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The Opiliones are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, or daddy longlegs. As of April 2017, over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. The order Opiliones includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and Tetrophthalmi, which were named in 2014.
Phalangiotarbi is an extinct arachnid order first recorded from the Early Devonian of Germany and most widespread in the Upper Carboniferous coal measures of Europe and North America. The last species are known from the early Permian Rotliegend of Germany.
Cosmetidae is a family of harvestmen in the suborder Laniatores. With over 700 species, it is one of the largest families in Opiliones. They are distributed from Argentina to the southern USA with the highest diversity in northern South America, Central America and Mexico. This Nearctic-Neotropical family comprises Opiliones with elaborate white/yellow/green/orange/red stripes and spots on the dorsal scutum and peculiar pedipalps strongly compressed and applied on the chelicerae.
The Eupnoi are a suborder of harvestmen, with more than 200 genera, and about 1,700 described species.
Megabunus diadema is a species of harvestman distributed in Western Europe, where it has been found in Iceland, Faroe Islands, Western Norway, Great Britain, Western France, Belgium and Northern Spain.
The Guasiniidae are a family of harvestman with three described species from South America.
The Neopilionidae are a family of harvestmen.
An ozophore is an elevated cone present in the harvestman suborder Cyphophthalmi. It carries the openings, called ozopores, of the defensive glands that are present in many harvestmen.
An ozopore is the opening of a defensive gland present in some arthropods, notably in millipedes of the order Polydesmida and in harvestmen, the eight-legged arachnids also known as "daddy long-legs". The glands themselves are known as ozadenes, also called "scent glands", "repugnatorial glands", "odoriferous glands" or "stink glands" by various authors. The name is derived from Ancient Greek ozo "smell" and Latin porus "pore, small opening".
Trogulidae is a family of harvestmen with 5 genera and 57 extant species and one fossil species.
Eotrogulus is an extinct genus of harvestmen known from the Carboniferous fossil record. The genus is the only member of the family Eotrogulidae and contains one species Eotrogulus fayoli. Eotrogulus was found in the Coal Measures of Commentry in northern France, together with Nemastomoides elaveris. Eotrogulus was previously thought to be a trigonotarbid.
Epedanidae is a family of the harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about 200 described species. They are the sister group of the Gonyleptoidea.
The Stygnidae are a family of neotropical harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores.
The Cranaidae are a family of neotropical harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores.
The Icaleptidae are a small family of neotropical harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores. Although only two species have been described, many more are probably to be discovered.
Escadabiidae is a small neotropical family of the harvestman infraorder Grassatores with six described species.
Stygnommatidae is a small neotropical family of the harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about thirty described species.
The Synthetonychiidae are a small family of harvestman with a handful of species in a single genus. They are endemic to New Zealand.
The Travuniidae are a small family of harvestman with little more than ten described species, within the suborder Laniatores.
The Cladonychiidae are a small family of harvestman with about 33 described species, within the suborder Laniatores.
References
- Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Nemastomoididae
- Thevenin, A. (1901): Sur la découverte d'arachnides dans le terrain houiller de Commentry. Bull Soc Géol. Fr.4(1): 605-611.
- Petrunkevitch, A. I. (1955): Arachnida. pp. 42–162 in Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology , part P. Arthropoda 2 (R. C. Moore, ed.). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
- Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-02343-9