China; or alternatively "Whiz" as in the brand-name 'Cheez Whiz'

Single sentence

This mnemonic uses the same mapping from tall and short letters to dashes and dots. Rather than each word starting with the letter it represents, each word is positioned in the 26-word-long sentence according to the position of the letter it represents in the alphabet.^[5]

my love life has a vibe, the same as edgy pop star DJ «Dr BBQ» adds — glad she won't cut away all good gold lyre!

Slavic languages

In Czech, the mnemonic device to remember letters in Morse code lies in remembering words or short phrases that begin with each appropriate letter and have a long vowel (i.e. á é í ó ú ý) for every dash and a short vowel (a e i o u y) for every dot. Additionally, some other sets of words with a particular theme have been thought up in Czech folklore, such as the following alcohol-themed set:

Letter	Morse Code	Czech word	Translation	Alternative (folklore)	Translation
A	▄ ▄▄▄	akát	acacia	absťák	withdrawal symptoms
B	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄	blýska·vi·ce	lightning storm	blít až do·ma	vomit until at home
C	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	cílovníci	aiming sights	cíl je výčep	the target is the taproom
D	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	dálni·ce	highway	dám jed·no	I'll have one (beer)
E	▄	erb	coat of arms	ex	one-sip-drinking
F	▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	Fi·lipíny	Philippines	Fer·net píše	the Fernet's pungent
G	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	Grón·ská zem	the land of Greenland	grón·ský rum	rum of Greenland
H	▄ ▄ ▄ ▄	ho·lu·bi·ce	dove (female)	hru·ško·vi·ce	Pear brandy
Ch	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	chléb nám dává	(he) gives us bread	chvát·ám k pí·pám	I rush to the faucets
I	▄ ▄	ib·is	Ibis	I·ron	Iron (window cleaning agent with alcohol content)
J	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	jasmín bí·lý	white Jasmine	Jabčák bí·lý	White Apple brandy
K	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	království	kingdom	kýbl vín	pot of wines
L	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	lední hokej	ice hockey	likéreček	little liquor
M	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	má·vá	waving	mží z-píp	it's sprinkling out of faucets
N	▄▄▄ ▄	ná rod	nation	návyk	habit
O	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	ó náš pán	oh, our lord	ó můj líh	oh, my alcohol
P	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	papír·níci	paper-makers	pivní tácek	beer coaster
Q	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	kví·lí orkán	wailing hurricane	kví·lím ožrán	I wail drunken
R	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	rarášek	imp	rumíček	little rum
S	▄ ▄ ▄	se·ke·ra	axe	sud je tu	the barrel's here
T	▄▄▄	tón	tone	té	tea
U	▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	u·čený	erudite	uch·lastán	fully loaded
V	▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	vy·vo·lený	the chosen one	vod·ka finská	Finnish vodka
W	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	waltrův vůz	Walter's carriage	whiskou plout	to float through Whiskey
X	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	Xéno·kratés	Xenocrates	k sýru burčák	new half-fermented wine with cheese
Y	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	Ýgar má·vá	Ygar is waving	ý, jsem zlá·mán	ee, I'm a mess
Z	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	Zrád·ná že·na	perfidious woman	zlí·skám se hned	I get smashed quickly

In Polish, which does not distinguish long and short vowels, Morse mnemonics are also words or short phrases that begin with each appropriate letter, but dash is coded as a syllable containing an "o" (or "ó"), while a syllable containing another vowel codes for dot. For some letters, multiple mnemonics are in use; the table shows one example.

Letter	Morse Code	Polish word	Translation
A	▄ ▄▄▄	azot	nitrogen
B	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄	botanika	botany
C	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	co mi zrobisz	what will you do to me
D	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	dolina	valley
E	▄	Ełk	Ełk
F	▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	filantropia	philanthropy
G	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	gospoda	inn/tavern
H	▄ ▄ ▄ ▄	halabarda	halberd
Ch	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	chlorowodór	hydrogen chloride
I	▄ ▄	igła	needle
J	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	jednokonno	on/with one horse
K	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	kolano	knee
L	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	Leonidas	Leonidas
Ł	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	[no mnemonic]
M	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	motor	motor
N	▄▄▄ ▄	noga	leg
O	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	Opoczno	Opoczno
P	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	Peloponez	Peloponnese
R	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	retorta	retort
S	▄ ▄ ▄	Sahara	Sahara
T	▄▄▄	tor	track/rail line
U	▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	Ursynów	Ursynów
W	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	winorośl	grapevine (plant)
Y	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	York, Hull, Oxford	three British university towns
Z	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	Złotoryja	Złotoryja

Hebrew

Invented in 1922 by Zalman Cohen, a communication soldier in the Haganah organization. The hiriq (/i/ vowel) represents a dot and the patah or qamatz (/a/ vowel) represent a dash.

אות	קוד	קיצור	אות	קוד	קיצור
א	· −	אִמָּא	ל	· − · ·	לִבַּבְתִּנִי
ב	− · · ·	בַּשְּׁלִי לִי מִיץ	מ	− −	מַפָּ"ם
ג	− − ·	גַּנָּבִים	נ	− ·	נָעִים
ד	− · ·	דָלִיתִי	ס	− · − ·	סָבִי אָבִי
ה	− − −	הֲגָנָה	ע	· − − −	עִיר הַנַּמָּל
ו	·	וִי	פ	· − − ·	פִּיל קַנָּדִי
ז	− − · ·	זַמָּר לִירִי	צ	· − −	צִיטָטָה
ח	· · · ·	חִכִּיתִי לִי	ק	− − · −	קַטָּרִינָה
ט	· · −	טִיףּ טִפָּה	ר	· − ·	רִנָתִי
י	· ·	יִידִישׁ	ש	· · ·	שִׁירִי לִי
כ	− · −	כַּבִּירָה	ת	−	תָּו

Indonesian

In Indonesia, one mnemonic commonly taught in Scouting is remembering words that begin with each appropriate letter and substituting the o vowel for every dash and other vowels (a, i, u, and e) for every dot.

Letter	Morse Code	Word
A	▄ ▄▄▄	alok
B	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄	bocah kecil
C	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	coca-cola
D	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	doremi
E	▄	eh
F	▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	fanta loe
G	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	gotongin
H	▄ ▄ ▄ ▄	hayamwuruk
I	▄ ▄	ipin
J	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	jago loro
K	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	komando
L	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	lego dia
M	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	motor
N	▄▄▄ ▄	nomer
O	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	om toto
P	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	pertolongan
Q	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	qomokaro
R	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄	rasome
S	▄ ▄ ▄	samlekum
T	▄▄▄	tol
U	▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	upin-o
V	▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	versi gayo
W	▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	wahyoo
X	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄	xosendero
Y	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄	yosimono
Z	▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄	zoro-aster

Related Research Articles

An abugida – sometimes also called alphasyllabary, neosyllabary, or pseudo-alphabet – is a segmental writing system in which consonant–vowel sequences are written as units; each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary, similar to a diacritical mark. This contrasts with a full alphabet, in which vowels have status equal to consonants, and with an abjad, in which vowel marking is absent, partial, or optional – in less formal contexts, all three types of the script may be termed "alphabets". The terms also contrast them with a syllabary, in which a single symbol denotes the combination of one consonant and one vowel.

A diacritic is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek διακριτικός, from διακρίνω. The word diacritic is a noun, though it is sometimes used in an attributive sense, whereas diacritical is only an adjective. Some diacritics, such as the acute ⟨ó⟩, grave ⟨ò⟩, and circumflex ⟨ô⟩, are often called accents. Diacritics may appear above or below a letter or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters.

Morse code is a telecommunications method which encodes text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes, or dits and dahs. Morse code is named after Samuel Morse, one of the early developers of the system adopted for electrical telegraphy.

A mnemonic device or memory device is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human memory, often by associating the information with something that is easier to remember.

Esperanto is written in a Latin-script alphabet of twenty-eight letters, with upper and lower case. This is supplemented by punctuation marks and by various logograms, such as the digits 0–9, currency signs such as $ € ¥ £ ₷, and mathematical symbols. The creator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, declared a principle of "one letter, one sound", though this is a general rather than strict guideline.

An interpunct⟨·⟩, also known as an interpoint, middle dot, middot, centered dot or centred dot, is a punctuation mark consisting of a vertically centered dot used for interword separation in Classical Latin. It appears in a variety of uses in some modern languages.

The acute accent, ◌́, is a diacritic used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek scripts. For the most commonly encountered uses of the accent in the Latin and Greek alphabets, precomposed characters are available.

Estonian orthography is the system used for writing the Estonian language and is based on the Latin alphabet. The Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme.

Khmer script is an abugida (alphasyllabary) script used to write the Khmer language, the official language of Cambodia. It is also used to write Pali in the Buddhist liturgy of Cambodia and Thailand.

Piphilology comprises the creation and use of mnemonic techniques to remember many digits of the mathematical constant $π$ . The word is a play on the word "pi" itself and of the linguistic field of philology.

A telegraph code is one of the character encodings used to transmit information by telegraphy. Morse code is the best-known such code. Telegraphy usually refers to the electrical telegraph, but telegraph systems using the optical telegraph were in use before that. A code consists of a number of code points, each corresponding to a letter of the alphabet, a numeral, or some other character. In codes intended for machines rather than humans, code points for control characters, such as carriage return, are required to control the operation of the mechanism. Each code point is made up of a number of elements arranged in a unique way for that character. There are usually two types of element, but more element types were employed in some codes not intended for machines. For instance, American Morse code had about five elements, rather than the two of International Morse Code.

Canadian syllabic writing, or simply syllabics, is a family of writing systems used in a number of Indigenous Canadian languages of the Algonquian, Inuit, and (formerly) Athabaskan language families. These languages had no formal writing system previously. They are valued for their distinctiveness from the Latin script and for the ease with which literacy can be achieved. For instance, by the late 19th century the Cree had achieved what may have been one of the highest rates of literacy in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanese Braille</span> Braille script of the Japanese language

Japanese Braille is the braille script of the Japanese language. It is based on the original braille script, though the connection is tenuous. In Japanese it is known as tenji (点字), literally "dot characters". It transcribes Japanese more or less as it would be written in the hiragana or katakana syllabaries, without any provision for writing kanji.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ojibwe writing systems</span> Writing system

Ojibwe is an indigenous language of North America from the Algonquian language family. Ojibwe is one of the largest Native American languages north of Mexico in terms of number of speakers and is characterized by a series of dialects, some of which differ significantly. The dialects of Ojibwe are spoken in Canada from southwestern Quebec, through Ontario, Manitoba and parts of Saskatchewan, with outlying communities in Alberta and British Columbia, and in the United States from Michigan through Wisconsin and Minnesota, with a number of communities in North Dakota and Montana, as well as migrant groups in Kansas and Oklahoma.

The orthography of the Greek language ultimately has its roots in the adoption of the Greek alphabet in the 9th century BC. Some time prior to that, one early form of Greek, Mycenaean, was written in Linear B, although there was a lapse of several centuries between the time Mycenaean stopped being written and the time when the Greek alphabet came into use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prosigns for Morse code</span> Predefined shorthand signals

Procedural signs or prosigns are shorthand signals used in Morse code telegraphy, for the purpose of simplifying and standardizing procedural protocols for landline and radio communication. The procedural signs are distinct from conventional Morse code abbreviations, which consist mainly of brevity codes that convey messages to other parties with greater speed and accuracy. However, some codes are used both as prosigns and as single letters or punctuation marks, and for those, the distinction between a prosign and abbreviation is ambiguous, even in context.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian Morse code</span> Non-Latin Morse code for Russian Cyrillic

The Russian Morse code approximates the Morse code for the Latin alphabet. It was enacted by the Russian government in 1856.

English Braille, also known as Grade 2 Braille, is the braille alphabet used for English. It consists of around 250 letters (phonograms), numerals, punctuation, formatting marks, contractions, and abbreviations (logograms). Some English Braille letters, such as ⠡⟨ch⟩, correspond to more than one letter in print.

ISO 11940-2 is an ISO standard for a simplified transcription of the Thai language into Latin characters.

The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Hangeul in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern writing system for the Korean language. The letters for the five basic consonants reflect the shape of the speech organs used to pronounce them. They are systematically modified to indicate phonetic features. The vowel letters are systematically modified for related sounds, making Hangul a featural writing system. It has been described as a syllabic alphabet as it combines the features of alphabetic and syllabic writing systems.

References

↑ "Girl Guiding by Lord Baden-Powell" (PDF). Pearson. 1938. Retrieved 2015-09-06. Some people find it easier to remember the does [sic] and dashes by picturing them as forming the letters— thus:— (p61)
1 2 "Morse Code: A language of SOUND!". Morse Code for the Radio Amateur. 2022-10-15. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
↑ Metivier, Anthony (2023-10-07). "Morse Code Words: What they are and how to remember them". Magnetic Memory Method. Methodologies Pty. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
↑ Harder, Douglas W. "Learning Morse code". University of Waterloo. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
↑ Rouquier, Jean-Baptiste. "Morse1Sentence". GitHub. Retrieved 2024-03-01.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[1] "Girl Guiding by Lord Baden-Powell" (PDF). Pearson. 1938. Retrieved 2015-09-06. Some people find it easier to remember the does [sic] and dashes by picturing them as forming the letters— thus:— (p61)

[morsecodeclass-2] 1 2 "Morse Code: A language of SOUND!". Morse Code for the Radio Amateur. 2022-10-15. Retrieved 1 March 2024.

[magneticmemory-3] Metivier, Anthony (2023-10-07). "Morse Code Words: What they are and how to remember them". Magnetic Memory Method. Methodologies Pty. Retrieved 1 March 2024.

[4] Harder, Douglas W. "Learning Morse code". University of Waterloo. Retrieved 2024-03-01.

[5] Rouquier, Jean-Baptiste. "Morse1Sentence". GitHub. Retrieved 2024-03-01.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

v t e International Morse code
Transmission methods	Electrical telegraph On–off keying Continuous wave Modulated continuous wave Heliograph Signal lamp
Notable signals	SOS CQD Morse code mnemonics Prosigns for Morse code Morse code abbreviations Q code Z code
Other writing systems in Morse code	American Morse code Greek alphabet Cyrillic script Russian Hebrew script Arabic script Wabun code Chinese telegraph code Korean code